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Kim C, Han S, Kim T, Lee S. Implantable pH Sensing System Using Vertically Stacked Silicon Nanowire Arrays and Body Channel Communication for Gastroesophageal Reflux Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:861. [PMID: 38339578 PMCID: PMC10857522 DOI: 10.3390/s24030861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are emerging as versatile components in the fabrication of sensors for implantable medical devices because of their exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. This paper presents a novel top-down fabrication method for vertically stacked SiNWs, eliminating the need for wet oxidation, wet etching, and nanolithography. The integration of these SiNWs into body channel communication (BCC) circuits was also explored. The fabricated SiNWs were confirmed to be capable of forming arrays with multiple layers and rows. The SiNW-based pH sensors demonstrated a robust response to pH changes, and when tested with BCC circuits, they showed that it was possible to quantize based on pH when transmitting data through the human body. This study successfully developed a novel method for SiNW fabrication and integration into BCC circuits, which could lead to improvements in the reliability and efficiency of implantable medical sensors. The findings demonstrate significant potential for bioelectronic applications and real-time biochemical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyunghee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (S.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Seungju Han
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyunghee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (S.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyunghee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (C.K.); (S.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyunghee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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2
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Raman S, A RS, M S. Advances in silicon nanowire applications in energy generation, storage, sensing, and electronics: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:182001. [PMID: 36640446 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-based technological advancements thrive in various fields, including energy generation and storage, sensors, and electronics. Among the identified nanowires, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) attract much attention as they possess unique features, including high surface-to-volume ratio, high electron mobility, bio-compatibility, anti-reflection, and elasticity. They were tested in domains of energy generation (thermoelectric, photo-voltaic, photoelectrochemical), storage (lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, super capacitors), and sensing (bio-molecules, gas, light, etc). These nano-structures were found to improve the performance of the system in terms of efficiency, stability, sensitivity, selectivity, cost, rapidity, and reliability. This review article scans and summarizes the significant developments that occurred in the last decade concerning the application of SiNWs in the fields of thermoelectric, photovoltaic, and photoelectrochemical power generation, storage of energy using LIB anodes, biosensing, and disease diagnostics, gas and pH sensing, photodetection, physical sensing, and electronics. The functionalization of SiNWs with various nanomaterials and the formation of heterostructures for achieving improved characteristics are discussed. This article will be helpful to researchers in the field of nanotechnology about various possible applications and improvements that can be realized using SiNW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Raman
- Centre for Innovation and Product Development (CIPD), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127, India
- School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127, India
| | - Ravi Sankar A
- Centre for Innovation and Product Development (CIPD), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127, India
- School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127, India
| | - Sindhuja M
- School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127, India
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3
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Zaïbi F, Slama I, Beshchasna N, Opitz J, Mkandawire M, Chtourou R. Effect of etching parameters on the electrochemical response of silicon nanowires. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Srivastava RP, Khang DY. Structuring of Si into Multiple Scales by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005932. [PMID: 34013605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Structuring Si, ranging from nanoscale to macroscale feature dimensions, is essential for many applications. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) has been developed as a simple, low-cost, and scalable method to produce structures across widely different dimensions. The process involves various parameters, such as catalyst, substrate doping type and level, crystallography, etchant formulation, and etch additives. Careful optimization of these parameters is the key to the successful fabrication of Si structures. In this review, recent additions to the MaCE process are presented after a brief introduction to the fundamental principles involved in MaCE. In particular, the bulk-scale structuring of Si by MaCE is summarized and critically discussed with application examples. Various approaches for effective mass transport schemes are introduced and discussed. Further, the fine control of etch directionality and uniformity, and the suppression of unwanted side etching are also discussed. Known application examples of Si macrostructures fabricated by MaCE, though limited thus far, are presented. There are significant opportunities for the application of macroscale Si structures in different fields, such as microfluidics, micro-total analysis systems, and microelectromechanical systems, etc. Thus more research is necessary on macroscale MaCE of Si and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Srivastava
- Soft Electronic Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dahl-Young Khang
- Soft Electronic Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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5
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Leonardi AA, Lo Faro MJ, Irrera A. Biosensing platforms based on silicon nanostructures: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1160:338393. [PMID: 33894957 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are revolutionizing the health-care systems worldwide, permitting to survey several diseases, even at their early stage, by using different biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and other biomarkers. However, these sensing approaches are still scarcely diffused outside the specialized medical and research facilities. Silicon is the undiscussed leader of the whole microelectronics industry, and novel sensors based on this material may completely change the health-care scenario. In this review, we will show how novel sensing platforms based on Si nanostructures may have a disruptive impact on applications with a real commercial transfer. A critical study for the main Si-based biosensors is herein presented with a comparison of their advantages and drawbacks. The most appealing sensing devices are discussed, starting from electronic transducers, with Si nanowires field-effect transistor (FET) and porous Si, to their optical alternatives, such as effective optical thickness porous silicon, photonic crystals, luminescent Si quantum dots, and finally luminescent Si NWs. All these sensors are investigated in terms of working principle, sensitivity, and selectivity with a specific focus on the possibility of their industrial transfer, and which ones may be preferred for a medical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alessio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy; CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Istituto per La Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Via Santa Sofia 64, Italy; CNR-IPCF, Istituto per I Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria José Lo Faro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy; CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Istituto per La Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Via Santa Sofia 64, Italy
| | - Alessia Irrera
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per I Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy.
