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Fernández PA, Amsler CD, Hurd CL, Díaz PA, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Macaya EC, Schmider-Martínez A, Garrido I, Murúa P, Buschmann AH. Diverse inorganic carbon uptake strategies in Antarctic seaweeds: Revealing species-specific responses and implications for Ocean Acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174006. [PMID: 38889822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Seaweeds are important components of coastal benthic ecosystems along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), providing refuge, food, and habitat for numerous associated species. Despite their crucial role, the WAP is among the regions most affected by global climate change, potentially impacting the ecology and physiology of seaweeds. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to increased dissolved inorganic carbon (Ci) with consequent declines in oceanic pH and alterations in seawater carbonate chemistry, known as Ocean Acidification (OA). Seaweeds possess diverse strategies for Ci uptake, including CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), which may distinctly respond to changes in Ci concentrations. Conversely, some seaweeds do not operate CCMs (non-CCM species) and rely solely on CO2. Nevertheless, our understanding of the status and functionality of Ci uptake strategies in Antarctic seaweeds remains limited. Here, we investigated the Ci uptake strategies of seaweeds along a depth gradient in the WAP. Carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) and pH drift assays were used as indicators of the presence or absence of CCMs. Our results reveal variability in CCM occurrence among algal phyla and depths ranging from 0 to 20 m. However, this response was species specific. Among red seaweeds, the majority relied solely on CO2 as an exogenous Ci source, with a high percentage of non-CCM species. Green seaweeds exhibited depth-dependent variations in CCM status, with the proportion of non-CCM species increasing at greater depths. Conversely, brown seaweeds exhibited a higher prevalence of CCM species, even in deep waters, indicating the use of CO2 and HCO3-. Our results are similar to those observed in temperate and tropical regions, indicating that the potential impacts of OA on Antarctic seaweeds will be species specific. Additionally, OA may potentially increase the abundance of non-CCM species relative to those with CCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Fernández
- Centro i∼mar, CeBiB & MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km6, Puerto Montt 580000, Chile.
| | - Charles D Amsler
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km6, Puerto Montt 580000, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Erasmo C Macaya
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | | | - Ignacio Garrido
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile; Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco (LCRAC), Instituto Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; Department of Biology and Québec-Océan, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pedro Murúa
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas y Ficopatologia, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Buschmann
- Centro i∼mar, CeBiB & MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km6, Puerto Montt 580000, Chile
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Yadav NK, Patel AB, Singh SK, Mehta NK, Anand V, Lal J, Dekari D, Devi NC. Climate change effects on aquaculture production and its sustainable management through climate-resilient adaptation strategies: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31731-31751. [PMID: 38652188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture witnessed a remarkable growth as one of the fastest-expanding sector in the food production industry; however, it faces serious threat from the unavoidable impacts of climate change. Understanding this threat, the present review explores the consequences of climate change on aquaculture production and provides need based strategies for its sustainable management, with a particular emphasis on climate-resilient approaches. The study examines the multi-dimensional impacts of climate change on aquaculture which includes the shifts in water temperature, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, harmful algal blooms, extreme weather events, and alterations in ecological dynamics. The review subsequently investigates innovative scientific interventions and climate-resilient aquaculture strategies aimed at strengthening the adaptive capacity of aquaculture practices. Some widely established solutions include selective breeding, species diversification, incorporation of ecosystem-based management practices, and the implementation of sustainable and advanced aquaculture systems (aquaponics and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). These strategies work towards fortifying aquaculture systems against climate-induced disturbances, thereby mitigating risks and ensuring sustained production. This review provides a detailed insight to the ongoing discourse on climate-resilient aquaculture, emphasizing an immediate need for prudent measures to secure the future sustainability of fish food production sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India.
