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Tam PKH, Wells RG, Tang CSM, Lui VCH, Hukkinen M, Luque CD, De Coppi P, Mack CL, Pakarinen M, Davenport M. Biliary atresia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:47. [PMID: 38992031 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive inflammatory fibrosclerosing disease of the biliary system and a major cause of neonatal cholestasis. It affects 1:5,000-20,000 live births, with the highest incidence in Asia. The pathogenesis is still unknown, but emerging research suggests a role for ciliary dysfunction, redox stress and hypoxia. The study of the underlying mechanisms can be conceptualized along the likely prenatal timing of an initial insult and the distinction between the injury and prenatal and postnatal responses to injury. Although still speculative, these emerging concepts, new diagnostic tools and early diagnosis might enable neoadjuvant therapy (possibly aimed at oxidative stress) before a Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE). This is particularly important, as timely KPE restores bile flow in only 50-75% of patients of whom many subsequently develop cholangitis, portal hypertension and progressive fibrosis; 60-75% of patients require liver transplantation by the age of 18 years. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, centralization of surgery and optimized interventions for complications after KPE lead to better survival. Postoperative corticosteroid use has shown benefits, whereas the role of other adjuvant therapies remains to be evaluated. Continued research to better understand disease mechanisms is necessary to develop innovative treatments, including adjuvant therapies targeting the immune response, regenerative medicine approaches and new clinical tests to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K H Tam
- Medical Sciences Division, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clara S M Tang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent C H Lui
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maria Hukkinen
- Section of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos D Luque
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cara L Mack
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mikko Pakarinen
- Section of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Davenport
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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2
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Shimizu N, Shiraishi H, Hanada T. Zebrafish as a Useful Model System for Human Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2246. [PMID: 37759472 PMCID: PMC10526867 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a significant global health challenge, thereby necessitating extensive research to understand their intricate complexities and to develop effective treatments. In this context, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a valuable model organism for studying various aspects of liver disease. The zebrafish liver has striking similarities to the human liver in terms of structure, function, and regenerative capacity. Researchers have successfully induced liver damage in zebrafish using chemical toxins, genetic manipulation, and other methods, thereby allowing the study of disease mechanisms and the progression of liver disease. Zebrafish embryos or larvae, with their transparency and rapid development, provide a unique opportunity for high-throughput drug screening and the identification of potential therapeutics. This review highlights how research on zebrafish has provided valuable insights into the pathological mechanisms of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | | | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
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3
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Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is the most prevalent serious liver disease of infancy and childhood, and the principal indication for liver transplantation in pediatrics. BA is best considered as an idiopathic panbiliary cholangiopathy characterized by obstruction of bile flow and consequent cholestasis presenting during fetal and perinatal periods. While several etiologies have been proposed, each has significant drawbacks that have limited understanding of disease progression and the development of effective treatments. Recently, modern genetic analyses have uncovered gene variants contributing to BA, thereby shifting the paradigm for explaining the BA phenotype from an acquired etiology (e.g., virus, toxin) to one that results from genetically altered cholangiocyte development and function. Herein we review recently reported genetic contributions to BA, highlighting the enhanced representation of variants in biological pathways involving ciliary function, cytoskeletal structure, and inflammation. Finally, we blend these findings as a new framework for understanding the resultant BA phenotype as a developmental cholangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick J Hellen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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4