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6
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Zhang H, Kikuchi N, Ohshima N, Kajisa T, Sakata T, Izumi T, Sone H. Design and Fabrication of Silicon Nanowire-Based Biosensors with Integration of Critical Factors: Toward Ultrasensitive Specific Detection of Biomolecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51808-51819. [PMID: 33142064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As critical factors affecting the sensing performance of silicon nanowire (SiNW) biosensors, the structure, functional interface, and detection target were analyzed and designed to improve sensing performance. For an improved understanding of the dependence of sensor structure on sensitivity, a simple theoretical analysis was proposed to predict the sensitivity of biosensors with different SiNW types, widths, and doping concentrations. Based on the theoretical analysis, a biosensor integrating optimized critical factors was designed and fabricated. Optimizations focusing on the following aspects are considered: (1) employing n-type SiNW and controlling the impurity doping concentration of SiNW at approximately 2 × 1016-6 × 1016 atoms/cm3 to obtain a suitable charge density, (2) minimizing the SiNW width to 16.0 nm to increase the surface area-to-volume ratio, (3) using a native oxide layer on SiNW as a gate insulator to transport the captured charge molecules closer to the SiNW surface, (4) modifying the SiNW surface by 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid coupling to form a high-density self-assembled monolayer for enhancing the stability bound molecules, and (5) functionalizing the SiNW with ovalbumin molecules for specifically capturing the target immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules. The sensing performance was evaluated by detecting IgG with concentrations ranging from 6 aM to 600 nM and control experiments. The SiNW biosensor revealed ultrahigh sensitivity and specific detection of target IgG with a measured limit of detection of 6 aM. The integration of the critical SiNW biosensor factors provides a significant possibility of a rapid and ultrasensitive diagnosis of diseases at their early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ohshima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Taira Kajisa
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1, Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sakata
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Izumi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hayato Sone
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Vallejo-Perez M, Ternon C, Spinelli N, Morisot F, Theodorou C, Jayakumar G, Hellström PE, Mouis M, Rapenne L, Mescot X, Salem B, Stambouli V. Optimization of GOPS-Based Functionalization Process and Impact of Aptamer Grafting on the Si Nanonet FET Electrical Properties as First Steps towards Thrombin Electrical Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091842. [PMID: 32942692 PMCID: PMC7559082 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Field effect transistors (FETs) based on networks of randomly oriented Si nanowires (Si nanonets or Si NNs) were biomodified using Thrombin Binding Aptamer (TBA-15) probe with the final objective to sense thrombin by electrical detection. In this work, the impact of the biomodification on the electrical properties of the Si NN-FETs was studied. First, the results that were obtained for the optimization of the (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS)-based biofunctionalization process by using UV radiation are reported. The biofunctionalized devices were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), proving that TBA-15 probes were properly grafted on the surface of the devices, and by means of epifluorescence microscopy it was possible to demonstrate that the UV-assisted GOPS-based functionalization notably improves the homogeneity of the surface DNA distribution. Later, the electrical characteristics of 80 devices were analyzed before and after the biofunctionalization process, indicating that the results are highly dependent on the experimental protocol. We found that the TBA-15 hybridization capacity with its complementary strand is time dependent and that the transfer characteristics of the Si NN-FETs obtained after the TBA-15 probe grafting are also time dependent. These results help to elucidate and define the experimental precautions that must be taken into account to fabricate reproducible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vallejo-Perez
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Céline Ternon
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Nicolas Spinelli
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Fanny Morisot
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Christoforos Theodorou
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Ganesh Jayakumar
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Electrum 229, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden; (G.J.); (P.-E.H.)
