1
|
Kim MB, Lee YJ. Emergence of Salmonella Infantis carrying the pESI-like plasmid from eggs in egg grading and packing plants in Korea. Food Microbiol 2024; 122:104568. [PMID: 38839227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The plasmid of emerging S. Infantis (pESI) or pESI-like plasmid in Salmonella enterica Infantis are consistently reported in poultry and humans worldwide. However, there has been limited research on these plasmids of S. Infantis isolated from eggs. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of S. Infantis carrying the pESI-like plasmid from eggs in egg grading and packing plants. In this study, the pESI-like plasmid was only detected in 18 (78.3%) of 23 S. Infantis isolates, and it was absent in the other 9 Salmonella serovars. In particular, S. Infantis isolates carrying the pESI-like plasmid showed the significantly higher resistance to β-lactams, phenicols, cephams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines than Salmonella isolates without the pESI-like plasmid (p < 0.05). Moreover, all S. Infantis isolates carrying the pESI-like plasmid were identified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producer, harboring the blaCTX-M-65 and blaTEM-1 genes, and carried non-β-lactamase resistance genes (ant(3'')-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IVa, aph(3')-Ic, sul1, tetA, dfrA14, and floR) against five antimicrobial classes. However, all isolates without the pESI-like plasmid only carried the blaTEM-1 gene among the β-lactamase genes, and either had no non-β-lactamase resistance genes or harbored non-β-lactamase resistance genes against one or two antimicrobial classes. Furthermore, all S. Infantis isolates carrying the pESI-like plasmid carried class 1 and 2 integrons and the aadA1 gene cassette, but none of the other isolates without the pESI-like plasmid harbored integrons. In particular, D87Y substitution in the gyrA gene and IncP replicon type were observed in all the S. Infantis isolates carrying the pESI-like plasmid but not in the S. Infantis isolates without the pESI-like plasmid. The distribution of pulsotypes between pESI-positive and pESI-negative S. Infantis isolates was clearly distinguished, but all S. Infantis isolates were classified as sequence type 32, regardless of whether they carried the pESI-like plasmid. This study is the first to report the characteristics of S. Infantis carrying the pESI-like plasmid isolated from eggs and can provide valuable information for formulating strategies to control the spread of Salmonella in the egg industry worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Beom Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41556, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41556, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gharaibeh MH, Lafi SQ, Allah AMH, Qudsi FRA. Occurrence, virulence, and resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolated from an integrated poultry company in Jordan. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103733. [PMID: 38631233 PMCID: PMC11040170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is considered one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide. The annual number of hospitalizations and deaths related to zoonotic salmonellosis, which is transmitted from animals to humans and infects poultry and meat, is expected to be significant. Hence, the primary aims of this research were to isolate and characterize Salmonella species obtained from an integrated poultry company and identify some virulence, and antimicrobial resistance, with a specific concern about colistin resistance genes. A total of 635 samples collected from various sources in an integrated company in Jordan were screened for Salmonella species accompanying their virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Samples were collected from parent stock house drag swabs, broiler farms, premix, cecum at the slaughterhouse level, prechilling and postchilling stages, and the final product. Salmonella species were detected in 3% (6/200) of investigated parent stock house drag swabs, 13.8% (11/80) from cloacal swabs from broiler farms, 16.9% (11/65) from boiler farms premix, 24.4% (11/45) from the cecum at slaughterhouse level, 16.4% (9/55) from the prechilling stage, 37.8% (17/45) from the postchilling stage and 53.3% (24/45) from the final product stage. No isolates were detected in feed mills (0/20), parents' premix (0/40), or hatcheries (0/40). Salmonella isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (91.0%), nalidixic acid (86.5%), doxycycline (83.1%), tetracycline (83.1%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (79.8%) and ampicillin (76.4%). Serotyping shows that S. Infantis was the predominant serovar, with 56.2%. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, 39.3% (35/89) of the isolates were resistant to colistin; however, no mcr genes were detected. Among antimicrobial-resistant genes, blaTEM was the most prevalent (88.8%). Furthermore, the spvC, ompA, and ompF virulence genes showed the highest percentages (97.8%, 97.8%, and 96.6%, respectively). In conclusion, Salmonella isolates were found at various stages in the integrated company. S. Infantis was the most prevalent serotype. No mcr genes were detected. Cross-contamination between poultry production stages highlights the importance of good hygiene practices. Furthermore, the presence of virulence genes and the patterns of antimicrobial resistance present significant challenges for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Gharaibeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Shawkat Q Lafi