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Cao Q, Shan H, Zhao J, Deng J, Xu M, Kang H, Li T, Zhao Y, Liu H, Jiang J. Liver fibrosis in fish research: From an immunological perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108885. [PMID: 37290612 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological process whereby the liver is subjected to various acute and chronic injuries, resulting in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), an imbalance of extracellular matrix generation and degradation, and deposition in the liver. This review article summarizes the current understanding of liver fibrosis in fish research. Liver fibrosis is a common pathological condition that occurs in fish raised in aquaculture. It is often associated with poor water quality, stressful conditions, and the presence of pathogens. The review describes the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis in fish, including the roles of various cells and molecules involved in the development and progression of the disease. The review also covers the various methods used to diagnose and assess the severity of liver fibrosis in fish, including histological analysis, biochemical markers, and imaging techniques. In addition, the article discusses the current treatment options for liver fibrosis in fish, including dietary interventions, pharmaceuticals, and probiotics. This review highlights the need for more in-depth research in this area to better understand the mechanisms by which liver fibrosis in fish occurs and to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Finally, improved management practices and the development of new treatments will be critical to the sustainability of aquaculture and the health of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanquan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hongying Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ju Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jinhe Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Man Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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5
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Wu S, Ma D, Ma J. DNA methylation profile of lip tissue from congenital nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate patients by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:205-217. [PMID: 36210532 PMCID: PMC10092010 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Congenital nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) is one of the most common malformations worldwide. DNA methylation has been implicated in many diseases. However, its involvement in lip tissue from NSCLP is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of dysregulated DNA methylation in NSCLP. DNA methylation profile was determined in eight injured and five self-normal lip tissue samples from children with NSCLP by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. A total of 2,711 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), corresponding to 1,231 genes were identified. Given the important role of promoter methylation in regulating gene expression, the promoter DMR-related genes were considered. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that some of them showed potential associations with NSCLP. Therefore, the well-known NSCLP susceptibility gene, GLI family zinc finger 2 (GLI2) with an unknown role in its DNA methylation in NSCLP, was selected for further analysis. The promoter hypomethylation and higher mRNA expression level of GLI2 were observed in injured lip tissues by verification in additional samples. Moreover, dual luciferase reporter assay indicated that promoter hypermethylation of GLI2 inhibited its transcription. Overall, this study suggested that abnormal DNA methylation in lip tissue may be correlated with the pathogenesis of congenital NSCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, ENT Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmeng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Stomatology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Wu
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, ENT Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, ENT Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Duwe L, Fouassier L, Lafuente-Barquero J, Andersen JB. Unraveling the actin cytoskeleton in the malignant transformation of cholangiocyte biology. Transl Oncol 2022; 26:101531. [PMID: 36113344 PMCID: PMC9483793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct actin cytoskeleton organization is vital in the liver organ homeostasis and disease control. Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton may play a vital role in the bile duct cells cholangiocytes. An abnormal actin network leads to aberrant cell morphology, deregulated signaling networks and ultimately triggering the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and paving the route for cancer cell dissemination (metastasis). In this review, we will outline alterations of the actin cytoskeleton and the potential role of this dynamic network in initiating CCA, as well as regulating the course of this malignancy. Actin rearrangements not only occur because of signaling pathways, but also regulate and modify cellular signaling. This emphasizes the importance of the actin cytoskeleton itself as cause for aberrant signaling and in promoting tumorigenic phenotypes. We will highlight the impact of aberrant signaling networks on the actin cytoskeleton and its rearrangement as potential cause for CCA. Often, these exact mechanisms in CCA are limited understood and still must be elucidated. Indeed, focusing future research on how actin affects and regulates other signaling pathways may provide more insights into the mechanisms of CCA development, progression, and metastasis. Moreover, manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton organization highlights the potential for a novel therapeutic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Duwe
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Juan Lafuente-Barquero
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark.
