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Spatio-temporal patterns of malaria in Nepal from 2005 to 2018: a country progressing towards malaria elimination. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2023.100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Asare P, Asante-Poku A, Osei-Wusu S, Otchere ID, Yeboah-Manu D. The Relevance of Genomic Epidemiology for Control of Tuberculosis in West Africa. Front Public Health 2021; 9:706651. [PMID: 34368069 PMCID: PMC8342769 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.706651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an airborne infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), remains a global health problem. West Africa has a unique epidemiology of TB that is characterized by medium- to high-prevalence. Moreover, the geographical restriction of M. africanum to the sub-region makes West Africa have an extra burden to deal with a two-in-one pathogen. The region is also burdened with low case detection, late reporting, poor treatment adherence leading to development of drug resistance and relapse. Sporadic studies conducted within the subregion report higher burden of drug resistant TB (DRTB) than previously thought. The need for more sensitive and robust tools for routine surveillance as well as to understand the mechanisms of DRTB and transmission dynamics for the design of effective control tools, cannot be overemphasized. The advancement in molecular biology tools including traditional fingerprinting and next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offer reliable tools for genomic epidemiology. Genomic epidemiology provides in-depth insight of the nature of pathogens, circulating strains and their spread as well as prompt detection of the emergence of new strains. It also offers the opportunity to monitor treatment and evaluate interventions. Furthermore, genomic epidemiology can be used to understand potential emergence and spread of drug resistant strains and resistance mechanisms allowing the design of simple but rapid tools. In this review, we will describe the local epidemiology of MTBC, highlight past and current investigations toward understanding their biology and spread as well as discuss the relevance of genomic epidemiology studies to TB control in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Asare
- College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adwoa Asante-Poku
- College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Osei-Wusu
- College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Darko Otchere
- College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Asare-Baah M, Séraphin MN, Salmon LAT, Lauzardo M. Effect of mixed strain infections on clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in Florida. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 87:104659. [PMID: 33276149 PMCID: PMC7855629 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mixed infections with genetically distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains within a single host have been documented in different settings; however, this phenomenon is rarely considered in the management and care of new and relapse tuberculosis (T.B.) cases. This study aims to establish the epidemiological and clinical features of mixed infections among culture-confirmed T.B. patients enrolled in tuberculosis care at the Florida Department of Health (FDOH) and measure its association with T.B. mortality. We analyzed de-identified surveillance data of T.B. cases enrolled in T.B. care from April 2008 to January 2018. Mixed MTB infection was determined by the presence of more than one Copy Number Variant (CNV) in at least one locus, based on the genotype profile pattern of at least one isolate using 24-locus Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR). The prevalence of mixed MTB infections among the 4944 culture-confirmed TB cases included in this analysis was 2.6% (129). Increased odds of mixed infections were observed among middle-aged patients, 45-64 years (AOR = 2.38; 95% CI: 0.99, 5.69; p = 0.0513), older adults 65 years and above (AOR = 3.95; 95% CI: 1.63, 9.58; p = 0.0023) and patients with diabetes (OR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.80; p = 0.0150). There was no significant association between mixed infections and death. Our study provides insight into the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with mixed MTB infections, which is essential in the management of T.B. patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Asare-Baah
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
| | - Marie Nancy Séraphin
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 103600, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - LaTweika A T Salmon
- Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Bin A-20, Tallahassee, FL 32399, United States
| | - Michael Lauzardo
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 103600, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Oakeson KF, Wagner JM, Rohrwasser A, Atkinson-Dunn R. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis of Isolates from Foodborne Illness Outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e00161-18. [PMID: 30158193 PMCID: PMC6204689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00161-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) via next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is a powerful tool for determining the relatedness of bacterial isolates in foodborne illness detection and outbreak investigations. WGS has been applied to national outbreaks (for example, Listeria monocytogenes); however, WGS has rarely been used in smaller local outbreaks. The current study demonstrates the superior resolution of genetic and evolutionary relatedness generated by WGS data analysis, compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The current study retrospectively applies WGS and a reference-free bioinformatic analysis to a Utah-specific outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni associated with raw milk and to a national multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium associated with rotisserie chicken, both of which were characterized previously by PFGE. Together, these analyses demonstrate how a reference-free WGS workflow is not reliant on determination of a reference sequence, like WGS workflows that are based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or the need for curated allele databases, like multilocus sequence typing workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Oakeson
- Utah Department of Health, Utah Public Health Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Andreas Rohrwasser
- Utah Department of Health, Utah Public Health Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robyn Atkinson-Dunn
