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Li M, Wei XM, Li J, Wei SM, Zhang JL, Chen GH, Zhang XM. Effect of short-term exposure to high temperatures on the reproductive behavior and physiological enzyme activities in the fruit fly Zeugodacus tau (Walker). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1036397. [PMID: 36846336 PMCID: PMC9950750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1036397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeugodacus tau is an economically important invasive pest of various vegetables and fruits. In this study, we evaluated the effects of short-term (12 h) exposure to high temperatures on the reproductive behaviors and physiological enzyme activities of adult Z. tau flies. When compared to the control group, the mating rate in the treated group increased significantly after exposure to 34°C and 38°C. After 34°C exposure, the mating rate of the control♀-treated♂ mating was the highest (60.0%). The use of high temperatures for a short period reduced the pre-mating period and lengthened the duration of copulation. After 38°C exposure, the mating between treated♀ and treated♂ had the shortest pre-mating period of 39.0 min and the longest copulation duration of 67.8 min. Mating after a brief exposure to high temperatures had a negative impact on female reproduction, whereas mating with males who previously had a brief exposure to 34°C and 38°C significantly increased female fecundity. After 40 °C exposure, the mating between treated♀ and control♂ showed the lowest fecundity and hatching rate of 293.25 eggs and 25.71%, respectively. The mating between control♀ and treated♂ showed the highest fecundity of 1,016.75 eggs after exposure to 38°C. The SOD, POD, and CAT activities exhibited significant changes (increase or decrease) after the short-term exposure of Z. tau adults to high temperatures. After being exposed to 38°C, SOD activity increased by 2.64 and 2.10 times in females and males in the treated group, respectively, compared to the SOD activity in the control group. The AchE, CarE, and GST activities first increased and then decreased with the increase in temperature. CarE activity changed the most after exposure to 38°C, with females and males in the treated group increasing by 7.81 and 1.69 times, respectively, compared to the activity in the control group. In conclusion, mating strategy and physiological stress are important adaptive mechanisms of Z. tau for adapting to short-term heat stress in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Man Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Ming Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Long Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Hua Chen
- *Correspondence: Guo-Hua Chen, ; Xiao-Ming Zhang,
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Dobler R, Charette M, Kaplan K, Turnell BR, Reinhardt K. Divergent natural selection alters male sperm competition success in
Drosophila melanogaster. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8567. [PMID: 35222953 PMCID: PMC8848461 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually selected traits may also be subject to non‐sexual selection. If optimal trait values depend on environmental conditions, then “narrow sense” (i.e., non‐sexual) natural selection can lead to local adaptation, with fitness in a certain environment being highest among individuals selected under that environment. Such adaptation can, in turn, drive ecological speciation via sexual selection. To date, most research on the effect of narrow‐sense natural selection on sexually selected traits has focused on precopulatory measures like mating success. However, postcopulatory traits, such as sperm function, can also be under non‐sexual selection, and have the potential to contribute to population divergence between different environments. Here, we investigate the effects of narrow‐sense natural selection on male postcopulatory success in Drosophila melanogaster. We chose two extreme environments, low oxygen (10%, hypoxic) or high CO2 (5%, hypercapnic) to detect small effects. We measured the sperm defensive (P1) and offensive (P2) capabilities of selected and control males in the corresponding selection environment and under control conditions. Overall, selection under hypoxia decreased both P1 and P2, while selection under hypercapnia had no effect. Surprisingly, P1 for both selected and control males was higher under both ambient hypoxia and ambient hypercapnia, compared to control conditions, while P2 was lower under hypoxia. We found limited evidence for local adaptation: the positive environmental effect of hypoxia on P1 was greater in hypoxia‐selected males than in controls. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution of postcopulatory traits in response to non‐sexual and sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Dobler
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution and Ecology Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen Tübingen Germany
- Applied Zoology Institute of Zoology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Marc Charette
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Katrin Kaplan
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution and Ecology Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Biz R. Turnell
- Applied Zoology Institute of Zoology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhardt
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution and Ecology Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen Tübingen Germany
- Applied Zoology Institute of Zoology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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Singh K, Kochar E, Gahlot P, Bhatt K, Prasad NG. Evolution of reproductive traits have no apparent life-history associated cost in populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for cold shock resistance. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:219. [PMID: 34872492 PMCID: PMC8650462 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In insect species like Drosophila melanogaster, evolution of increased resistance or evolution of particular traits under specific environmental conditions can lead to energy trade-offs with other crucial life-history traits. Adaptation to cold stress can, in principle, involve modification of reproductive traits and physiological responses. Reproductive traits carry a substantial cost; and therefore, the evolution of reproductive traits in response to cold stress could potentially lead to trade-offs with other life-history traits. We have successfully selected replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster for increased resistance to cold shock for over 33 generations. In these populations, the ability to recover from cold shock, mate, and lay fertile eggs 24 h post cold shock is under selection. These populations have evolved a suite of reproductive traits including increased egg viability, male mating ability, and siring ability post cold shock. These populations also show elevated mating rate both with and without cold shock. In the present study, we quantified a suite of life-history related traits in these populations to assess if evolution of cold shock resistance in these populations comes at a cost of other life-history traits. Results To assess life-history cost, we measured egg viability, mating frequency, longevity, lifetime fecundity, adult mortality, larva to adult development time, larvae to adults survival, and body weight in the cold shock selected populations and their controls under two treatments (a) post cold chock and (b) without cold shock. Twenty-four hours post cold shock, the selected population