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed M Habib Allah
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 22110, Jordan
| | - Farah R Al Qudsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 21121, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim MB, Jung HR, Lee YJ. Emergence of Salmonella Infantis carrying the pESI megaplasmid in commercial farms of five major integrated broiler operations in Korea. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103516. [PMID: 38368739 PMCID: PMC10884471 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering Salmonella transmission occurs through several routes in integrated broiler operations, control of nontyphoidal Salmonella in commercial farms is essential. This study aimed to compare the distribution of persistent Salmonella serovars in environments and dead chickens between 5 major integrated broiler operations in Korea. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive farms in dust prior to placement by operations was 0 to 25%, but the prevalence in dust and feces at the time of depletion was increased to 16.7 to 41.7% and 16.7 to 66.7%, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of farms with Salmonella in chickens that died within 1 week old and at 4 to 5 weeks old ranged from 8.3 to 58.3% and 16.7 to 41.7%, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis-positive farms in dust prior to placement and in chickens that died within 1 week old was 5.2 and 3.4%, respectively, but the prevalence in dust and feces at the time of depletion and in chickens that died at 4 to 5 weeks old was significantly increased to 27.6, 41.4, and 20.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the plasmid of emerging S. Infantis (pESI) was only identified in S. Infantis, and the prevalence of multidrug-resistance was significantly higher in pESI-positive S. Infantis (99.2%) than in pESI-negative S. Infantis (6.7%) (P < 0.05). The distribution of pulsotypes between pESI-positive and pESI-negative S. Infantis were varied, but a majority of S. Infantis were clustered only 2 pulsotypes. Moreover, pESI-positive S. Infantis harbored more virulence factors than pESI-negative S. Infantis. This study is the first report on characteristics of S. Infantis carrying the pESI plasmid in commercial broiler farms in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Beom Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mattock J, Chattaway MA, Hartman H, Dallman TJ, Smith AM, Keddy K, Petrovska L, Manners EJ, Duze ST, Smouse S, Tau N, Timme R, Baker DJ, Mather AE, Wain J, Langridge GC. A One Health Perspective on Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis, an Emerging Human Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:701-710. [PMID: 38526070 PMCID: PMC10977846 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis presents an ever-increasing threat to public health because of its spread throughout many countries and association with high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We analyzed whole-genome sequences of 5,284 Salmonella Infantis strains from 74 countries, isolated during 1989-2020 from a wide variety of human, animal, and food sources, to compare genetic phylogeny, AMR determinants, and plasmid presence. The global Salmonella Infantis population structure diverged into 3 clusters: a North American cluster, a European cluster, and a global cluster. The levels of AMR varied by Salmonella Infantis cluster and by isolation source; 73% of poultry isolates were multidrug resistant, compared with 35% of human isolates. This finding correlated with the presence of the pESI megaplasmid; 71% of poultry isolates contained pESI, compared with 32% of human isolates. This study provides key information for public health teams engaged in reducing the spread of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Hassan Hartman
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | | | - Anthony M. Smith
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Karen Keddy
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | | | | | - Sanelisiwe T. Duze
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Shannon Smouse
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Nomsa Tau
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Ruth Timme
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Dave J. Baker
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Alison E. Mather
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - John Wain
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Gemma C. Langridge