| | - Per-Erik Hellström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Electrum 229, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden; (G.J.); (P.-E.H.)
| | - Mireille Mouis
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Laetitia Rapenne
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Xavier Mescot
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Bassem Salem
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, F-38054 Grenoble, France;
| | - Valérie Stambouli
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (V.S.)
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8
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Kaur N, Singh M, Comini E. One-Dimensional Nanostructured Oxide Chemoresistive Sensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6326-6344. [PMID: 32453573 PMCID: PMC8154880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Day by day, the demand for portable, low cost, and efficient chemical/gas-sensing devices is increasing due to worldwide industrial growth for various purposes such as environmental monitoring and health care. To fulfill this demand, nanostructured metal oxides can be used as active materials for chemical/gas sensors due to their high crystallinity, remarkable physical/chemical properties, ease of synthesis, and low cost. In particular, (1D) one-dimensional metal oxides nanostructures, such as nanowires, exhibit a fast response, selectivity, and stability due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, well-defined crystal orientations, controlled unidirectional electrical properties, and self-heating phenomenon. Moreover, with the availability of large-scale production methods for nanowire growth such as thermal oxidation and evaporation-condensation growth, the development of highly efficient, low cost, portable, and stable chemical sensing devices is possible. In the last two decades, tremendous advances have been achieved in 1D nanostructured gas sensors ever since the pioneering work by Comini on the development of a SnO2 nanobelt for gas sensor applications in 2002, which is one such example from which many researchers began to explore the field of 1D-nanostructure-based chemical/gas sensors. The Sensor Laboratory (University of Brescia) has made major contributions to the field of metal oxide nanowire chemical/gas-sensing devices. Over the years, different metal oxides such as SnO2, ZnO, WO3, NiO, CuO, and their heterostructures have been grown for their nanowire morphology and successfully integrated into chemoresistive gas-sensing devices. Hence in this invited feature article, Sensor Laboratory research on the synthesis of metal oxide nanowires and novel heterostructures and their characterization and gas-sensing performance during exposure to different gas analytes has been presented. Moreover, some new strategies such as branched-like nanowire heterostructures and core-shell nanowire structures adopted to enhance the performance of nanowire-based chemical sensor are presented in detail.
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9
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A Novel Top-Down Fabrication Process for Vertically-Stacked Silicon-Nanowire Array. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10031146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are widely used for sensing applications due to their outstanding mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. However, one of the major challenges involves introducing silicon-nanowire arrays to a specific layout location with reproducible and controllable dimensions. Indeed, for integration with microscale structures and circuits, a monolithic wafer-level process based on a top-down silicon-nanowire array fabrication method is essential. For sensors in various electromechanical and photoelectric applications, the need for silicon nanowires (as a functional building block) is increasing, and thus monolithic integration is highly required. In this paper, a novel top-down method for fabricating vertically-stacked silicon-nanowire arrays is presented. This method enables the fabrication of lateral silicon-nanowire arrays in a vertical direction, as well as the fabrication of an increased number of silicon nanowires on a finite dimension. The proposed fabrication method uses a number of processes: photolithography, deep reactive-ion etching, and wet oxidation. In applying the proposed method, a vertically-aligned silicon-nanowire array, in which a single layer consists of three vertical layers with 20 silicon nanowires, is fabricated and analyzed. The diamond-shaped cross-sectional dimension of a single silicon nanowire is approximately 300 nm in width and 20 μm in length. The developed method is expected to result in highly-sensitive, reproducible, and low-cost silicon-nanowire sensors for various biomedical applications.