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Quelhas P, Cerski C, Dos Santos JL. Update on Etiology and Pathogenesis of Biliary Atresia. Curr Pediatr Rev 2022; 19:48-67. [PMID: 35538816 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220510130259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a rare inflammatory sclerosing obstructive cholangiopathy that initiates in infancy as complete choledochal blockage and progresses to the involvement of intrahepatic biliary epithelium. Growing evidence shows that biliary atresia is not a single entity with a single etiology but a phenotype resulting from multifactorial events whose common path is obliterative cholangiopathy. The etiology of biliary atresia has been explained as resulting from genetic variants, toxins, viral infection, chronic inflammation or bile duct lesions mediated by autoimmunity, abnormalities in the development of the bile ducts, and defects in embryogenesis, abnormal fetal or prenatal circulation and susceptibility factors. It is increasingly evident that the genetic and epigenetic predisposition combined with the environmental factors to which the mother is exposed are potential triggers for biliary atresia. There is also an indication that a progressive thickening of the arterial middle layer occurs in this disease, suggestive of vascular remodeling and disappearance of the interlobular bile ducts. It is suggested that the hypoxia/ischemia process can affect portal structures in biliary atresia and is associated with both the extent of biliary proliferation and the thickening of the medial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Quelhas
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cerski
- Department of Pathology, University Federal Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Jorge Luiz Dos Santos
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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8
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Siyu P, Junxiang W, Qi W, Yimao Z, Shuguang J. The Role of GLI in the Regulation of Hepatic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Biliary Atresia. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:861826. [PMID: 35692978 PMCID: PMC9178093 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.861826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the regulatory role of GLI1/GLI2, a nuclear transcription factor of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related to hepatic fibrosis in patients with biliary atresia (BA). METHODS The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of GLI1/GLI2, Snail/Slug, and other Shh- and EMT-related cytokines were tested in the liver tissues of BA patients and animals. Then, GLI1/GLI2 was silenced and overexpressed in mouse intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells (mIBECs) and BA animals to investigate changes in the mRNA and protein expression of EMT key factors and liver fibrosis indicators. After silencing and overexpression of GLI1/GLI2, immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of cytokeratin-19 (CK19) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in mIBECs, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining were used to observe the degree of liver fibrosis in the BA animals. RESULTS Compared with the control, the mRNA and protein expression levels of GLI2, Snail, vimentin, and α-SMA were significantly increased and those of E-cadherin were significantly decreased in liver tissue from BA patients and animals. Overexpression of GLI2 increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of Snail, vimentin, and α-SMA and that of E-cadherin was significantly decreased in mIBECs and BA animals. After GLI2 silencing, the opposite pattern was observed. Immunofluorescence detection showed enhanced expression of the bile duct epithelial cell marker CK19 in mIBECs after GLI2 silencing and enhanced expression of the mesenchymal cell marker α-SMA after GLI2 overexpression. HE and Masson staining suggested that the GLI2-overexpressing group had a significantly higher degree of fibrosis. CONCLUSION The Shh signaling pathway plays an important role in fibrogenesis in BA. GLI2 can significantly regulate EMT in mIBECs and livers of BA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Siyu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Junxiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Qi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Yimao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Shuguang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Lendahl U, Lui VCH, Chung PHY, Tam PKH. Biliary Atresia - emerging diagnostic and therapy opportunities. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103689. [PMID: 34781099 PMCID: PMC8604670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary Atresia is a devastating pediatric cholangiopathy affecting the bile ducts of the liver. In this review, we describe recent progress in the understanding of liver development with a focus on cholangiocyte differentiation and how use of technical platforms, including rodent, zebrafish and organoid models, advances our understanding of Biliary Atresia. This is followed by a description of potential pathomechanisms, such as autoimmune responses, inflammation, disturbed apical-basal cell polarity, primary cilia dysfunction as well as beta-amyloid accumulation. Finally, we describe current and emerging diagnostic opportunities and recent translation breakthroughs for Biliary Atresia in the area of emerging therapy development, including immunomodulation and organoid-based systems for liver and bile duct repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Vincent C H Lui
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick H Y Chung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Paul K H Tam
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Isaeva MK, Belova VA, Korostin DO, Degtyareva AV. Genetic aspects of biliary atresia etiology. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a cholestatic disorder of infancy that is fatal if untreated. Despite years of study the etiology of BA remains unknown. Three etiopathogenic mechanisms may be involved, such as immune dysregulation, environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. Genetic predisposition is being actively studied. Candidate genes associated with BA in certain populations, genes affecting the cholangiocyte cilia function, as well as genes involved in stress responses have been identified. However, the long-term follow-up of twins with BA suggests that genotype is not of paramount importance for the disease development. Both epigenetic patterns and postzygotic somatic mutations may contribute to etiology of the disease. Recently, some evidence is being accumulated on the possible genetic predisposition to certain outcome of Kasai portoenterostomy performed in patients with BA. However, the presence of a number of factors contributing to the development of the disease makes it difficult to identify the genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- MKh Isaeva
- Academician V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - VA Belova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - DO Korostin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - AV Degtyareva
- Academician V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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11
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PDGFA gene rs9690350 polymorphism increases biliary atresia risk in Chinese children. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225782. [PMID: 32662506 PMCID: PMC7374268 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a genetic and severe fibro-inflammatory obliterative cholangiopathy of neonates. Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA), as one of participants in liver fibrosis, the overexpression of PDGFA through DNA hypomethylation may lead to the development of BA, but the pathogenesis is still unclear. We conducted a large case-control cohort to investigate the association of genetic variants in PDGFA with BA susceptibility in the Southern Chinese population (506 cases and 1473 controls). We observed that the G allele of rs9690350(G>C) in PDGFA was significantly associated with an increased risk of BA (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04-1.49, P=0.02). Additionally, the rs9690350 G allele increased the risk of non-cystic biliary atresia (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.04-1.52, P=0.02) and was a genetic biomarker of severe manifestations after surgery. These findings indicate that the rs9690350 G allele is a PDGFA polymorphism associated with the risk of BA that may confer increased disease susceptibility.