had significantly higher egg viability and mating frequency compared to control populations indicating that they have higher cold shock resistance. Selected populations had significantly longer pre-adult development time compared to their control populations. Females from the selected populations had higher body weight compared to their control populations. However, we did not find any significant difference between the selected and control populations in longevity, lifetime fecundity, adult mortality, larvae to adults survival, and male body weight under the cold chock or no cold shock treatments. Conclusions These findings suggest that cold shock selected populations have evolved higher mating frequency and egg viability. However, there is no apparent life-history associated cost with the evolution of egg viability and reproductive performances under the cold stress condition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01934-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 650 Medical Science Building, 550 First Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Ekta Kochar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Prakhar Gahlot
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Karan Bhatt
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
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Arya H, Toltesi R, Eng M, Garg D, Merritt TJS, Rajpurohit S. No water, no mating: Connecting dots from behaviour to pathways. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252920. [PMID: 34111165 PMCID: PMC8192009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects hold considerable ecological and agricultural importance making it vital to understand the factors impacting their reproductive output. Environmental stressors are examples of such factors which have a substantial and significant influence on insect reproductive fitness. Insects are also ectothermic and small in size which makes them even more susceptible to environmental stresses. The present study assesses the consequence of desiccation on the mating latency and copulations duration in tropical Drosophila melanogaster. We tested flies for these reproductive behavioral parameters at varying body water levels and with whole metabolome analysis in order to gain a further understanding of the physiological response to desiccation. Our results showed that the duration of desiccation is positively correlated with mating latency and mating failure, while having no influence on the copulation duration. The metabolomic analysis revealed three biological pathways highly affected by desiccation: starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. These results are consistent with carbohydrate metabolism providing an energy source in desiccated flies and also suggests that the phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway plays a role in the reproductive fitness of the flies. Desiccation is a common issue with smaller insects, like Drosophila and other tropical insects, and our findings indicate that this lack of ambient water can immediately and drastically affect the insect reproductive behaviour, which becomes more crucial because of unpredictable and dynamic weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homica Arya
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Regan Toltesi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Eng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Divita Garg
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Thomas J. S. Merritt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhash Rajpurohit
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail:
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Vitt S, Mehlis-Rick M, Bakker TCM, Rick IP. Enhanced ambient UVB radiation affects post-mating, but not pre-mating sexual traits in a fish. Oecologia 2019; 190:355-366. [PMID: 31134331 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organisms inhabiting shallow aquatic habitats currently experience increasing levels of solar ultraviolet B radiation (UVB). UVB causes damage on cellular and molecular levels and can affect associated life-history traits either through direct exposure or indirectly through oxidative stress generation. We examined UVB effects on pre- and post-mating sexual traits in three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Adult, reproductively non-active males were assigned to two exposure treatments under semi-natural conditions in an outdoor experiment; one group received natural radiation (UVBnormal) whilst the other group received additional UVB (UVBenhanced). After two months, colour metrics were used to quantify male breeding colouration as pre-mating trait. At the post-mating stage, sperm morphology, number and movement as well as testes mass were determined. Males did not significantly differ in sexual ornamentation between treatments, but UVBenhanced fish had smaller testes as well as fewer and shorter sperm than UVBnormal fish. Sperm movement was not significantly different between treatments. However, in UVBenhanced males, linear and progressive movement of sperm was positively correlated with sperm morphology (head-to-tail length ratio), whereas in UVBnormal males this relationship was negative (but not significant). Additionally, there was a significant treatment by body condition interaction concerning head-to-tail length ratio, i.e. head-to-tail length ratio increased with condition in UVBnormal males whereas there was no relationship in UVBenhanced fish. Our findings reveal that increased UVB levels influence post-mating fitness-relevant traits in males whilst having no significant impact on pre-mating sexual traits, suggesting selective UVB-effects at the gamete level with consequences for reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vitt
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marion Mehlis-Rick
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theo C M Bakker
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingolf P Rick
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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Singh K, Prasad NG. Evolution of pre- and post-copulatory traits in female Drosophila melanogaster as a correlated response to selection for resistance to cold stress. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91-92:26-33. [PMID: 27317621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low temperatures reduces gamete viability and fecundity in females of insect species like Drosophila. Hence, adaptation to cold stress can in principle involve modifications in reproductive traits in females. Studies on resistance to cold stress have mostly addressed the evolution of adult survivorship post cold shock. Very few studies have addressed the evolution of reproductive traits in females in response to cold stress. We have successfully selected replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster for resistance to cold shock. After 50 generations of selection, we investigated pre- and post-copulatory traits i.e. mating latency, copulation duration, mating frequency and progeny production in female flies exposed to cold shock or control conditions. Post cold shock, females from the selected populations were better at recovery in terms of mating latency, mating success, and progeny production relative to females from the control populations. Performance of the two types of females was not different under control conditions. These findings clearly indicate that adaptation to cold stress involves rapid modification of the reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, PO Manauli, Punjab 140306, India.
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