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Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Minamimoto K, Yamaoka K. The Natural History of Medial Meniscal Tears in the ACL Deficient and ACL Reconstructed Rat Knee. Cartilage 2021; 13:1570S-1582S. [PMID: 34024166 PMCID: PMC8804834 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211014588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The process of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury-induced meniscal tear formation is not fully understood. Clinical studies have shown that ACL reconstruction (ACLR) reduces the development of secondary meniscal tears, but it is difficult to gain insight into the protective effects of ACLR from clinical studies alone. Using rat ACL transection (ACLT) and ACLR models, we aimed to reveal (1) the formation process of meniscal tears secondary to ACLT and (2) the protective effects of ACLR on secondary meniscal tears. DESIGN ACLT surgery alone or with ACLR was performed on the knees of rats. Histomorphological and histopathological changes were examined in the posteromedial region of the meniscus in intact rats and in rats that received ACLT or ACLR up to 12 weeks postsurgery. In addition, anterior-posterior joint laxity was measured using the universal testing machine to evaluate the effects of ACLT and ACLR on joint laxity. RESULTS AAnterior-posterior laxity was significantly increased by ACLT compared to the intact knee. This ACLT-induced joint laxity was partially but significantly reduced by ACLR. Meniscal proliferation and hyaline cartilage-like tissue formation were detected in the medial meniscus at 4 weeks post-ACLT. At 12 weeks post-ACLT, hyaline cartilage-like tissue was replaced by ossicles and meniscal tears were observed. These ACLT-induced abnormalities were attenuated by ACLR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ACLT-induced joint laxity induces secondary medial meniscal tears through meniscal proliferation and ossicle formation via endochondral ossification. Joint re-stabilization by ACLR suppresses meniscal proliferation and ossicle formation and consequently prevents secondary meniscal tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kaneguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty
of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima,
Japan
| | - Junya Ozawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty
of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima,
Japan,Junya Ozawa, Department of Rehabilitation,
Faculty of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Kurose-Gakuendai
555-36, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan.
| | - Kengo Minamimoto
- Major in Medical Engineering and
Technology, Graduate School of Medical Technology and Health Welfare Sciences,
Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamaoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty
of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima,
Japan
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2
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Fang Y, Huang H, Zhou G, Wang Q, Gao F, Li C, Liu Y, Lin J. An animal model study on the gene expression profile of meniscal degeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21469. [PMID: 33293598 PMCID: PMC7722855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Meniscal degeneration is a very common condition in elderly individuals, but the underlying mechanisms of its occurrence are not completely clear. This study examines the molecular mechanisms of meniscal degeneration. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the right rear limbs of seven Wuzhishan mini-pigs were resected (meniscal degeneration group), and the left rear legs were sham-operated (control group). After 6 months, samples were taken for gene chip analysis, including differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, gene ontology (GO) analysis, clustering analysis, and pathway analysis. The selected 12 DEGs were validated by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The two groups showed specific and highly clustered DEGs. A total of 893 DEGs were found, in which 537 are upregulated, and 356 are downregulated. The GO analysis showed that the significantly affected biological processes include nitric oxide metabolic process, male sex differentiation, and mesenchymal morphogenesis, the significantly affected cellular components include the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and the significantly affected molecular functions include transition metal ion binding and iron ion binding. The pathway analysis showed that the significantly affected pathways include type II diabetes mellitus, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, and AMPK signaling pathway. The results of RT-PCR indicate that the microarray data accurately reflects the gene expression patterns. These findings indicate that several molecular mechanisms are involved in the development of meniscal degeneration, thus improving our understanding of meniscal degeneration and provide molecular therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehan Fang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Nursing, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Sports Injury and Arthroscopy Surgery, National Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China.