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Braga PRC, Dos Santos CA, Bertani AMDJ, Vieira T, Amarante AF, Reis AD, Sacchi CT, Camargo CH, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Tiba-Casas MR. Detection and genomic characterization of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport co-harbouring bla CMY-2, qnrB19 and mcr-9 from the diarrheic faeces of a foal. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 35:198-201. [PMID: 37805072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study reports the genomic characterization of the multidrug resistant Salmonella Newport strain 195_20 recovered from the diarrheic faeces of a foal in Brazil and co-harbouring the mcr-9, blaCMY-2 and qnrB19 antibiotic resistance genes. METHODS Bacterial isolate positive for mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-9) was submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and broth microdilution for colistin and polymyxin B. The isolate was submitted to whole genome sequencing by Illumina technology and Nanopore Sequencing. Conjugation assays, plasmid sizes determined by S1-PFGE and plasmid content were investigated by hybrid assembly after MinIon long reads sequencing. RESULTS Isolate 195_20 was identified as sequence type ST45, resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins (ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime), aminoglycosides (streptomycin and gentamicin), phenicol (chloramphenicol), quinolones and fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and pefloxacin), folate pathway antagonists (sulfonamides and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), and tetracycline. A transferable IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmid sized ca. 262kb was found to carry the mcr-9 gene in a module consisting of IS903-mcr-9-wbuC-IS26. In addition, an 174kb IncC and a 48kb IncN plasmid were also identified in the 195_20 isolate, carrying blaCMY-2 and qnrB19, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Not surprisingly, isolate 195_20 was susceptible to polymyxins, possibly due to absence of qseBC regulatory operon. Presence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr-9), third-generation cephalosporins (blaCMY-2) and quinolone (qnrB19) resistance determinants in zoonotic pathogens from animals in close contact with humans alerts for the possible route of transmission between these different reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana Rennó Campos Braga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Secorun Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vinueza-Burgos C, Medina-Santana J, Maldonado R, Vásquez Y, Lincango L, Villagomez E, Gómez C, Ron-Garrido L, Cevallos-Almeida MB. Evaluation of Virulence of Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis with In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:484-491. [PMID: 37668605 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis and Enteritidis serovars have been reported as important causes of salmonellosis in humans worldwide. However, the virulence of these two serovars has yet to be compared. To evaluate the virulence of Salmonella Infantis (n = 23) and Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 7), we used two models: the Caco2 cells model (in vitro) and the Galleria mellonella model (in vivo). Additionally, the virulence genes of all tested strains were contrasted with phenotypic outcomes. Results showed that adhesion means were 18.2% for Salmonella Enteritidis and 38.2% for Salmonella Infantis strains. Invasion means were 77.1% for Salmonella Enteritidis and 56.2% for Salmonella Infantis strains. Significant differences were found between serovars in adherence and invasion assays. Mortality rates (58% for Salmonella Enteritidis and 62.6% for Salmonella Infantis) were not significantly different between serotypes. The distribution of virulence genes showed that genes fae (fimbrial adherence determinants) and shdA (nonfimbrial adherence determinants) were only found in Salmonella Infantis strains. On the other hand, the rck gene (invasion) and Plasmid-encoded fimbriae genes (pef A, B, C, D) were present in Salmonella Enteritidis exclusively. In conclusion, this study shows that Salmonella Enteritidis has a higher virulence potential under experimental conditions than Salmonella Infantis. However, more studies are needed to determine the risk that Salmonella Infantis could represent compared with Salmonella Enteritidis. Moreover, other in vivo models should be considered to assess the virulence of these serovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jose Medina-Santana
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ruben Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal Agencia de Regulación y Control Fito y Zoosanitario, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Yuly Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lisseth Lincango
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Emilia Villagomez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- Centro Internacional de Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Belén Cevallos-Almeida
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soltan Dallal MM, Zeynali Kelishomi F, Nikkhahi F, Zahraei Salehi T, Fardsanei F, Peymani A. Biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance genes, and genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Enteritidis isolated from food and animal sources in Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 34:240-246. [PMID: 37567468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salmonella enterica serovar Entritidis is an important pathogen in foodborne diseases and causes gastroenteritis. Several studies have investigated the genetic diversity of the strains of this bacterium. However, our knowledge of the discriminatory power of the molecular methods is limited. METHODS In total, 34 strains of S. enteritidis were isolated from food related to animals. Antibiotic resistance of the strains, antibiotic resistance genes, and biofilm formation capacity of the strains were evaluated. For the genetic analysis of the strains, PFGE was performed using AvrII restriction