- Utah Department of Health, Utah Public Health Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Liu MY, Li QH, Zhang YJ, Ma Y, Liu Y, Feng W, Hou CB, Amsalu E, Li X, Wang W, Li WM, Guo XH. Spatial and temporal clustering analysis of tuberculosis in the mainland of China at the prefecture level, 2005-2015. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:106. [PMID: 30340513 PMCID: PMC6195697 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the most serious infectious diseases in the mainland of China. So it was urgent for the formulation of more effective measures to prevent and control it. Methods The data of reported TB cases in 340 prefectures from the mainland of China were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) during January 2005 to December 2015. The Kulldorff’s retrospective space-time scan statistics was used to identify the temporal, spatial and spatio-temporal clusters of reported TB in the mainland of China by using the discrete Poisson probability model. Spatio-temporal clusters of sputum smear-positive (SS+) reported TB and sputum smear-negative (SS-) reported TB were also detected at the prefecture level. Results A total of 10 200 528 reported TB cases were collected from 2005 to 2015 in 340 prefectures, including 5 283 983 SS- TB cases and 4 631 734 SS + TB cases with specific sputum smear results, 284 811 cases without sputum smear test. Significantly TB clustering patterns in spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal were observed in this research. Results of the Kulldorff’s scan found twelve significant space-time clusters of reported TB. The most likely spatio-temporal cluster (RR = 3.27, P < 0.001) was mainly located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of western China, covering five prefectures and clustering in the time frame from September 2012 to November 2015. The spatio-temporal clustering results of SS+ TB and SS- TB also showed the most likely clusters distributed in the western China. However, the clustering time of SS+ TB was concentrated before 2010 while SS- TB was mainly concentrated after 2010. Conclusions This study identified the time and region of TB, SS+ TB and SS- TB clustered easily in 340 prefectures in the mainland of China, which is helpful in prioritizing resource assignment in high-risk periods and high-risk areas, and to formulate powerful strategy to prevention and control TB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0490-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qi-Huan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Cheng-Bei Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Endawoke Amsalu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical Sciences and Health, Edith Cowan University, WA6027, Perth, Australia
| | - Wei-Min Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory of China, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China. .,Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumour Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Xiu-Hua Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Shaweno D, Karmakar M, Alene KA, Ragonnet R, Clements AC, Trauer JM, Denholm JT, McBryde ES. Methods used in the spatial analysis of tuberculosis epidemiology: a systematic review. BMC Med 2018; 16:193. [PMID: 30333043 PMCID: PMC6193308 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) transmission often occurs within a household or community, leading to heterogeneous spatial patterns. However, apparent spatial clustering of TB could reflect ongoing transmission or co-location of risk factors and can vary considerably depending on the type of data available, the analysis methods employed and the dynamics of the underlying population. Thus, we aimed to review methodological approaches used in the spatial analysis of TB burden. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search of spatial studies of TB published in English using Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science databases with no date restriction from inception to 15 February 2017. The protocol for this systematic review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO ( CRD42016036655 ). RESULTS We identified 168 eligible studies with spatial methods used to describe the spatial distribution (n = 154), spatial clusters (n = 73), predictors of spatial patterns (n = 64), the role of congregate settings (n = 3) and the household (n = 2) on TB transmission. Molecular techniques combined with geospatial methods were used by 25 studies to compare the role of transmission to reactivation as a driver of TB spatial distribution, finding that geospatial hotspots are not necessarily areas of recent transmission. Almost all studies used notification data for spatial analysis (161 of 168), although none accounted for undetected cases. The most common data visualisation technique was notification rate mapping, and the use of smoothing techniques was uncommon. Spatial clusters were identified using a range of methods, with the most commonly employed being Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic followed by local Moran's I and Getis and Ord's local Gi(d) tests. In the 11 papers that compared two such methods using a single dataset, the clustering patterns identified were often inconsistent. Classical regression models that did not account for spatial dependence were commonly used to predict spatial TB risk. In all included studies, TB showed a heterogeneous spatial pattern at each geographic resolution level examined. CONCLUSIONS A range of spatial analysis methodologies has been employed in divergent contexts, with all studies demonstrating significant heterogeneity in spatial TB distribution. Future studies are needed to define the optimal method for each context and should account for unreported cases when using notification data where possible. Future studies combining genotypic and geospatial techniques with epidemiologically linked cases have the potential to provide further insights and improve TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debebe Shaweno
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Malancha Karmakar
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Romain Ragonnet
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - James M Trauer
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin T Denholm
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma S McBryde
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Munro-Rojas D, Fernandez-Morales E, Zarrabal-Meza J, Martínez-Cazares MT, Parissi-Crivelli A, Fuentes-Domínguez J, Séraphin MN, Lauzardo M, González-y-Merchand JA, Rivera-Gutierrez S, Zenteno-Cuevas R. Genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Veracruz, Mexico. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193626. [PMID: 29543819 PMCID: PMC5854261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mexico is one of the most important contributors of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latin America; however, knowledge of the genetic diversity of drug-resistant tuberculosis isolates is limited. Methods In this study, the genetic structure of 112 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from the southeastern Mexico was determined by spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTRs. Findings The results show eight major lineages, the most of which was T1 (24%), followed by LAM (16%) and H (15%). A total of 29 (25%) isolates were identified as orphan. The most abundant SITs were SIT53/T1 and SIT42/LAM9 with 10 isolates each and SIT50/H3 with eight isolates. Fifty-two spoligotype patterns, twenty-seven clusters and ten clonal complexes were observed, demonstrating an important genetic diversity of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates in circulation and transmission level of these aggravated forms of tuberculosis. Being defined as orphan or as part of an orphan cluster, was a risk factor for multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (OR 2.5, IC 1.05–5.86 and OR 3.3, IC 1–11.03, respectively). Multiple correspondence analyses showed association of some clusters and SITs with specific geographical locations. Conclusions Our study provides one of the most detailed description of the genetic structure of drug and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains in southeast Mexico, establishing for the first time a baseline of the genotypes observed in resistant isolates circulating, however further studies are required to better elucidate the genetic structure of tuberculosis in region and the factors that could be participating in their dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Munro-Rojas
