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Oudda S, Ali AM, Chien AL, Park S. Leveraging Tissue Engineering for Skin Cancer Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:97-113. [PMID: 36484897 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered in vitro three-dimensional (3D) skin model has emerged as a promising tool for recapitulating different types of skin cancer and performing pre-clinical tests. However, a full-thickness 3D model including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis layers is scarce despite its significance in human physiology and diverse biological processes. In this book chapter, an attempt has been made to summarize various skin cancer models, including utilized skin layers, materials, cell lines, specific treatments, and fabrication techniques for three types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Subsequently, current limitations and future directions of skin cancer models are discussed. The knowledge of the current status of skin cancer models can provide various potential applications in cancer research and thus a more effective way for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayah Oudda
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdulla M Ali
- The Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna L Chien
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Michielon E, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. From simplicity to complexity in current melanoma models. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1818-1836. [PMID: 36103206 PMCID: PMC10092692 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent impressive clinical success of immunotherapy against melanoma, development of primary and adaptive resistance against immune checkpoint inhibitors remains a major issue in a large number of treated patients. This highlights the need for melanoma models that replicate the tumor's intricate dynamics in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and associated immune suppression to study possible resistance mechanisms in order to improve current and test novel therapeutics. While two-dimensional melanoma cell cultures have been widely used to perform functional genomics screens in a high-throughput fashion, they are not suitable to answer more complex scientific questions. Melanoma models have also been established in a variety of experimental (humanized) animals. However, due to differences in physiology, such models do not fully represent human melanoma development. Therefore, fully human three-dimensional in vitro models mimicking melanoma cell interactions with the TME are being developed to address this need for more physiologically relevant models. Such models include melanoma organoids, spheroids, and reconstructed human melanoma-in-skin cultures. Still, while major advances have been made to complement and replace animals, these in vitro systems have yet to fully recapitulate human tumor complexity. Lastly, technical advancements have been made in the organ-on-chip field to replicate functions and microstructures of in vivo human tissues and organs. This review summarizes advancements made in understanding and treating melanoma and specifically aims to discuss the progress made towards developing melanoma models, their applications, limitations, and the advances still needed to further facilitate the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Michielon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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A preclinical model of cutaneous melanoma based on reconstructed human epidermis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16269. [PMID: 36175453 PMCID: PMC9522649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is among the tumor entities with the highest increase of incidence worldwide. To elucidate melanoma progression and develop new effective therapies, rodent models are commonly used. While these do not adequately reflect human physiology, two-dimensional cell cultures lack crucial elements of the tumor microenvironment. To address this shortcoming, we have developed a melanoma skin equivalent based on an open-source epidermal model. Melanoma cell lines with different driver mutations were incorporated into these models forming distinguishable tumor aggregates within a stratified epidermis. Although barrier properties of the skin equivalents were not affected by incorporation of melanoma cells, their presence resulted in a higher metabolic activity indicated by an increased glucose consumption. Furthermore, we re-isolated single cells from the models to characterize the proliferation state within the respective model. The applicability of our model for tumor therapeutics was demonstrated by treatment with a commonly used v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) inhibitor vemurafenib. This selective BRAF inhibitor successfully reduced tumor growth in the models harboring BRAF-mutated melanoma cells. Hence, our model is a promising tool to investigate melanoma development and as a preclinical model for drug discovery.