enzyme. RESULTS Among the tested antibiotics, cefuroxime, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin showed the highest resistance rates (79.4%, 47%, and 44.2%, respectively). Only three antibiotic-resistance genes were identified in these strains (blaTEM: 67.6%, tetA: 9%, and sul2: 3%). In total, 91% of the strains were biofilm producers. Clustering of strains using AvrII for 26 samples with the same XbaI PFGE profile showed that these strains were in one clone and had high homogeneity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it is better to use a combination of several typing methods for typing strains that are genetically very close so that the results are reliable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Division of Food Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fardsanei
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Amir Peymani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A snapshot survey of antimicrobial resistance in food-animals in low and middle-income countries. One Health 2023; 16:100489. [PMID: 36683959 PMCID: PMC9850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance remains a threat to global public health. Low-and middle-income countries carry a greater burden of resistance because of higher rates of infection as well as, potentially, location-specific risk factors. Food animals occupy a critical crossover point for the spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans and the environment. However, this domain remains poorly surveilled outside high-income settings. We used point surveillance from 191 studies reporting phenotypic AMR in food animals across 38 African, Middle Eastern, Asian and South and Central American countries to depict antimicrobial resistance trend in food animals. By computing Multiple Antibiotic Resistance indices and finding an overall mean of 0.34 ± 0.16, which is above the 0.2 index associated with multidrug resistance and high risk, we show that multidrug resistance in bacteria from food animal sources is worryingly high. MAR indexes from food animals were overall higher than those previously computed from aquaculture but, unlike aquaculture-computed MAR indices, did not track closely with those of human-associated bacteria in the same countries. Food animals are an important reservoir for rising antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, and hence improved surveillance in this sector is highly recommended.
Collapse
|
9
|
Martínez EP, Golding SE, van Rosmalen J, Vinueza-Burgos C, Verbon A, van Schaik G. Antibiotic prescription patterns and non-clinical factors influencing antibiotic use by Ecuadorian veterinarians working on cattle and poultry farms: A cross-sectional study. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105858. [PMID: 36724619 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding antibiotic prescription patterns and non-clinical factors influencing antibiotic use is essential for implementing strategies to promote appropriate antibiotic use. There is, however, limited research exploring these issues with Ecuadorian veterinarians. Therefore, a questionnaire was developed and applied cross-sectionally to veterinarians (n = 173) from two professional organizations to explore the antibiotic prescription patterns and non-clinical factors (e.g., attitudes and perceptions) influencing antibiotic use, and to identify strategies to reduce antibiotic use. The response rate was 78.4%. Responses were compared between veterinarians working mainly on cattle and poultry farms using Mann-Whitney U tests. The most important attitudes, beliefs and perceptions towards antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use were identified with the Relative Importance Index (RII). Veterinarians showed high awareness of AMR and its implications for public health, as well as the necessity of reducing antibiotic use. However, some veterinarians appear to underestimate the potential contribution of veterinary antibiotic use on AMR in humans. Veterinarians self-reported high prescription (> 20%) of antibiotics for cattle and poultry that are critically important for human medicine, such as 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, polymyxins and quinolones. Further, antibiotic therapy was not tailored to disease type. Cattle and poultry veterinarians perceived similar barriers to increasing antibiotic stewardship including: poor biosecurity measures, animal confinement, low feed quality, farmers' behaviors (such as stopping antibiotic treatment, storing antibiotics on farms, buying antibiotics in veterinary supply stores), and sales agents' roles as non-professional prescribers of antibiotics. Overall, veterinarians were broadly supportive (>90%) of most strategies to promote appropriate antibiotic use. They saw more merit in improving biosecurity of farms and implementing educational programs for farmers and veterinarians. This study provides insight into the complexity of antibiotic use on Ecuadorian farms and the need for holistic strategies in a One Health context, to achieve antibiotic stewardship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Pamela Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sarah E Golding
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stag Hill Campus, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH Guildford, United Kingdom.
| | - Joost van Rosmalen
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador.