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Baraban L, Ibarlucea B, Baek E, Cuniberti G. Hybrid Silicon Nanowire Devices and Their Functional Diversity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900522. [PMID: 31406669 PMCID: PMC6685480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the pool of nanostructured materials, silicon nanostructures are known as conventionally used building blocks of commercially available electronic devices. Their application areas span from miniaturized elements of devices and circuits to ultrasensitive biosensors for diagnostics. In this Review, the current trends in the developments of silicon nanowire-based devices are summarized, and their functionalities, novel architectures, and applications are discussed from the point of view of analog electronics, arisen from the ability of (bio)chemical gating of the carrier channel. Hybrid nanowire-based devices are introduced and described as systems decorated by, e.g., organic complexes (biomolecules, polymers, and organic films), aimed to substantially extend their functionality, compared to traditional systems. Their functional diversity is explored considering their architecture as well as areas of their applications, outlining several groups of devices that benefit from the coatings. The first group is the biosensors that are able to represent label-free assays thanks to the attached biological receptors. The second group is represented by devices for optoelectronics that acquire higher optical sensitivity or efficiency due to the specific photosensitive decoration of the nanowires. Finally, the so-called new bioinspired neuromorphic devices are shown, which are aimed to mimic the functions of the biological cells, e.g., neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Baraban
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Eunhye Baek
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CfAED) TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
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11
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Kang SB, Kim JH, Jeong MH, Sanger A, Kim CU, Kim CM, Choi KJ. Stretchable and colorless freestanding microwire arrays for transparent solar cells with flexibility. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:121. [PMID: 31871673 PMCID: PMC6908716 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transparent solar cells (TSCs) are emerging devices that combine the advantages of visible transparency and light-to-electricity conversion. Currently, existing TSCs are based predominantly on organics, dyes, and perovskites; however, the rigidity and color-tinted transparent nature of those devices strongly limit the utility of the resulting TSCs for real-world applications. Here, we demonstrate a flexible, color-neutral, and high-efficiency TSC based on a freestanding form of n-silicon microwires (SiMWs). Flat-tip SiMWs with controllable spacing are fabricated via deep-reactive ion etching and embedded in a freestanding transparent polymer matrix. The light transmittance can be tuned from ~10 to 55% by adjusting the spacing between the microwires. For TSCs, a heterojunction is formed with a p-type polymer in the top portion of the n-type flat-tip SiMWs. Ohmic contact with an indium-doped ZnO film occurs at the bottom, and the side surface has an Al2O3 passivation layer. Furthermore, slanted-tip SiMWs are developed by a novel solvent-assisted wet etching method to manipulate light absorption. Finite-difference time-domain simulation revealed that the reflected light from slanted-tip SiMWs helps light-matter interactions in adjacent microwires. The TSC based on the slanted-tip SiMWs demonstrates 8% efficiency at a visible transparency of 10% with flexibility. This efficiency is the highest among Si-based TSCs and comparable with that of state-of-the-art neutral-color TSCs based on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite and organics. Moreover, unlike others, the stretchable and transparent platform in this study is promising for future TSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hoon Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Sanger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ul Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Chil-Min Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
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12
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Lee M, Palanisamy S, Zhou BH, Wang LY, Chen CY, Lee CY, Yuan SSF, Wang YM. Ultrasensitive Electrical Detection of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Using a Functionalized Silicon Nanowire Transistor Chemosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36120-36127. [PMID: 30256613 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone that belongs to a family of glycoprotein hormones. Determination of FSH can help in interpreting various factors that include physiology of the reproductive system, fertility maintenance, and identification or treatment of reproductive disorders. Sialic acids are derivatives of neuraminic acids with negative charges, present at the end of the sugar chains and further linked to the cell surfaces and glycoproteins. The direct measurement of FSH in a human body can be recorded by developing a sensor probe that responds particularly to sialic acids over the other hormones. However, existing diagnostic methods still suffer from many difficulties in terms of complicated handling techniques, expensive instrumentation, etc. Development of accurate, rapid, and low-cost FSH detection chemosensors is important to meet these demands. Herein, we utilized a novel sensing method for accurate and fast FSH detection using a metal-oxide semiconductor silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNW-FET) device. This is the first report to demonstrate the boronic acid-functionalized SiNW-FET device in FSH detection. FSH detection has been successfully determined using an assay buffer solution with 0.72 fM detection limit as well as using 20% serum with 1.1. fM detection limit. We also investigated the specificity with other gonadotropins/glycosylated serum proteins. The current measurements on FSH concentrations at different time intervals were also studied. The sensitive, cheap, and miniaturized SiNW-FET device can serve as an effective sensing approach for rapid screening of FSH and menopause diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mucian Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) , National Chiao Tung University , 75 Bo-Ai Street , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Sathyadevi Palanisamy