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12
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Brandt ZJ, Echert AE, Bostrom JR, North PN, Link BA. Core Hippo pathway components act as a brake on Yap and Taz in the development and maintenance of the biliary network. Development 2020; 147:dev184242. [PMID: 32439761 PMCID: PMC7328147 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of the biliary system is a complex yet poorly understood process, with relevance to multiple diseases, including biliary atresia, choledochal cysts and gallbladder agenesis. We present here a crucial role for Hippo-Yap/Taz signaling in this context. Analysis of sav1 mutant zebrafish revealed dysplastic morphology and expansion of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary cells, and ultimately larval lethality. Biliary dysgenesis, but not larval lethality, is driven primarily by Yap signaling. Re-expression of Sav1 protein in sav1-/- hepatocytes is able to overcome these initial deficits and allows sav1-/- fish to survive, suggesting cell non-autonomous signaling from hepatocytes. Examination of sav1-/- rescued adults reveals loss of gallbladder and formation of dysplastic cell masses expressing biliary markers, suggesting roles for Hippo signaling in extrahepatic biliary carcinomas. Deletion of stk3 revealed that the phenotypes observed in sav1 mutant fish function primarily through canonical Hippo signaling and supports a role for phosphatase PP2A, but also suggests Sav1 has functions in addition to facilitating Stk3 activity. Overall, this study defines a role for Hippo-Yap signaling in the maintenance of both intra- and extrahepatic biliary ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Brandt
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ashley E Echert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan R Bostrom
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paula N North
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Biliary atresia is a poorly understood deadly disease. Genetic predisposition factors are suspected albeit not firmly established. This review summarizes recent evidence of genetic alterations in biliary atresia. RECENT FINDINGS Whole-genome association studies in biliary atresia patients identified four distinct predisposition loci with four different genes potentially involved in the disease occurrence. Variations in these genes were searched for, but none were found in patients with biliary atresia suggesting complex mechanisms. SUMMARY Despite decades since its description and decades of intensive researches, cause of biliary atresia disease remains enigmatic. The inheritance of biliary atresia is not Mendelian. Genetic predisposition factor is one of the explored fields to explain biliary atresia pathogenicity. Biliary atresia has been associated with several inborn syndromes, chromosome anomalies, and gene polymorphisms in specific populations. Four predisposition loci encompassing genes relevant to the disease have been identified, but no pathogenic variations were found in biliary atresia patients. Few reported cases of isolated biliary atresia manifestation in the context of known genetic diseases suggest coincidental findings. Alternatives to classic genetic alterations are proposed to explain genetic predisposition in biliary atresia including noncoding and epigenetic factors. Biliary atresia is most likely related to complex traits making its genetic exploration challenging.