| | - Arun Bhai Patel
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Soibam Khogen Singh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Imphal, Manipur, 795142, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mehta
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Vishwajeet Anand
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jham Lal
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Debojit Dekari
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
| | - Ng Chinglembi Devi
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (West), 799210, India
- Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thiruvallur District, Ponneri, 601 204, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Capó-Bauçà S, Iñiguez C, Galmés J. The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco and CO 2 concentrating mechanisms in marine macrophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2353-2365. [PMID: 38197185 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of Rubisco, the most important carbon-fixing enzyme, have been assessed in a small fraction of the estimated existing biodiversity of photosynthetic organisms. Until recently, one of the most significant gaps of knowledge in Rubisco kinetics was marine macrophytes, an ecologically relevant group including brown (Ochrophyta), red (Rhodophyta) and green (Chlorophyta) macroalgae and seagrasses (Streptophyta). These organisms express various Rubisco types and predominantly possess CO2 -concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), which facilitate the use of bicarbonate for photosynthesis. Since bicarbonate is the most abundant form of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater, CCMs allow marine macrophytes to overcome the slow gas diffusion and low CO2 availability in this environment. The present review aims to compile and integrate recent findings on the biochemical diversity of Rubisco and CCMs in the main groups of marine macrophytes. The Rubisco kinetic data provided demonstrate a more relaxed relationship among catalytic parameters than previously reported, uncovering a variability in Rubisco catalysis that has been hidden by a bias in the literature towards terrestrial vascular plants. The compiled data indicate the existence of convergent evolution between Rubisco and biophysical CCMs across the polyphyletic groups of marine macrophytes and suggest a potential role for oxygen in shaping such relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastià Capó-Bauçà
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Concepción Iñiguez
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur s/n, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Maberly SC, Stott A, Gontero B. The differential ability of two species of seagrass to use carbon dioxide and bicarbonate and their modelled response to rising concentrations of inorganic carbon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:936716. [PMID: 36388529 PMCID: PMC9648567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass meadows are one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet, but their photosynthesis rate may be limited by carbon dioxide but mitigated by exploiting the high concentration of bicarbonate in the ocean using different active processes. Seagrasses are declining worldwide at an accelerating rate because of numerous anthropogenic pressures. However, rising ocean concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, caused by increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, may benefit seagrass photosynthesis. Here we compare the ability of two seagrass from the Mediterranean Sea, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile and Zostera marina L., to use carbon dioxide and bicarbonate at light saturation, and model how increasing concentrations of inorganic carbon affect their photosynthesis rate. pH-drift measurements confirmed that both species were able to use bicarbonate in addition to carbon dioxide, but that Z. marina was more effective than P. oceanica. Kinetic experiments showed that, compared to Z. marina, P. oceanica had a seven-fold higher affinity for carbon dioxide and a 1.6-fold higher affinity for bicarbonate. However, the maximal rate of bicarbonate uptake in Z. marina was 2.1-fold higher than in P. oceanica. In equilibrium with 410 ppm carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the modelled rates of photosynthesis by Z. marina were slightly higher than P. oceanica, less carbon limited and depended on bicarbonate to a greater extent. This greater reliance by Z. marina is consistent with its less depleted 13C content compared to P. oceanica. Modelled photosynthesis suggests that both species would depend on bicarbonate alone at an atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure of 280 ppm. P. oceanica was projected to benefit more than Z. marina with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressures, and at the highest carbon dioxide scenario of 1135 ppm, would have higher rates of photosynthesis and be more saturated by inorganic carbon than Z. marina. In both species, the proportional reliance on bicarbonate declined markedly as carbon dioxide concentrations increased and in P. oceanica carbon dioxide would become the major source of inorganic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew W. Stott
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Elliott Smith EA, Fox MD, Fogel ML, Newsome SD. Amino acid
δ
13