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Unit Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Amancha G, Celis Y, Irazabal J, Falconi M, Villacis K, Thekkur P, Nair D, Perez F, Verdonck K. High levels of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from poultry in Ecuador. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e15. [PMID: 37082534 PMCID: PMC10105606 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken carcasses and the antimicrobials commonly used in animals in Ecuador and provide information on antimicrobial resistance patterns for implementing evidence-based corrective measures. Methods Meat samples were collected from chicken carcasses in 199 slaughterhouses across Ecuador as part of a national pilot study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in agricultural sources in 2019. Samples were tested for E. coli and Salmonella spp. Sensitivity to 10 critically important and three highly important antimicrobials (from a human health perspective) was assessed. The country report submitted to the World Organization for Animal Health was accessed to extract the quantity of antimicrobials produced or imported for use in animals. Results Of 383 samples, E. coli was isolated from 148 (39%) and Salmonella spp. from 20 (5%) samples. Ninety percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one critically important antimicrobial. Resistance was highest to erythromycin (E. coli 76%; Salmonella spp. 85%) and tetracycline (E. coli 71%; Salmonella spp. 90%). Critically or highly important antimicrobials (colistin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) formed the bulk (87%) of antimicrobials used in animals as per the World Organization for Animal Health report. Conclusions High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in poultry in Ecuador calls for the development of guidelines and regulations on the use of antimicrobials and for engagement with livestock producers. The existing surveillance system needs to be strengthened to improve the monitoring of antimicrobial use and evolving resistance patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geovanna Amancha
- Agency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad)QuitoEcuadorAgency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad), Quito, Ecuador
- Geovanna Amancha,
| | - Yamile Celis
- Pan American Health OrganizationBogotáColombiaPan American Health Organization, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Irazabal
- Agency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad)QuitoEcuadorAgency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mercy Falconi
- Agency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad)QuitoEcuadorAgency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karla Villacis
- Agency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad)QuitoEcuadorAgency for Plant and Animal Health Regulation and Control (Agrocalidad), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pruthu Thekkur
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung DiseaseParisFranceInternational Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | - Divya Nair
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung DiseaseParisFranceInternational Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | - Freddy Perez
- Pan American Health OrganizationWashington, D.C.United States of AmericaPan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazilFederal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kristien Verdonck
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgiumInstitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salmonella in Poultry and Other Birds. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
|
12
|
Gao ZY, Song YL, Li XT, Li TH, Lu CH, Shen YM. Effects of hydrolysable tannins from Terminalia citrina on type III secretion system (T3SS) and their intestinal metabolite urolithin B represses Salmonella T3SS through Hha–H-NS–HilD–HilC–RtsA–HilA regulatory pathway. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Retamal P, Gaspar J, Benavides MB, Saenz L, Galarce N, Aravena T, Cornejo J, Lapierre L. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance factors in Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from pigs and chickens in central Chile. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971246. [PMID: 36204291 PMCID: PMC9530323 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a food-borne pathogen with a wide host-range that during decades has been of public health concern in developed and developing countries. In Chile, the poultry and pig industries represent the biggest contribution of meat consumption in the population, and sanitary regulations have been imposed for Salmonella control. The aim of this work was to determine and characterize Salmonella strains isolated from pigs and chicken raised on commercials farms in Chile. For this, isolates belonging to pigs (n = 46) and poultry (n = 57) were genotyped by two multiplex PCR reactions and virulotyped by the PCR detection of virulence-associated genes. In addition, isolates were serotyped and analyzed by the Kirby Bauer assay to determine their antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. From these analyses 52 genotypes, six serotypes and several multidrug resistance phenotypes and different combinations of virulence-associated genes were detected. These results suggest that S. enterica in pigs and poultry in central Chile should be monitored due to potential consequences in public and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Retamal
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquim Gaspar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Magister en Ciencias Animales y Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Belén Benavides
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Magister en Ciencias Animales y Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Saenz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Galarce
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Trinidad Aravena
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Javiera Cornejo