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3
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Schwarz ML, Reisig G, Schütte A, Becker K, Serba S, Forsch E, Thier S, Fickert S, Lenz T, Weiß C, Hetjens S, Bludau F, Bothe F, Richter W, Schneider-Wald B. Report on a large animal study with Göttingen Minipigs where regenerates and controls for articular cartilage were created in a large number. Focus on the conditions of the operated stifle joints and suggestions for standardized procedures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224996. [PMID: 31877143 PMCID: PMC6932782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of regenerated articular cartilage (AC) can be based on various methods, as there is an unambiguous accepted criterion neither for the natural cartilage tissue nor for regenerates. Biomechanical aspects should be considered as well, leading to the need for more equivalent samples. The aim of the study was to describe a large animal model where 8 specimens of regenerated AC can be created in one animal plus the impact of two surgeries on the welfare of the animals. The usefulness of the inclusion of a group of untreated animals (NAT) was to analyzed. Based on the histological results the conditions of the regenerates were to be described and the impact on knee joints were to be explored in terms of degenerative changes of the cartilage. The usefulness of the statistical term “effect size” (ES) will be explained with histological results. We analyzed an animal model where 8 AC regenerates were obtained from one Göttingen Minipig, on both sides of the trochleae. 60 animals were divided into 6 groups of 10 each, where the partial thickness defects in the trochlea were filled with matrices made of Collagen I with or without autologous chondrocytes or left empty over the healing periods of 24 and 48 weeks. One additional control group consisting of 10 untreated animals was used to provide untouched “external” cartilage. We harvested 560 samples of regenerated tissue and “external” controls, besides that, twice the number of further samples from other parts of the joints referred to as “internal” controls were also harvested. The animals recovered faster after the 1st operation when the defects were set compared to the 2nd operation when the defects were treated. 9% of all animals were lost. Other complications were for example superficial infections, seroma, diarrhea, febrile state and an injury of a claw. The histological results of the treatments proved the robustness of the study design where we included an “external” control group (NAT) in which the animals were not operated. Comparable significant differences between treated groups and the NAT group were detected both after ½ year and after 1 year. Spontaneous regenerated AC as control revealed differences after an observation time of nearly 1 year. The impact of the treatment on cartilage adjacent to the defect as well as the remaining knee joint was low. The ES was helpful for planning the study as it is shown that the power of a statistical comparison seems to be more influenced by the ES than by the sample size. The ranking of the ES was done exemplarily, listing the results according to their magnitude, thus making the results comparable. We were able to follow the 3 R requirements also in terms of a numerical reduction of animals due to the introduction of a group of untreated animals. This makes the model cost effective. The presented study may contribute as an improvement of the standardization of large animal models for research and regulatory requirements for regenerative therapies of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus L. Schwarz
- Section for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregor Reisig
- Section for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andy Schütte
- Section for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristianna Becker
- Interfaculty Biomedical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Serba
- Interfaculty Biomedical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Forsch
- Department of Experimental Pain Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steffen Thier
- Section for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Sportchirurgie Heidelberg, Klonz—Thier–Stock, ATOS Klinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fickert
- Section for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Sporthopaedicum Regensburg/Straubing, Straubing, Germany
| | | | - Christel Weiß
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Svetlana Hetjens
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederic Bludau
- Section for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Friederike Bothe
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schneider-Wald
- Section for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Bascuñán AL, Biedrzycki A, Banks SA, Lewis DD, Kim SE. Large Animal Models for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Research. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:292. [PMID: 31555675 PMCID: PMC6727067 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large animal (non-rodent mammal) models are commonly used in ACL research, but no species is currently considered the gold standard. Important considerations when selecting a large animal model include anatomical differences, the natural course of ACL pathology in that species, and biomechanical differences between humans and the chosen model. This article summarizes recent reports related to anatomy, pathology, and biomechanics of the ACL for large animal species (dog, goat, sheep, pig, and rabbit) commonly used in ACL research. Each species has unique features and benefits as well as potential drawbacks, which are highlighted in this review. This information may be useful in the selection process when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Bascuñán
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam Biedrzycki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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5
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The Importance of the Knee Joint Meniscal Fibrocartilages as Stabilizing Weight Bearing Structures Providing Global Protection to Human Knee-Joint Tissues. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040324. [PMID: 30959928 PMCID: PMC6523218 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to review aspects of the pathobiology of the meniscus in health and disease and show how degeneration of the meniscus can contribute to deleterious changes in other knee joint components. The menisci, distinctive semilunar weight bearing fibrocartilages, provide knee joint stability, co-ordinating functional contributions from articular cartilage, ligaments/tendons, synovium, subchondral bone and infra-patellar fat pad during knee joint articulation. The meniscus contains metabolically active cell populations responsive to growth factors, chemokines and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, resulting in the synthesis of matrix metalloproteases and A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeats (ADAMTS)-4 and 5 which can degrade structural glycoproteins and proteoglycans leading to function-limiting changes in meniscal and other knee joint tissues. Such degradative changes are hall-marks of osteoarthritis (OA). No drugs are currently approved that change the natural course of OA and translate to long-term, clinically relevant benefits. For any pharmaceutical therapeutic intervention in OA to be effective, disease modifying drugs will have to be developed which actively modulate the many different cell types present in the knee to provide a global therapeutic. Many individual and combinatorial approaches are being developed to treat or replace degenerate menisci using 3D printing, bioscaffolds and hydrogel delivery systems for therapeutic drugs, growth factors and replacement progenitor cell populations recognising the central role the menisci play in knee joint health.