C fingerprints of nearshore marine autotrophs are consistent across broad spatiotemporal scales: an intercontinental isotopic dataset and likely biochemical drivers. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Elliott Smith
- National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC 20560 USA
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Michael D. Fox
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
| | - Marilyn L. Fogel
- EDGE Institute University of California – Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Seth D. Newsome
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
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6
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Burnaford JL, Nguyen TVT, Henderson SY, Van Alstyne KL. Linking Physiology To Ecological Function: Environmental Conditions Affect Performance And Size Of The Intertidal Kelp Hedophyllum Sessile (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:128-142. [PMID: 32931614 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For autogenic ecosystem engineers, body size is an aspect of individual performance that has direct connections to community structure; yet the complex morphology of these species can make it difficult to draw clear connections between the environment and performance. We combined laboratory experiments and field surveys to test the hypothesis that individual body size was determined by disparate localized physiological responses to environmental conditions across the complex thallus of the intertidal kelp Hedophyllum sessile, a canopy-forming physical ecosystem engineer. We documented substantial (> 40%) declines in whole-thallus photosynthetic potential (as Maximum Quantum Yield, MQY) as a consequence of emersion, which were related to greater than 10-fold increases in intra-thallus MQY variability (as Coefficient of Variation). In laboratory experiments, desiccation and high light levels during emersion led to lasting impairment of photosynthetic potential and an immediate > 25% reduction in area due to tissue contraction, which was followed by complete loss of structural integrity after three days of submersion. Tissue exposed to desiccation and high light during emersion had higher nitrogen concentrations and lower phlorotannin concentrations than tissue in control treatments (on average 1.36 and 0.1x controls, respectively), suggesting that conditions during emersion have the potential to affect food quality for consumers. Our data indicate that the complex thallus morphology of H. sessile may be critical to this kelp's ability to persist in the intertidal zone despite the physiological challenges of emersion and encourage a more nuanced view of the concept of "sub-lethal stress" on the scale of the whole individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Burnaford
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA, 92834
| | - Tuong-Vy T Nguyen
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA, 92834
| | | | - Kathryn L Van Alstyne
- Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Anacortes, Washington, 98221, USA
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7
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McCoy SJ, Santillán-Sarmiento A, Brown MT, Widdicombe S, Wheeler GL. Photosynthetic Responses of Turf-forming Red Macroalgae to High CO 2 Conditions. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:85-96. [PMID: 31553063 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds are important components of near-shore ecosystems as primary producers, foundation species, and biogeochemical engineers. Seaweed communities are likely to alter under predicted climate change scenarios. We tested the physiological responses of three perennial, turf-building, intertidal rhodophytes, Mastocarpus stellatus, Osmundea pinnatifida, and the calcified Ellisolandia elongata, to elevated pCO2 over 6 weeks. Responses varied between these three species. E. elongata was strongly affected by high pCO2 , whereas non-calcified species were not. Elevated pCO2 did not induce consistent responses of photosynthesis and respiration across these three species. While baseline photophysiology differed significantly between species, we found few clear effects of elevated pCO2 on this aspect of macroalgal physiology. We found effects of within-species variation in elevated pCO2 response in M. stellatus, but not in the other species. Overall, our data confirm the sensitivity of calcified macroalgae to elevated pCO2 , but we found no evidence suggesting that elevated pCO2 conditions will have a strong positive or negative impact on photosynthetic parameters in non-calcified macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4295, USA
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Alex Santillán-Sarmiento
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, 4th Floor Davy Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