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Lisette Lapierre
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A PMAxxTM qPCR Assay Reveals That Dietary Administration of the Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii Does Not Affect Salmonella Infantis Caecal Content in Early-Treated Broiler Chickens. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090487. [PMID: 36136705 PMCID: PMC9503589 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars cause infections in humans. S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is considered relevant and is commonly reported in poultry products. Evaluating innovative approaches for resisting colonization in animals could contribute to the goal of reducing potential human infections. Microalgae represent a source of molecules associated with performance and health improvement in chickens. Tetraselmis chuii synthesizes fermentable polysaccharides as part of their cell wall content; these sugars are known for influencing caecal bacterial diversity. We hypothesized if its dietary administration could exert a positive effect on caecal microbiota in favor of a reduced S. Infantis load. A total of 72 one-day-old broiler chickens (COBB 500) were randomly allocated into three groups: a control, a group infected with bacteria (day 4), and a group challenged with S. Infantis but fed a microalgae-based diet. Caecal samples (n = 8) were collected two days post-infection. A PMAxxTM-based qPCR approach was developed to assess differences regarding bacterial viable load between groups. The inclusion of the microalga did not modify S. Infantis content, although the assay proved to be efficient, sensitive, and repeatable. The utilized scheme could serve as a foundation for developing novel PCR-based methodologies for estimating Salmonella colonization.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonilla-Caballero MA, Lozano-Puentes MP, Ospina MA, Varón-López M. First report of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Infantis in broiler litter in Tolima, Colombia. Vet World 2022; 15:1557-1565. [PMID: 35993060 PMCID: PMC9375208 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1557-1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella has been identified as one of the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens in broiler litter. Multidrug-resistant strains have been isolated from salmonellosis outbreaks, compromising the success of their treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. serovars in healthy broiler litter in Tolima (Colombia), determine their resistance to different antimicrobials, and detect genes associated with b-lactam resistance that could be useful to control Salmonella spp. in poultry. Materials and Methods: In total, 45 broiler litter samples were collected. Salmonella spp. was isolated and identified using selective and differential culture media and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation of the pathogen was performed with the invA gene and serotyping by Kauffman–White scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antibiotics was determined by Kirby–Bauer method. In cefotaxime-resistant strains, blaCTX-M-F, blaCTX-M-1, blaCMY, and blaTEM genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: In total, 817 presumptive strains were obtained from xylose lysine deoxycholate and SalmonellaShigella agars and subcultured on xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 and MacConkey agars, from which 150 strains were isolated; 29 of these strains were presumptive for Salmonella spp. after performing biochemical tests and 16 were confirmed by PCR as Salmonella Infantis (15) and Gallinarum (1). All strains were found to be multiresistant to antibiotics, showing three different profiles and isolates resistant to cefotaxime, and the blaCTX-M gene was detected. Conclusion: This is the first study to isolate S. Infantis from broiler litter in Colombia. All isolates exhibited resistance to the evaluated antimicrobials, suggesting the misuse of antimicrobials in small- and medium-sized poultry farms. The presence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is a public health problem. Thus, regular monitoring of poultry litter is recommended, as these bacteria can be transmitted to humans through animal products or contaminated environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A. Bonilla-Caballero
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - María P. Lozano-Puentes
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - María A. Ospina
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Maryeimy Varón-López
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
El Hage R, El Rayess Y, Bonifait L, El Hafi B, Baugé L, Viscogliosi E, Hamze M, Mathieu F, Matar GM, Chemaly M. A national study through a 'Farm-to-fork' Approach to determine Salmonella dissemination along with the Lebanese poultry production chain. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:499-513. [PMID: 35301827 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella at different stages of the broiler production chain and layer flocks in addition to their antibiotic resistance profile and molecular patterns. Over a period of 3 years, different sample matrices were collected from Lebanese farms, slaughterhouses and retail markets. Out of 672 Salmonella serotyped, 514 were analysed for antimicrobial resistance and 214 for clonality using Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results highlighted an important prevalence of Salmonella, 30% in farms, 35.8% in slaughterhouses and 22.4% at retail level. A large diversity of serotypes was identified with predominance among Salmonella Infantis (32.9%), Salmonella Enteritidis (28.4%) and Salmonella Kentucky (21.4%). High resistance to nalidixic acid was revealed in all the isolates. The most prominent resistance was exhibited in S. Kentucky and S. Infantis. The latter was resistant to tetracycline (99%), streptomycin (88.2%) and remarkable multi-drug resistance (MDR) (89.7%). All S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, MDR (62.4%) and 6% were resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESCs). One persistent clone of S. Enteritidis was found common between poultry and humans. Similar genomic profiles were detected between farms, slaughterhouses and retail suggesting the dissemination of identical clones throughout the food chain possibly due to weak barriers preventing such transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima El Hage