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Abstract
Cholestasis is a condition that impairs bile flow, resulting in retention of bile fluid in the liver. It may cause significant morbidity and mortality due to pruritus, malnutrition, and complications from portal hypertension secondary to biliary cirrhosis. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a valuable model organism for studying cholestasis that complements with the in vitro systems and rodent models. Its main advantages include conserved mechanisms of liver development and bile formation, rapid external development, ease of monitoring hepatobiliary morphology and function in live larvae, and accessibility to genetic and chemical manipulations. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the existing zebrafish models of cholestatic liver diseases. We discuss the strengths and limitations of using zebrafish to study cholestasis. We also provide step-by-step descriptions of the methodologies for analyzing cholestatic phenotypes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hung Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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15
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Abderrahmani A, Yengo L, Caiazzo R, Canouil M, Cauchi S, Raverdy V, Plaisance V, Pawlowski V, Lobbens S, Maillet J, Rolland L, Boutry R, Queniat G, Kwapich M, Tenenbaum M, Bricambert J, Saussenthaler S, Anthony E, Jha P, Derop J, Sand O, Rabearivelo I, Leloire A, Pigeyre M, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Dayeh T, Lassailly G, Mathurin P, Staels B, Auwerx J, Schürmann A, Postic C, Schafmayer C, Hampe J, Bonnefond A, Pattou F, Froguel P. Increased Hepatic PDGF-AA Signaling Mediates Liver Insulin Resistance in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:1310-1321. [PMID: 29728363 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes (T2D), hepatic insulin resistance is strongly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we hypothesized that the DNA methylome of livers from patients with T2D compared with livers of individuals with normal plasma glucose levels can unveil some mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance that could link to NAFLD. Using DNA methylome and transcriptome analyses of livers from obese individuals, we found that hypomethylation at a CpG site in PDGFA (encoding platelet-derived growth factor α) and PDGFA overexpression are both associated with increased T2D risk, hyperinsulinemia, increased insulin resistance, and increased steatohepatitis risk. Genetic risk score studies and human cell modeling pointed to a causative effect of high insulin levels on PDGFA CpG site hypomethylation, PDGFA overexpression, and increased PDGF-AA secretion from the liver. We found that PDGF-AA secretion further stimulates its own expression through protein kinase C activity and contributes to insulin resistance through decreased expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 and of insulin receptor. Importantly, hepatocyte insulin sensitivity can be restored by PDGF-AA-blocking antibodies, PDGF receptor inhibitors, and by metformin, opening therapeutic avenues. Therefore, in the liver of obese patients with T2D, the increased PDGF-AA signaling contributes to insulin resistance, opening new therapeutic avenues against T2D and possibly NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Abderrahmani
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Loïc Yengo
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1190 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Violeta Raverdy
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1190 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Plaisance
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Pawlowski
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Julie Maillet
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Laure Rolland
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Raphael Boutry
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Gurvan Queniat
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Maxime Kwapich
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Mathie Tenenbaum
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Julien Bricambert
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Saussenthaler
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elodie Anthony
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pooja Jha
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Derop
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Sand
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Iandry Rabearivelo
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Audrey Leloire
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1190 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- INSERM U1183, University Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- INSERM U1183, University Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Tasnim Dayeh
- Department of Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Lassailly
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U995 - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U995 - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Catherine Postic
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Medical Department 1, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - François Pattou
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1190 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
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Langie SAS, Moisse M, Szarc Vel Szic K, Van Der Plas E, Koppen G, De Prins S, Louwies T, Nelen V, Van Camp G, Lambrechts D, Schoeters G, Vanden Berghe W, De Boever P. GLI2 promoter hypermethylation in saliva of children with a respiratory allergy. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:50. [PMID: 29682088 PMCID: PMC5896137 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of respiratory allergy in children is increasing. Epigenetic DNA methylation changes are plausible underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Saliva samples collected in substudies of two longitudinal birth cohorts in Belgium (FLEHS1 & FLEHS2) were used to discover and confirm DNA methylation signatures that can differentiate individuals with respiratory allergy from healthy subjects. Genome-wide analysis with Illumina Methylation 450K BeadChips revealed 23 differentially methylated gene regions (DMRs) in saliva from 11y old allergic children (N=26) vs. controls (N=20) in FLEHS1. A subset of 7 DMRs was selected for confirmation by iPLEX MassArray analysis. First, iPLEX analysis was performed in the same 46 FLEHS1 samples for analytical confirmation of the findings obtained during the discovery phase. iPLEX results correlated significantly with the 450K array data (P <0.0001) and confirmed 4 out of the 7 DMRs. Aiming for additional biological confirmation, the 7 DMRs were analyzed using iPLEX in a substudy of an independent birth cohort (FLEHS2; N=19 cases vs. 20 controls, aged 5 years). One DMR in the GLI2 promoter region showed a consistent statistically significant hypermethylation in individuals with respiratory allergy across the two birth cohorts and technologies. In addition to its involvement in TGF-β signaling and T-helper differentiation, GLI2 has a regulating role in lung development. Conclusion GLI2 is considered an interesting candidate DNA methylation marker for respiratory allergy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0484-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A S Langie