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Li J, Fu S, Lu KW, Christie O, Gozelski MT, Cottone MC, Cottone P, Kianian S, Feng KC, Simon M, Rafailovich M, Dagum AB, Singh G. Engineering functional skin constructs: A quantitative comparison of three-dimensional bioprinting with traditional methods. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:516-527. [PMID: 34727395 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has been successful in reproducing human skin equivalents while incorporating new approaches such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. The latter method offers a plethora of advantages including increased production scale, ability to incorporate multiple cell types and printing on demand. However, the quality of printed skin equivalents compared to those developed manually has never been assessed. To leverage the benefits of this method, it is imperative that 3D-printed skin should be structurally and functionally similar to real human skin. Here, we developed four bilayered human skin epidermal-dermal equivalents: non-printed dermis and epidermis (NN), printed dermis and epidermis (PP), printed epidermis and non-printed dermis (PN), and non-printed epidermis and printed dermis (NP). The effects of printing induced shear stress [0.025 kPa (epidermis); 0.049 kPa (dermis)] were characterized both at the cellular and at the tissue level. At cellular level, no statistically significant differences in keratinocyte colony-forming efficiency (CFE) (p = 0.1641) were observed. In the case of fibroblasts, no significant differences in the cell alignment index (p < 0.1717) and their ability to contract collagen gel (p = 0.851) were detected. At the tissue levels, all the four skin equivalents were characterized using histological and immunohistochemical analysis with no significant differences found in either epidermal basal cell count, thickness of viable epidermis, and relative intensity of filaggrin and claudin-1. Our results demonstrated that 3D printing can achieve the same high-quality skin constructs as have been developed traditionally, thus opening new avenues for numerous high-throughput industrial and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Shi Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly W Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Olias Christie
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Michael T Gozelski
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Michael C Cottone
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Philip Cottone
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Sara Kianian
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kuan-Che Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Marcia Simon
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Alexander B Dagum
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Gurtej Singh
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Mota Garcia T, Hiyoshi A, Udumyan R, Sjöqvist H, Fall K, Montgomery S. Acne in late adolescence is not associated with a raised risk of subsequent malignant melanoma among men. Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 51:44-48. [PMID: 29032321 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the association of acne in late adolescence with the risk for subsequent malignant melanoma (MM) in men. METHODS Swedish register-based cohort study of 242,096 males born between 1952 and 1956, who took part in compulsory assessments for Swedish military conscription in late adolescence between 1969 and 1975, with subsequent diagnoses of MM (n=1,058) up to December 31, 2009. Covariates included measures of childhood circumstances and information from adolescence on presence of acne, physical fitness, cognitive function, body mass index (BMI), and a summary of diagnoses. Cox regression was used for the analysis. RESULTS In total 1,058 men were diagnosed with MM. Acne was not associated with subsequent MM, with an adjusted hazard ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of 0.95 (0.61 to 1.49). Men with parents who were agricultural workers, and men who lived in northern Sweden, had lower physical fitness, or lower cognitive function had a lower risk of MM. Overweight and obesity was associated with a raised risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.39 (1.14, 1.71). CONCLUSIONS Acne in late adolescence is unlikely to represent a raised risk for subsequent MM in men. Overweight or obesity was identified as a raised risk for MM, possibly due to the associated increased skin surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mota Garcia
- Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ayako Hiyoshi
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Ruzan Udumyan
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hugo Sjöqvist
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Statistics, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott Montgomery
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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Haridas P, McGovern JA, McElwain SD, Simpson MJ. Quantitative comparison of the spreading and invasion of radial growth phase and metastatic melanoma cells in a three-dimensional human skin equivalent model. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3754. [PMID: 28890854 PMCID: PMC5590551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard two-dimensional (2D) cell migration assays do not provide information about vertical invasion processes, which are critical for melanoma progression. We provide information about three-dimensional (3D) melanoma cell migration, proliferation and invasion in a 3D melanoma skin equivalent (MSE) model. In particular, we pay careful attention to compare the structure of the tissues in the MSE with similarly-prepared 3D human skin equivalent (HSE) models. The HSE model is identically prepared to the MSE model except that melanoma cells are omitted. Using the MSE model, we examine melanoma migration, proliferation and invasion from two different human melanoma cell lines. One cell line, WM35, is associated with the early phase of the disease where spreading is thought to be confined to the epidermis. The other cell line, SK-MEL-28, is associated with the later phase of the disease where spreading into the dermis is expected. METHODS 3D MSE and HSE models are constructed using human de-epidermised dermis (DED) prepared from skin tissue. Primary fibroblasts and primary keratinocytes are used in the MSE and HSE models to ensure the formation of a stratified epidermis, with a well-defined basement membrane. Radial spreading of cells across the surface of the HSE and MSE models is observed. Vertical invasion of melanoma cells downward through the skin is observed and measured using immunohistochemistry. All measurements of invasion are made at day 0, 9, 15 and 20, providing detailed time course data. RESULTS Both HSE and MSE models are similar to native skin in vivo, with a well-defined stratification of the epidermis that is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. In the HSE and MSE we find fibroblast cells confined to the dermis, and differentiated keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the MSE, melanoma cells form colonies in the epidermis during the early part of the experiment. In the later stage of the experiment, the melanoma cells in the MSE invade deeper into the tissues. Interestingly, both the WM35 and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells lead to a breakdown of the basement membrane and eventually enter the dermis. However, these two cell lines invade at different rates, with the SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells invading faster than the WM35 cells. DISCUSSION The MSE and HSE models are a reliable platform for studying melanoma invasion in a 3D tissue that is similar to native human skin. Interestingly, we find that the WM35 cell line, that is thought to be associated with radial spreading only, is able to invade into the dermis. The vertical invasion of melanoma cells into the dermal region appears to be associated with a localised disruption of the basement membrane. Presenting our results in terms of time course data, along with images and quantitative measurements of the depth of invasion extends previous 3D work that has often been reported without these details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Haridas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqui A. McGovern
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean D.L. McElwain
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Vishnubhakthula S, Elupula R, Durán-Lara EF. Recent Advances in Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery for Melanoma Cancer Therapy: A Mini Review. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2017; 2017:7275985. [PMID: 28852576 PMCID: PMC5567449 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7275985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to describe some of the latest advances in using hydrogels for cancer melanoma therapy. Hydrogel formulations of polymeric material from natural or synthetic sources combined with therapeutic agents have gained great attention in the recent years for treating various maladies. These formulations can be categorized according to the strategies that induce cancer cell death in melanoma. First of all, we should note that these formulations can only play a supporting role that releases bioactive agents against cancer cells rather than the main role. This strategy involves delivering the drug via transdermal pathways, resulting in the death of cancerous cells. Another strategy utilizes magnetic gel composites to combat melanoma via hyperthermia therapy. This review discusses both transdermal and hyperthermia therapies and the recent advances that have occurred in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Vishnubhakthula
- St. Peters Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Ravinder Elupula
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Esteban F. Durán-Lara
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, Institute of Chemistry and Natural Resources and Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Maule, Chile
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Min D, Lee W, Bae IH, Lee TR, Croce P, Yoo SS. Bioprinting of biomimetic skin containing melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 2017; 27:453-459. [PMID: 28453913 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique that is capable of producing a full-thickness skin model containing pigmentation. Multiple layers of fibroblast (FB)-containing collagen hydrogel precursor were printed and crosslinked through neutralization using sodium bicarbonate, constituting the dermal layer. Melanocytes (MCs) and keratinocytes (KCs) were sequentially printed on top of the dermal layer to induce skin pigmentation upon subsequent air-liquid interface culture. Histological analysis was performed not only to confirm the formation of distinct skin layers, but also to identify the presence of pigmentation. The bioprinted skin structure showed the dermal and epidermal layers as well as the terminal differentiation of the KC that formed the stratum corneum. Moreover, the MC-containing epidermal layer showed freckle-like pigmentations at the dermal-epidermal junction, without the use of external ultraviolet light or chemical stimuli. The presented method offers the capability of producing engineered ephelides in biomimetic skin, thus rendering 3D bioprinting techniques as productive on-demand options for the creation of skin models available for therapeutic or research use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Min
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Wonhye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Phillip Croce
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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