- Fanar Station, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Jdeideh El-Metn, Lebanon.,Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Youssef El Rayess
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Laetitia Bonifait
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | - Bassam El Hafi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Louise Baugé
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mounzer Hamze
- Faculté de Santé Publique, Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ghassan M Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Ternary Copper (II) Complex with 4-Fluorophenoxyacetic Acid Hydrazide in Combination with Antibiotics Exhibits Positive Synergistic Effect against Salmonella Typhimurium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030388. [PMID: 35326852 PMCID: PMC8944508 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. continues to figure prominently in world epidemiological registries as one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne disease. We characterised 43 Brazilian lineages of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) strains, characterized drug resistance patterns, tested copper (II) complex as control options, and proposed effective antimicrobial measures. The minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated for seven antimicrobials, isolated and combined with the copper (II) complex [Cu(4-FH)(phen)(ClO4)2] (4-FH = 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), known as DRI-12, in planktonic and sessile ST. In parallel, 42 resistance genes were screened (PCR/microarray). All strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). Resistance to carbapenems and polymyxins (86 and 88%, respectively) have drawn attention to the emergence of the problem in Brazil, and resistance is observed also to CIP and CFT (42 and 67%, respectively), the drugs of choice in treatment. Resistance to beta-lactams was associated with the genes blaTEM/blaCTX-M in 39% of the strains. Lower concentrations of DRI-12 (62.7 mg/L, or 100 μM) controlled planktonic and sessile ST in relation to AMP/SUL/TET and AMP/SUL/TET/COL, respectively. The synergistic effect provided by DRI-12 was significant for COL/CFT and COL/AMP in planktonic and sessile ST, respectively, and represents promising alternatives for the control of MDR ST.
Collapse
|
18
|
Alemu A, Regassa F, Kebede N, Ambachew R, Girma M, Asefa Z, Tsegaye W. Magnitude and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Recovered from Export Abattoirs Located in East Shewa, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1353-1365. [PMID: 35386294 PMCID: PMC8977182 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abayneh Alemu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Livestock Resource Sector, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Abayneh Alemu, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tel +251913169301, Email
| | - Fikru Regassa
- Department of Livestock Resource Sector, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Department of Animal Health and Research Unit, Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rozina Ambachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Musse Girma
- Department of Animal Health and Research Unit, Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia State, Ethiopia
| | - Wondewosen Tsegaye
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Medina-Santana JL, Ortega-Paredes D, de Janon S, Burnett E, Ishida M, Sauders B, Stevens M, Vinueza-Burgos C. Investigating the dynamics of Salmonella contamination in integrated poultry companies using a whole genome sequencing approach. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101611. [PMID: 34953378 PMCID: PMC8715213 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of non-typhoid Salmonella in broiler integrations has been limited by the resolution of typing techniques. Although serotyping of Salmonella isolates is used as a traditional approach, it is not of enough resolution to clearly understand the dynamics of this pathogen within poultry companies. The aim of this research was to investigate the epidemiology and population dynamics of Salmonella serotypes in 2 poultry integrations using a whole genome sequencing approach. Two hundred and forty-three Salmonella isolates recovered from the broiler production chain of 2 integrated poultry companies were whole genome sequenced and analyzed with dedicated databases and bioinformatic software. The analyses of sequences revealed that S. Infantis was the most frequent serotype (82.3%). Most isolates showed a potential for resistance against medically important antibiotics and disinfectants. Furthermore, 97.5% of isolates harbored the pESI-like mega plasmid, that plays an important role in the global dissemination of AMR. SNP tree analysis showed that there were clones that are niche-specific while other ones were distributed throughout the broiler production chains. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of whole genome sequencing analysis for a comprehensive understanding of Salmonella distribution in integrated poultry companies. Data obtained with these techniques allow determination of the presence of genetic factors that play an important role in the environmental fitness and pathogenicity of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Medina-Santana
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador
| | - David Ortega-Paredes
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador
| | - Sofia de Janon
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador
| | - Elton Burnett
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Maria Ishida
- Division of Food Laboratory, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany, NY 12206, USA
| | - Brian Sauders