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,2Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- 3Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Szarc Vel Szic
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,4Proteinchemistry, Proteomics & Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van Der Plas
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,7Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Prins
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Tijs Louwies
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Environment and Health unit, Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- 6Center for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- 3Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,7Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,8Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- 4Proteinchemistry, Proteomics & Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- 1VITO- Sustainable Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,2Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Molecular signature of active fibrogenesis prevails in biliary atresia after successful portoenterostomy. Surgery 2017; 162:548-556. [PMID: 28655415 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In biliary atresia mechanisms of progressive liver injury leading to need of liver transplantation after successful portoenterostomy remain unknown. A better understanding is a prerequisite for development of novel therapies to extend native liver survival, and we aimed to unravel molecular characteristics of liver injury after successful portoenterostomy. METHODS Liver biopsies obtained from 28 biliary atresia children during successful portoenterostomy and at median age 3.0 years were studied. Biopsies were analyzed for histology and immunohistochemical expression of collagen 1, myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin, and cytokeratin-7 positive ductal reactions. Hepatic ribonucleic acid (RNA) expression of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines was evaluated. Intestinal failure patients with comparable liver fibrosis and nonfibrotic gallstone patients and donor livers were controls. RESULTS After successful portoenterostomy, histologic cholestasis resolved and portal inflammation reduced, while fibrosis along with ductal reactions and overexpression of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin persisted. At follow-up, liver RNA expression of collagen and platelet-derived growth factor was increased, whereas RNA expression of various inflammatory cytokines remained low. Disappearance of periductal α-smooth muscle actin expression after successful portoenterostomy (36% of patients) associated with contracted ductal reactions and reduced progression of fibrosis, collagen accumulation, platelet-derived growth factor RNA expression, and serum levels of bile acids and bilirubin. Fibrosis progressed less rapidly in syndromic than in isolated biliary atresia patients. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that instead of inflammation, molecular signature of active fibrogenesis in association with ductal reactions prevails in long-term native liver survivors with biliary atresia. Patients should be stratified for isolated and syndromic disease forms in interventional studies.
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Pham DH, Zhang C, Yin C. Using zebrafish to model liver diseases-Where do we stand? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:207-221. [PMID: 29098121 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The liver is the largest internal organ and performs both exocrine and endocrine function that is necessary for survival. Liver failure is among the leading causes of death and represents a major global health burden. Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Animal models advance our understanding of liver disease etiology and hold promise for the development of alternative therapies. Zebrafish has become an increasingly popular system for modeling liver diseases and complements the rodent models. Recent Findings The zebrafish liver contains main cell types that are found in mammalian liver and exhibits similar pathogenic responses to environmental insults and genetic mutations. Zebrafish have been used to model neonatal cholestasis, cholangiopathies, such as polycystic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It also provides a unique opportunity to study the plasticity of liver parenchymal cells during regeneration. Summary In this review, we summarize the recent work of building zebrafish models of liver diseases. We highlight how these studies have brought new knowledge of disease mechanisms. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of using zebrafish to model liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hung Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Changwen Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
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Kylat RI. Achondroplasia and Biliary Atresia: A Rare Association and Review of Literature. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:122-125. [PMID: 28497003 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1597930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH) occurs in most cases as de novo mutations of the gene-encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive neonatal inflammatory and fibro-obliterative cholangiopathy affecting the extra- and intrahepatic biliary tree to varying degrees, and it results in obstruction to bile flow and cholestatic jaundice in neonates. BA is thought to be a multifactorial disease, genome association studies have shown abnormalities in susceptibility genes, and levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) have been noted to be increased. These two conditions occurring in the same patient has never been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit I Kylat
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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