- Faculty of Engineering, National University of Chimborazo, Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 via Guano, EC 060108, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, 4th Floor Davy Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stephen Widdicombe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Glen L Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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Pfister CA, Altabet MA, Weigel BL. Kelp beds and their local effects on seawater chemistry, productivity, and microbial communities. Ecology 2019; 100:e02798. [PMID: 31233610 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Kelp forests are known as key habitats for species diversity and macroalgal productivity; however, we know little about how these biogenic habitats interact with seawater chemistry and phototroph productivity in the water column. We examined kelp forest functions at three locales along the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state by quantifying carbonate chemistry, nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton productivity, and seawater microbial communities inside and outside of kelp beds dominated by the canopy kelp species Nereocystis luetkeana and Macrocystis pyrifera. Kelp beds locally increased the pH, oxygen, and aragonite saturation state of the seawater, but lowered seawater inorganic carbon content and total alkalinity. Although kelp beds depleted nitrate and phosphorus concentrations, ammonium and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were enhanced. Kelp beds also decreased chlorophyll concentrations and carbon fixed by phytoplankton, although kelp carbon fixation more than compensated for any difference in phytoplankton production. Kelp beds entrained distinct microbial communities, with higher taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity compared to seawater outside of the kelp bed. Kelp forests thus had significant effects on seawater chemistry, productivity and the microbial assemblages in their proximity. Thereby, the diversity of pathways for carbon and nitrogen cycling was also enhanced. Overall, these observations suggest that the contribution of kelp forests to nearshore carbon and nitrogen cycling is greater than previously documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Mark A Altabet
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02744, USA
| | - Brooke L Weigel
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Bracken MES, Silbiger NJ, Bernatchez G, Sorte CJB. Primary producers may ameliorate impacts of daytime CO 2 addition in a coastal marine ecosystem. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4739. [PMID: 29761055 PMCID: PMC5949060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the impacts of ocean acidification in coastal habitats is complicated by bio-physical feedbacks between organisms and carbonate chemistry. Daily changes in pH and other carbonate parameters in coastal ecosystems, associated with processes such as photosynthesis and respiration, often greatly exceed global mean predicted changes over the next century. We assessed the strength of these feedbacks under projected elevated CO2 levels by conducting a field experiment in 10 macrophyte-dominated tide pools on the coast of California, USA. We evaluated changes in carbonate parameters over time and found that under ambient conditions, daytime changes in pH, pCO2, net ecosystem calcification (NEC), and O2 concentrations were strongly related to rates of net community production (NCP). CO2 was added to pools during daytime low tides, which should have reduced pH and enhanced pCO2. However, photosynthesis rapidly reduced pCO2 and increased pH, so effects of CO2 addition were not apparent unless we accounted for seaweed and surfgrass abundances. In the absence of macrophytes, CO2 addition caused pH to decline by ∼0.6 units and pCO2 to increase by ∼487 µatm over 6 hr during the daytime low tide. As macrophyte abundances increased, the impacts of CO2 addition declined because more CO2 was absorbed due to photosynthesis. Effects of CO2addition were, therefore, modified by feedbacks between NCP, pH, pCO2, and NEC. Our results underscore the potential importance of coastal macrophytes in ameliorating impacts of ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E S Bracken
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Nyssa J Silbiger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America.,Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Bernatchez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Cascade J B Sorte
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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Raven JA, Beardall J, Sánchez-Baracaldo P. The possible evolution and future of CO2-concentrating mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3701-3716. [PMID: 28505361 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), based either on active transport of inorganic carbon (biophysical CCMs) or on biochemistry involving supplementary carbon fixation into C4 acids (C4 and CAM), play a major role in global primary productivity. However, the ubiquitous CO2-fixing enzyme in autotrophs, Rubisco, evolved at a time when atmospheric CO2 levels were very much higher than today and O2 was very low and, as CO2 and O2 approached (by no means monotonically), today's levels, at some time subsequently many organisms evolved a CCM that increased the supply of CO2 and decreased Rubisco oxygenase activity. Given that CO2 levels and other environmental factors have altered considerably between when autotrophs evolved and the present day, and are predicted to continue to change into the future, we here examine the drivers for, and possible timing of, evolution of CCMs. CCMs probably evolved when CO2 fell to 2-16 times the present atmospheric level, depending on Rubisco kinetics. We also assess the effects of other key environmental factors such as temperature and nutrient levels on CCM activity and examine the evidence for evolutionary changes in CCM activity and related cellular processes as well as limitations on continuity of CCMs through environmental variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Functional Plant Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Building 18, Clayton Campus, Vic 3800, Australia
