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Sun H, He Z, Zhao F, Hu J, Wang J, Liu X, Zhao Z, Li M, Luo Y, Li S. Spatiotemporal Expression Characterization of KRTAP6 Family Genes and Its Effect on Wool Traits. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:95. [PMID: 38254984 PMCID: PMC10815594 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratin-related proteins (KAPs) are structural components of wool fibers and are thought to play a key role in regulating the physical and mechanical properties of fibers. Among all KAP genes (KRTAPs), KRTAP6 gene family (KRTAP6-1, KRTAP6-2, KRTAP6-3, KRTAP6-4, and KRTAP6-5) is a very important member with high polymorphism and notable association with some wool traits. In this study, we used real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and in situ hybridization to investigate spatiotemporal expression of KRTAP6s. The results revealed that KRTAP6 family genes were significantly expressed during anagen compared to other stages (p < 0.05). And it was found the five genes were expressed predominantly in the dermal papillae, inner and outer root sheaths, and showed a distinct spatiotemporal expression pattern. Also, it was found that KRTAP6-1 and KRTAP6-5 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with wool mean fiber diameter (MFD) and mean staple strength (MSS) (p < 0.05). In summary, the KRTAP6 family genes share a similar spatiotemporal expression pattern. And KRTAP6-1 and KRTAP6-5 may regulate the MFD and MSS of Gansu Alpine fine-wool sheep wool by changing the expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaobin Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, International Wool Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.S.); (Z.H.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.L.)
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2
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Chen WC, Hsieh NC, Huang MC, Yang KC, Yu J, Wei Y. An in vitro analysis of the hemostatic efficacy of fibrinogen precipitation with varied keratin fraction compositions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125255. [PMID: 37295701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical studies, human hair has demonstrated effective hemostatic properties, potentially attributed to keratin proteins facilitating rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation. However, the rational use of human hair keratin for hemostasis remains unclear, given its complex mixture of proteins with diverse molecular weights and structures, leading to variable hemostatic capacity. To optimize the rational utilization of human hair keratin for hemostasis, we investigated the effects of different keratin fractions on keratin-mediated fibrinogen precipitation using a fibrin generation assay. Our study focused on high molecular weight keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs) and lower molecular weight keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) combined in various ratios during the fibrin generation. Scanning electron microscope analysis of the precipitates revealed a filamentous pattern with a broad distribution of fiber diameters, likely due to the diversity of keratin mixtures involved. An equal proportion of KIFs and KAPs in the mixture yielded the most extensive precipitation of soluble fibrinogen in an in vitro study, potentially due to structure-induced exposure of active sites. However, all hair protein samples exhibited diverse catalytic behaviors compared to thrombin, highlighting the potential of utilizing specific hair fractions to develop hair protein-based hemostatic materials with optimized capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Cong Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yang Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Wang WC, Lai YC. DUSP5 and PHLDA1 mutations in mature cystic teratomas of the ovary identified on whole-exome sequencing may explain teratoma characteristics. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:50. [PMID: 36289533 PMCID: PMC9609193 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary are the most common type of germ cell tumor, comprising 33% of ovarian tumors. Studying these tumors may result in a better understanding of their stepwise developmental processes and molecular bases and provide useful information for the development of tissue-engineering technologies. Methods In the present study, 9 mature cystic teratomas of the ovary were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing and the results were compared with the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer and dbSNP databases. Results Mutations were validated in 15 genes with alterations in all 9 (100%) samples and changes in protein coding. The top 10 mutated genes were FLG, MUC17, MUC5B, RP1L1, NBPF1, GOLGA6L2, SLC29A3, SGK223, PTGFRN, and FAM186A. Moreover, 7 variants in exons with changes in protein coding are likely of importance in the development of mature cystic teratomas of the ovary, namely PTGFRN, DUSP5, MPP2, PHLDA1, PRR21, GOLGA6L2, and KRTAP4-2. Conclusions These genetic alterations may play an important etiological role in teratoma formation. Moreover, novel mutations in DUSP5 and PHLDA1 genes found on whole-exome sequencing may help to explain the characteristics of teratomas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-022-00424-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Wang
- grid.414969.70000 0004 0642 8534Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung, 412 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chein Lai
- grid.411641.70000 0004 0532 2041Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402 Taiwan ,grid.411645.30000 0004 0638 9256Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Deep coverage proteome analysis of hair shaft for forensic individual identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2022; 60:102742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tanideh N, Keshavarzi F, Hemat Zadeh A, Daneshi S, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Mokhtari M, Sedighi A, Asadi-Yousefabad SL. Healing Effects of Human Amniotic Membrane and Burned Wool on the Second-degree Burn in Rats. Galen Med J 2021; 9:e1759. [PMID: 34466588 PMCID: PMC8343904 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to compare sheep burnt wool and human amniotic membrane (AM) on second-degree burn wound healing in rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two adult male rats of Sprague Dawley underwent general anesthesia, and a deep second-degree burn was created on their skin by a hot iron plate. Afterward, human AM, silver sulfadiazine ointment (SSD), and sheep burned wool were used on wound area for burn treatment. On days 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and histopathological assessments were done. Results: Human AM, in comparison with other groups, significantly (P<0.05) showed better improvement in all pathologic variables. Burned wool showed significant improvement compared to the control group on day 7 in the angiogenesis, on day 14 in granulation tissue formation and epithelial formation, and on day 21 in new epithelial formation (P<0.05). Burned wool compared with SSD ointment in granulation tissue formation improved significantly (P<0.05) on days 7 and 14. Also, SSD ointment in comparison with the control group significantly improved (P<0.05) granulation tissue formation and macrophage on day 7. Conclusion: Human AM has a significant effect on the treatment of second-degree burn. Burned wool has a better effect on wound healing than SSD ointment and negative control group without treatment in terms of granulation tissue and epithelium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farideh Keshavarzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Sajad Daneshi