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6
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Baskey SJ, Andreana M, Lanteigne E, Ridsdale A, Stolow A, Schweitzer ME. Pre-Clinical Translation of Second Harmonic Microscopy of Meniscal and Articular Cartilage Using a Prototype Nonlinear Microendoscope. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2018; 7:1800211. [PMID: 30701146 PMCID: PMC6342420 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2018.2889496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using nonlinear microscopy have demonstrated that osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the gradual replacement of Type II collagen with Type I collagen. The objective of this study was to develop a prototype nonlinear laser scanning microendoscope capable of resolving the structural differences of collagen in various orthopaedically relevant cartilaginous surfaces. The current prototype developed a miniaturized femtosecond laser scanning instrument, mounted on an articulated positioning system, capable of both conventional arthroscopy and second-harmonic laser-scanning microscopy. Its optical system includes a multi-resolution optical system using a gradient index objective lens and a customized multi-purpose fiber optic sheath to maximize the collection of backscattered photons or provide joint capsule illumination. The stability and suitability of the prototype arthroscope to approach and image cartilage were evaluated through preliminary testing on fresh, minimally processed, and partially intact porcine knee joints. Image quality was sufficient to distinguish between hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage through unique Type I and Type II collagen-specific characteristics. Imaging the meniscus revealed that the system was able to visualize differences in the collagen arrangement between the superficial and lamellar layers. Such detailed in vivo imaging of the cartilage surfaces could obviate the need to perform biopsies for ex vivo histological analysis in the future, and provide an alternative to conventional external imaging to characterize and diagnose progressive and degenerative cartilage diseases such as OA. Moreover, this system is readily customizable and may provide a suitable and modular platform for developing additional tools utilizing femtosecond lasers for tissue cutting within the familiar confines of two or three portal arthroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Baskey
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1H 8M5Canada.,Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada.,Emerging Technologies Division, Molecular Photonics GroupNational Research Council CanadaOttawaONK1A 0R6Canada
| | - Marco Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Eric Lanteigne
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Andrew Ridsdale
- Emerging Technologies Division, Molecular Photonics GroupNational Research Council CanadaOttawaONK1A 0R6Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Emerging Technologies Division, Molecular Photonics GroupNational Research Council CanadaOttawaONK1A 0R6Canada.,Department of PhysicsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada.,Department of ChemistryUniversity of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
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7
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Contribution of IL-1β, 6 and TNF-α to the form of post-traumatic osteoarthritis induced by “idealized” anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a porcine model. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:212-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Unger MD, Murthy NS, Kanwar R, Strand KA, Maus TP, Beutler AS. Clinical magnetic resonance-enabled characterization of mono-iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in a large animal species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201673. [PMID: 30075007 PMCID: PMC6075758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. Medical and surgical treatments have yet to substantially diminish the global health and economic burden of OA. Due to recent advances in clinical imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a correlation has been established between structural joint damage and OA-related pain and disability. Existing preclinical animal models of OA are useful tools but each suffers specific roadblocks when translating structural MRI data to humans. Intraarticular injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA) is a reliable, well-studied method to induce OA in small animals but joint size discrepancy precludes the use of clinical grade MRI to study structural disease. The porcine knee is suited for clinical MRI and demonstrates homology with humans. We set out to establish the first large animal model of MIA-induced knee OA in swine characterized by structural MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Yucatan swine (n = 27) underwent ultrasound-guided injection of knees with 1.2, 4, 12, or 40 mg MIA. MRI was performed at several time points over 12 weeks (n = 54 knees) and images were assessed according to a modified clinical grading scheme. Knees were harvested and graded up to 35 weeks after injection. RESULTS MIA-injected knees (n = 25) but not control knees (n = 29) developed gross degeneration. A total of n = 6,000 MRI measurements were recorded by two radiologists. MRI revealed progressive cartilage damage, bone marrow edema, erosions, and effusions in MIA-injected knees. Lesion severity and progression was influenced by time, dose, and inter-individual variability. CONCLUSIONS Intraarticular injection of MIA produced structural knee degradation that was reliably characterized using clinical MRI in swine. Destruction was progressive and, similar to human OA, lesion severity was heterogeneous between and within treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Unger
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Naveen S. Murthy