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Maberly SC, Gontero B. Ecological imperatives for aquatic CO2-concentrating mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3797-3814. [PMID: 28645178 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, the concentration of inorganic carbon is spatially and temporally variable and CO2 can be substantially oversaturated or depleted. Depletion of CO2 plus low rates of diffusion cause inorganic carbon to be more limiting in aquatic than terrestrial environments, and the frequency of species with a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), and their contribution to productivity, is correspondingly greater. Aquatic photoautotrophs may have biochemical or biophysical CCMs and exploit CO2 from the sediment or the atmosphere. Though partly constrained by phylogeny, CCM activity is related to environmental conditions. CCMs are absent or down-regulated when their increased energy costs, lower CO2 affinity, or altered mineral requirements outweigh their benefits. Aquatic CCMs are most widespread in environments with low CO2, high HCO3-, high pH, and high light. Freshwater species are generally less effective at inorganic carbon removal than marine species, but have a greater range of ability to remove carbon, matching the environmental variability in carbon availability. The diversity of CCMs in seagrasses and marine phytoplankton, and detailed mechanistic studies on larger aquatic photoautotrophs are understudied. Strengthening the links between ecology and CCMs will increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ecological success and will place mechanistic studies in a clearer ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Maberly
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR 3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, 13 402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
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12
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Ahmed N, Bunting SW, Glaser M, Flaherty MS, Diana JS. Can greening of aquaculture sequester blue carbon? AMBIO 2017; 46:468-477. [PMID: 27848102 PMCID: PMC5385666 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, blue carbon (i.e., carbon in coastal and marine ecosystems) emissions have been seriously augmented due to the devastating effects of anthropogenic pressures on coastal ecosystems including mangrove swamps, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows. The greening of aquaculture, however, including an ecosystem approach to Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) could play a significant role in reversing this trend, enhancing coastal ecosystems, and sequestering blue carbon. Ponds within IAA farming systems sequester more carbon per unit area than conventional fish ponds, natural lakes, and inland seas. The translocation of shrimp culture from mangrove swamps to offshore IMTA could reduce mangrove loss, reverse blue carbon emissions, and in turn increase storage of blue carbon through restoration of mangroves. Moreover, offshore IMTA may create a barrier to trawl fishing which in turn could help restore seagrasses and further enhance blue carbon sequestration. Seaweed and shellfish culture within IMTA could also help to sequester more blue carbon. The greening of aquaculture could face several challenges that need to be addressed in order to realize substantial benefits from enhanced blue carbon sequestration and eventually contribute to global climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesar Ahmed
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stuart W. Bunting
- Bunting Aquaculture, Agriculture and Aquatic Resources Conservation Services, Glemsford, Suffolk UK
| | - Marion Glaser
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mark S. Flaherty
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4 Canada
| | - James S. Diana
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Cornwall CE, Revill AT, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Raven JA, Hurd CL. Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46297. [PMID: 28417970 PMCID: PMC5394685 DOI: 10.1038/srep46297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of CO2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver of ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses of macroalgal species to ocean acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that the response of assemblages to elevated CO2 are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO2:HCO3- use (δ13C values) of macroalgae along a gradient of CO2 at a volcanic seep, and examined how shifts in species abundance at other Mediterranean seeps are related to macroalgal inorganic carbon physiology. Five macroalgal species capable of using both HCO3- and CO2 had greater CO2 use as concentrations increased. These species (and one unable to use HCO3-) increased in abundance with elevated CO2 whereas obligate calcifying species, and non-calcareous macroalgae whose CO2 use did not increase consistently with concentration, declined in abundance. Physiological groupings provide a mechanistic understanding that will aid us in determining which species will benefit from ocean acidification and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, Oceans Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | | | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Marco Milazzo
- DiSTeM, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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