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) , National Chiao Tung University , 75 Bo-Ai Street , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Bin-Hou Zhou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) , National Chiao Tung University , 75 Bo-Ai Street , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) , National Chiao Tung University , 75 Bo-Ai Street , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | | | - Yun-Ming Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) , National Chiao Tung University , 75 Bo-Ai Street , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
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Ahmad R, Mahmoudi T, Ahn MS, Hahn YB. Recent advances in nanowires-based field-effect transistors for biological sensor applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:312-325. [PMID: 28942344 PMCID: PMC7126762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanowires (NWs)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have attracted considerable interest to develop innovative biosensors using NWs of different materials (i.e. semiconductors, polymers, etc.). NWs-based FETs provide significant advantages over the other bulk or non-NWs nanomaterials-based FETs. As the building blocks for FET-based biosensors, one-dimensional NWs offer excellent surface-to-volume ratio and are more suitable and sensitive for sensing applications. During the past decade, FET-based biosensors are smartly designed and used due to their great specificity, sensitivity, and high selectivity. Additionally, they have the advantage of low weight, low cost of mass production, small size and compatible with commercial planar processes for large-scale circuitry. In this respect, we summarize the recent advances of NWs-based FET biosensors for different biomolecule detection i.e. glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, urea, hormone, proteins, nucleotide, biomarkers, etc. A comparative sensing performance, present challenges, and future prospects of NWs-based FET biosensors are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Ahmad
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Nanomaterials Processing Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjedaero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tahmineh Mahmoudi
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Nanomaterials Processing Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjedaero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sang Ahn
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Nanomaterials Processing Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjedaero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Bong Hahn
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Nanomaterials Processing Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjedaero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Bao Z, Sun J, Zhao X, Li Z, Cui S, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Wang T, Jiang Y. Top-down nanofabrication of silicon nanoribbon field effect transistor (Si-NR FET) for carcinoembryonic antigen detection. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4623-4631. [PMID: 28721039 PMCID: PMC5500518 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s135985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and quantitative detection of tumor markers is highly required in the clinic for cancer diagnosis and consequent treatment. A field-effect transistor-based (FET-based) nanobiosensor emerges with characteristics of being label-free, real-time, having high sensitivity, and providing direct electrical readout for detection of biomarkers. In this paper, a top–down approach is proposed and implemented to fulfill a novel silicon nano-ribbon FET, which acts as biomarker sensor for future clinical application. Compared with the bottom–up approach, a top–down fabrication approach can confine width and length of the silicon FET precisely to control its electrical properties. The silicon nanoribbon (Si-NR) transistor is fabricated on a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) substrate by a top–down approach with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible technology. After the preparation, the surface of Si-NR is functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Glutaraldehyde is utilized to bind the amino terminals of APTES and antibody on the surface. Finally, a microfluidic channel is integrated on the top of the device, acting as a flowing channel for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) solution. The Si-NR FET is 120 nm in width and 25 nm in height, with ambipolar electrical characteristics. A logarithmic relationship between the changing ratio of the current and the CEA concentration is measured in the range of 0.1–100 ng/mL. The sensitivity of detection is measured as 10 pg/mL. The top–down fabricated biochip shows feasibility in direct detecting of CEA with the benefits of real-time, low cost, and high sensitivity as a promising biosensor for tumor early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengtao Bao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang
| | - Jialin Sun
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
| | - Xiaoqian Zhao
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
| | - Zengyao Li
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
| | - Songkui Cui
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
| | - Qingyang Meng
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Endoscopy Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
| | - Yanfeng Jiang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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15
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Rahman S, Yusof N, Hashim U, Hushiarian R, M.N. MN, Hamidon M, Zawawi R, Fathil M. Enhanced sensing of dengue virus DNA detection using O2 plasma treated-silicon nanowire based electrical biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 942:74-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Nuzaihan M.N. M, Hashim U, Md Arshad M, Kasjoo S, Rahman S, Ruslinda A, Fathil M, Adzhri R, Shahimin M. Electrical detection of dengue virus (DENV) DNA oligomer using silicon nanowire biosensor with novel molecular gate control. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 83:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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