- Department of Radiology (Section of Interventional Pain Management), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Rahul Kanwar
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Kasey A. Strand
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Maus
- Department of Radiology (Section of Interventional Pain Management), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Andreas S. Beutler
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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Platelet-Rich Fibrin Facilitates Rabbit Meniscal Repair by Promoting Meniscocytes Proliferation, Migration, and Extracellular Matrix Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081722. [PMID: 28783120 PMCID: PMC5578112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has been used in clinical practice for some time, to date, few studies reveal its role as a bioactive scaffold in facilitating meniscal repair. Here, the positive anabolic effects of PRF on meniscocytes harvested from the primary culture of a rabbit meniscus were revealed. The rabbit meniscocytes were cultured with different concentrations of PRF-conditioned medium, and were evaluated for their ability to stimulate cell migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation. In vivo, meniscal defects were created via an established rabbit animal model and were evaluated by a histology-based four-stage scoring system to validate the treatment outcome three months postoperatively. The in vitro results showed that PRF could induce cellular migration and promote proliferation and meniscocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis of cultured meniscocytes. In addition, PRF increased the formation and deposition of cartilaginous matrix produced by cultured meniscocytes. Morphological and histological evaluations demonstrated that PRF could facilitate rabbit meniscal repair. The data highlight the potential utility of using PRF in augmenting the healing of meniscal injuries. These advantages would benefit clinical translation, and are a potential new treatment strategy for meniscal repair.
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Reisig G, Kreinest M, Richter W, Wagner-Ecker M, Dinter D, Attenberger U, Schneider-Wald B, Fickert S, Schwarz ML. Osteoarthritis in the Knee Joints of Göttingen Minipigs after Resection of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament? Missing Correlation of MRI, Gene and Protein Expression with Histological Scoring. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165897. [PMID: 27820852 PMCID: PMC5098790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Göttingen Minipig (GM) is used as large animal model in articular cartilage research. The aim of the study was to introduce osteoarthritis (OA) in the GM by resecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACLR) according to Pond and Nuki, verified by histological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring as well as analysis of gene and protein expression. Materials and Methods The eight included skeletally mature female GM were assessed after ACLR in the left and a sham operation in the right knee, which served as control. 26 weeks after surgery the knee joints were scanned using a 3-Tesla high-field MR tomography unit with a 3 T CP Large Flex Coil. Standard proton-density weighted fat saturated sequences in coronal and sagittal direction with a slice thickness of 3 mm were used. The MRI scans were assessed by two radiologists according to a modified WORMS-score, the X-rays of the knee joints by two evaluators. Osteochondral plugs with a diameter of 4mm were taken for histological examination from either the main loading zone or the macroscopic most degenerated parts of the tibia plateau or condyle respectively. The histological sections were blinded and scored by three experts according to Little et al. Gene expression analysis was performed from surrounding cartilage. Expression of adamts4, adamts5, acan, col1A1, col2, il-1ß, mmp1, mmp3, mmp13, vegf was determined by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining (IH) of Col I and II was performed. IH was scored using a 4 point grading (0—no staining; 3-intense staining). Results and Discussion Similar signs of OA were evident both in ACLR and sham operated knee joints with the histological scoring result of the ACLR joints with 6.48 ± 5.67 points and the sham joints with 6.86 ± 5.84 points (p = 0.7953) The MRI scoring yielded 0.34 ± 0.89 points for the ACLR and 0.03 ± 0.17 for the sham knee joints. There was no correlation between the histological and MRI scores (r = 0.10021). The gene expression profiles as well as the immunohistochemical findings showed no significant differences between ACLR and sham knee joints. In conclusion, both knee joints showed histological signs of OA after 26 weeks irrespective of whether the ACL was resected or not. As MRI results did not match the histological findings, MRI was obviously unsuitable to diagnose the OA in GM. The analysis of the expression patterns of the 10 genes could not shed light on the question, whether sham operation also induced cartilage erosion or if the degeneration was spontaneous. The modified Pond-Nuki model may be used with reservation in the adult minipig to induce an isolated osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reisig
- Department for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Kreinest
- Department for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mechthild Wagner-Ecker
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Dinter
- Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrike Attenberger
- Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Schneider-Wald
- Department for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Fickert
- Department for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus L. Schwarz
- Department for experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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