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Jalapa, Veracruz, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Esdras Fernandez-Morales
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Jalapa, Veracruz, México
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - José Zarrabal-Meza
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública, Secretaria de Salud, Veracruz, México
| | | | | | | | - Marie Nancy Séraphin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Lauzardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Sandra Rivera-Gutierrez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencia Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Mullins J, Lobato MN, Bemis K, Sosa L. Spatial clusters of latent tuberculous infection, Connecticut, 2010-2014. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 22:165-170. [PMID: 29506612 PMCID: PMC7201424 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING In the United States, tuberculosis (TB) control is increasingly focusing on the identification of persons with latent tuberculous infection (LTBI). OBJECTIVE To characterize the local epidemiology of LTBI in Connecticut, USA. METHODS We used spatial analyses 1) to identify census tract-level clusters of reported LTBI and TB disease in Connecticut, 2) to compare persons and populations in clusters with those not in clusters, and 3) to compare persons with LTBI to those with TB disease. RESULTS Significant census tract-level spatial clusters of LTBI and TB disease were identified. Compared with persons with LTBI in non-clustered census tracts, those in clustered census tracts were more likely to be foreign-born and less likely to be of white non-Hispanic ethnicity. Populations in census tract clusters of high LTBI prevalence had greater crowding, persons living in poverty, and persons lacking health care insurance than populations not in clustered census tracts. Persons with LTBI were less likely than those with TB disease to be of Asian ethnicity, and persons with LTBI were more likely than those with TB disease to reside in a clustered census tract. CONCLUSIONS Characterizing fine-scale populations at risk for LTBI supports effective and culturally accessible screening and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mullins
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - M N Lobato
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - K Bemis
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA; Cook County Department of Public Health, Forest Park, Illinois, USA
| | - L Sosa
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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Séraphin MN, Doggett R, Johnston L, Zabala J, Gerace AM, Lauzardo M. Association between Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage and site of disease in Florida, 2009-2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:366-371. [PMID: 28993293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis is characterized into four global lineages with strong geographical restriction. To date one study in the United States has investigated M. tuberculosis lineage association with tuberculosis (TB) disease presentation (extra-pulmonary versus pulmonary). We update this analysis using recent (2009-2015) data from the State of Florida to measure lineage association with pulmonary TB, the infectious form of the disease. METHODS M. tuberculosis lineage was assigned based on the spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) patterns. TB disease site was defined as exclusively pulmonary or extra-pulmonary. We used ORs to measure the association between M. tuberculosis lineages and pulmonary compared to extra-pulmonary TB. The final multivariable model was adjusted for patient socio-demographics, HIV and diabetes status. RESULTS We analyzed 3061 cases, 83.4% were infected with a Euro-American lineage, 8.4% Indo-Oceanic and 8.2% East-Asian lineage. The majority of the cases (86.0%) were exclusively pulmonary. Compared to the Indo-Oceanic lineage, infection with a Euro-American (AOR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.91) or an East-Asian (AOR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.27, 3.50) lineage favored pulmonary disease compared to extra-pulmonary. In a sub-analysis among pulmonary cases, strain lineage was not associated with sputum smear positive status, indicating that the observed association with pulmonary disease is independent of host contagiousness. CONCLUSION As an obligate pathogen, M. tuberculosis' fitness is directly correlated to its transmission potential. In this analysis, we show that M. tuberculosis lineage is associated with pulmonary disease presentation. This association may explain the predominance in a region of certain lineages compared to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Nancy Séraphin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 103600, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogen Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Richard Doggett
- Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, 1217 N. Pearl Street, Jacksonville, FL, 32202, USA.
| | - Lori Johnston
- Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Bin A-20, Tallahassee, FL 32399.
| | - Jose Zabala
- Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Bin A-20, Tallahassee, FL 32399.
| | - Alexandra M Gerace
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 103600, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogen Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Michael Lauzardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 103600, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Emerging Pathogen Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Abstract
The tuberculosis agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis has undergone a long and selective evolution toward human infection and represents one of the most widely spread pathogens due to its efficient aerosol-mediated human-to-human transmission. With the availability of more and more genome sequences, the evolutionary trajectory of this obligate pathogen becomes visible, which provides us with new insights into the molecular events governing evolution of the bacterium and its ability to accumulate drug-resistance mutations. In this review, we summarize recent developments in mycobacterial research related to this matter that are important for a better understanding of the current situation and future trends and developments in the global epidemiology of tuberculosis, as well as for possible public health intervention possibilities.
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