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maral Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anahita Sedighi
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Leili Asadi-Yousefabad
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Correspondence to: Seyedeh-Leili Asadi-Yousefabad, Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Telephone Number: +989171463825 Email Address:
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Wang J, Sui J, Mao C, Li X, Chen X, Liang C, Wang X, Wang SH, Jia C. Identification of Key Pathways and Genes Related to the Development of Hair Follicle Cycle in Cashmere Goats. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020180. [PMID: 33513983 PMCID: PMC7911279 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of hair follicle in cashmere goats shows significant periodic change, as with mice and humans. However, for cashmere goat with double-coat, the periodic change may be due to other regulatory molecules and signal pathways. To understand the mechanism of periodic development of hair follicle, we performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to mine key genes and establish an interaction network by utilizing the NCBI public dataset. Ten coexpression modules, including 7689 protein-coding genes, were constructed by WGCNA, six of which are considered to be significantly related to the development of the hair follicle cycle. A functional enrichment analysis for each model showed that they are closely related to ECM- receptor interaction, focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and so on. Combined with the analysis of differential expressed genes, 12 hub genes from coexpression modules were selected as candidate markers, i.e., COL1A1, C1QTNF6, COL1A2, AQP3, KRTAP3-1, KRTAP11-1, FA2H, NDUFS5, DERL2, MRPL14, ANTKMT and XAB2, which might be applied to improve cashmere production.
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Lu TY, Huang WC, Chen Y, Baskaran N, Yu J, Wei Y. Effect of varied hair protein fractions on the gel properties of keratin/chitosan hydrogels for the use in tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 195:111258. [PMID: 32683238 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Keratin/chitosan composite is a readily available source for a hybrid hydrogel in tissue engineering. While human hair keratins could provide biological functions, chitosan could further enhance the mechanical strength of the hybrid hydrogels. However, hair keratin is a group of natural proteins, and the uncontrolled hair protein contents in a hydrogel may lead to the batch-to-batch inconsistent gel properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of hair protein composition, including the keratin-associated proteins (KAPs, 6-30 kDa) and keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs, 45-60 kDa) on gel characteristics of the keratin/chitosan hydrogel. The various compressive and tensile modulus of the gel was observed based on the selection of different protein fractions as the significant gel components. These results thus suggest a straightforward method of preparing hair keratin/chitosan hydrogel with much more controllable gel properties by merely modulating the KAPs/KIFs ratios in a gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Nareshkumar Baskaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yang Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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8
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Wang J, Zhou H, Hickford JGH, Luo Y, Gong H, Hu J, Liu X, Li S, Song Y, Ke N, Qiao L, Wang J. Identification of the Ovine Keratin-Associated Protein 2-1 Gene and Its Sequence Variation in Four Chinese Sheep Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E604. [PMID: 32485962 PMCID: PMC7349075 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin-associated proteins are important components of wool fibers. The gene encoding the high-sulfur keratin-associated protein 2-1 has been described in humans, but it has not been described in sheep. A basic local alignment search tool nucleotide search of the Ovine Genome Assembly version 4.0 using a human keratin-associated protein 2-1 gene sequence revealed a 399-base pair open reading frame, which was clustered among nine previously identified keratin-associated protein genes on chromosome 11. Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis revealed four different banding patterns, with these representing four different sequences (A-D) in Chinese sheep breeds. These sequences had the highest similarity to human keratin-associated protein 2-1 gene, suggesting that they represent variants of ovine keratin-associated protein 2-1 gene. Nine single nucleotide variations were detected in the gene, including one non-synonymous nucleotide substitution. Differences in variant frequencies between fine-wool sheep breeds and coarse-wool sheep breeds were detected. The gene was found to be expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression level in skin, and moderate expression levels in heart and lung tissue. These results reveal that the ovine keratin-associated protein 2-1 gene is variable and suggest the gene might affect variation in mean fiber diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huitong Zhou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jon G. H. Hickford
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Yuzhu Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hua Gong
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shaobin Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yize Song
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Na Ke
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lirong Qiao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.G.H.H.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (J.H.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (Y.S.); (N.K.); (L.Q.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Development of high-performance two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for human hair shaft proteome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213947. [PMID: 30889197 PMCID: PMC6424392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary components of human hair shaft—keratin and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), together with their cross-linked networks—are the underlying reason for its rigid structure. It is therefore requisite to overcome the obstacle of hair insolubility and establish a reliable protocol for the proteome analysis of this accessible specimen. The present study employed an alkaline-based method for the efficient isolation of hair proteins and subsequently examined them using gel-based proteomics. The introduction of two proteomic protocols, namely the conventional and modified protocol, have resulted in the detection of more than 400 protein spots on the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). When compared, the modified protocol is deemed to improve overall reproducibility, whilst offering a quick overview of the total protein distribution of hair. The development of this high-performance protocol is hoped to provide a new approach for hair analysis, which could possibly lead to the discovery of biomarkers for hair in health and diseases in the future.
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