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Jing J, Wu N, Xu W, Wang Y, Pawlowski WP, He Y. An F-box protein ACOZ1 functions in crossover formation by ensuring proper chromosome compaction during maize meiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:157-172. [PMID: 35322878 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is an essential reproductive process to create new genetic variation. During early meiosis, higher order chromosome organization creates a platform for meiotic processes to ensure the accuracy of recombination and chromosome segregation. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying dynamic chromosome organization in plant meiosis. Here, we describe abnormal chromosome organization in zygotene1 (ACOZ1), which encodes a canonical F-box protein in maize. In acoz1 mutant meiocytes, chromosomes maintain a leptotene-like state and never compact to a zygotene-like configuration. Telomere bouquet formation and homologous pairing are also distorted and installation of synaptonemal complex ZYP1 protein is slightly defective. Loading of early recombination proteins RAD51 and DMC1 is unaffected, indicating that ACOZ1 is not required for double strand break formation or repair. However, crossover formation is severely disturbed. The ACOZ1 protein localizes on the boundary of chromatin, rather directly to chromosomes. Furthermore, we identified that ACOZ1 interacts with SKP1 through its C-terminus, revealing that it acts as a subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin/SUMO ligase complex. Overall, our results suggest that ACOZ1 functions independently from the core meiotic recombination pathway to influence crossover formation by controlling chromosome compaction during maize meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Jing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Nan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Wanyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yingxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | | | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
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2
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Lu Y, Huang R, Ying J, Li X, Jiao T, Guo L, Zhou H, Wang H, Tuersuntuoheti A, Liu J, Chen Q, Wang Y, Su L, Guo C, Xu F, Wang Z, Lu Y, Li K, Liang J, Huang Z, Chen X, Yao J, Hu H, Cheng X, Wan Y, Chen X, Zhang N, Miao S, Cai J, Wang L, Liu C, Song W, Zhao H. RING finger 138 deregulation distorts NF-кB signaling and facilities colitis switch to aggressive malignancy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:185. [PMID: 35697692 PMCID: PMC9192753 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged activation of nuclear factor (NF)-кB signaling significantly contributes to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). New therapeutic opportunities are emerging from targeting this distorted cell signaling transduction. Here, we discovered the critical role of RING finger 138 (RNF138) in CRC tumorigenesis through regulating the NF-кB signaling, which is independent of its Ubiquitin-E3 ligase activity involved in DNA damage response. RNF138−/− mice were hyper-susceptible to the switch from colitis to aggressive malignancy, which coincided with sustained aberrant NF-кB signaling in the colonic cells. Furthermore, RNF138 suppresses the activation of NF-кB signaling pathway through preventing the translocation of NIK and IKK-Beta Binding Protein (NIBP) to the cytoplasm, which requires the ubiquitin interaction motif (UIM) domain. More importantly, we uncovered a significant correlation between poor prognosis and the downregulation of RNF138 associated with reinforced NF-кB signaling in clinical settings, raising the possibility of RNF138 dysregulation as an indicator for the therapeutic intervention targeting NF-кB signaling. Using the xenograft models built upon either RNF138-dificient CRC cells or the cells derived from the RNF138-dysregulated CRC patients, we demonstrated that the inhibition of NF-кB signaling effectively hampered tumor growth. Overall, our work defined the pathogenic role of aberrant NF-кB signaling due to RNF138 downregulation in the cascade events from the colitis switch to colonic neoplastic transformation and progression, and also highlights the possibility of targeting the NF-кB signaling in treating specific subtypes of CRC indicated by RNF138-ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xingchen Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Haitao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Amannisa Tuersuntuoheti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qichen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Luying Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Changyuan Guo
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Fu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Junbo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jinjie Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hanjie Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaowen Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yufeng Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research (WCAIR), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Shiying Miao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianqiang Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Linfang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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5
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Wu H, Li X, Feng M, Yao L, Deng Z, Zao G, Zhou Y, Chen S, Du Z. Downregulation of RNF138 inhibits cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in glioma cells via suppression of the Erk signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:3285-3296. [PMID: 30272353 PMCID: PMC6196598 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common adult malignant primary brain tumor; however, the effect of chemotherapy is often limited by drug‑resistance and poor prognosis is common. Ring finger protein 138 (RNF138) belongs to the E3 ligase family, and has significantly higher expression level in glioma tissue than in noncancerous brain tissues. Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) has a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis, ultimately leading to increased cell motility and resistance to genotoxic agents. Extracellular‑signal regulated kinase (Erk) pathways promote the growth of glioma cells and enhance tumor invasion, with a role in the progression of EMT. However, the association between RNF138 and human glioma progression remains poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the association between RNF138, Erk, and EMT in glioma progression. In the current study, experiments were performed to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of RNF138 in glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Glioma cell line proliferation, migration and invasion were inhibited by knockdown of RNF138 in vitro. By lowering the RNF138 expression, cleaved caspase3 and E‑cadherin were upregulated, while phospho‑Erk1/2, vimentin, MMP2, HIF‑1α and VEGF were downregulated in U87 and U251 cells in vitro. In vivo findings revealed that the growth of U87 cell‑transplanted tumors in nude mice was inhibited in tumors with RNF138 knockdown. These findings suggested that downregulation of RNF138 inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and reversed EMT, potentially via Erk signaling pathway. Therefore, RNF138 may be a potential therapeutic target against glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xuetao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhitong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Guozheng Zao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Sansong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Du
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Lu Y, Han D, Liu W, Huang R, Ou J, Chen X, Zhang X, Wang X, Li S, Wang L, Liu C, Miao S, Wang L, Ma C, Song W. RNF138 confers cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells via activating Chk1 signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:1128-1138. [PMID: 30260263 PMCID: PMC6301830 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1480293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance represents a major issue associated with gastric cancer (GC) treatment, and arises through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of the cell-cycle check point. Several ubiquitin kinases, including RING finger protein 138 (RNF138), have been reported to mediate the G2/M phase arrest. In this study, we investigated the role of RNF138 in the development of cisplatin resistance of two GC cell lines. We show that RNF138 levels are higher in cisplatin-resistant cell lines, compared with cisplatin-sensitive cells, and RNF138 expression was elevated during drug withdrawal following the cisplatin treatment. Using gene overexpression and silencing, we analyzed the impact of altering RNF138 level on GC cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle phenotypes in two isogenic cisplatin-sensitive and resistant cell lines. We show that RNF138 overexpression increased GC cell viability, decreased apoptosis and delayed cell cycle progression in the cisplatin-sensitive GC cells. Conversely, RNF138 silencing produced opposite phenotypes in the cisplatin-resistant cells. Moreover, RNF138-dependent phosphorylation of Chk1 was seen in GC cells, indicating a novel connection between cisplatin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Collectively, these data suggest that RNF138 modulates the cisplatin resistance in the GC cells, thus serving as a potential drug target to challenge chemotherapy failure. In addition, RNF138 can also be used as a marker to monitor the development of cisplatin resistance in GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Deqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Jinhuan Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Xiaoqiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Xizhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Shiying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Linfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Changwu Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
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