- Division of Food Laboratory, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany, NY 12206, USA
| | | | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170103, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
In Silico Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Integrons in Salmonella enterica Isolates from Countries of the Andean Community. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111388. [PMID: 34827328 PMCID: PMC8614897 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance genes are often associated with integrons, which promote their movement between and within DNA molecules. IntFinder 1.0 and I-VIP v1.2 were used for the detection of integrons and their associated resistance genes in assembled sequences and raw reads. A dataset comprising 1688 sequenced Salmonella enterica isolates from countries of the Andean Community was developed. A total of 749 and 680 integrons were identified by IntFinder 1.0 and I-VIP v1.2, respectively; class 2 integrons were the most abundant followed by class 1, whereas no class 3 integrons were detected. These elements were mainly associated with isolates from animal sources. S. Infantis ST32 contained the majority of integrons. Trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA) were found in greater numbers than others, including aadA and bla genes. The presence of these resistance integrons may come as a response to antibiotic misuse, especially of co-trimoxazole. This represents a public health risk as novel resistant strains might appear due to gene dissemination. The information gathered from in silico studies not only contributes to our understanding of integron dynamics in pathogenic Salmonella, but also helps identify potential emergent patterns of resistance in the region, which is fundamental for developing pertinent antibiotic surveillance programs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cevallos-Almeida M, Burgos-Mayorga A, Gómez CA, Lema-Hurtado JL, Lema L, Calvache I, Jaramillo C, Ruilova IC, Martínez EP, Estupiñán P. Association between animal welfare indicators and microbiological quality of beef carcasses, including Salmonella spp., from a slaughterhouse in Ecuador. Vet World 2021; 14:918-925. [PMID: 34083941 PMCID: PMC8167513 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.918-925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pre-slaughter management and slaughter operations are considered critical factors for animal welfare and meat quality. Previous studies have found poor animal welfare management at municipal slaughterhouses in Ecuador, and little is known about how this affects the microbiological quality of the meat. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the association of the microbiological quality of beef carcasses and animal welfare indicators in a municipal slaughterhouse in Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data for 6 months were collected from a municipal slaughterhouse in Ecuador. Five trained researchers were strategically located along the slaughter process. A total of 351 animals were observed with regard to welfare indicators, and their carcasses were sampled to evaluate microbiological quality. Antemortem (slipping, falling, and vocalization) and postmortem animal welfare indicators (bleed interval, pH, temperature, and bruises) were measured. To determine the total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and Escherichia coli counts and the presence of Salmonella spp., we collected samples by swabbing four different points of each carcass. The association between microbiological quality and animal welfare indicators was studied using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS The mean TAB count was 5.3 log CFU/cm2, and the mean total count of E. coli was 2.4 log CFU/cm2. Salmonella spp. were isolated in 3.1% of the carcasses. An electric goad was used in all animals, 19.1% slipped at least once, and 19.9% vocalized. The mean pH of the carcasses was 7.2, and 79.2% of carcasses had bruises. Multivariate analysis showed that Salmonella spp. and the TAB count were associated with pH and the number of bruises (p = 0.01 in both cases). CONCLUSION Although there was non-significant association between the majority of animal welfare indicators and microbiological quality, the poor management affecting animal welfare and carcass hygiene are worrisome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Cevallos-Almeida
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Burgos-Mayorga
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - José Luis Lema-Hurtado
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Leydi Lema
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Iveth Calvache
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Christian Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Isabel Collaguazo Ruilova
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evelyn Pamela Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pamela Estupiñán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals the Presence of the blaCTX-M-65 Gene in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing and Multi-Drug-Resistant Clones of Salmonella Serovar Infantis Isolated from Broiler Chicken Environments in the Galapagos Islands. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030267. [PMID: 33807748 PMCID: PMC8000398 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis, a common contaminant of poultry products, is known to harbor mobile genetic elements that confer multi-drug resistance (MDR) and have been detected in many continents. Here, we report four MDR S. Infantis strains recovered from poultry house environments in Santa Cruz Island of the Galapagos showing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance and reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed the presence of the ESBL-conferring blaCTX-M-65 gene in an IncFIB-like plasmid in three S. Infantis isolates. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide variant/polymorphism (SNP) SNVPhyl analysis showed that the S. Infantis isolates belong to sequence type ST32, likely share a common ancestor, and are closely related (1–3 SNP difference) to blaCTX-M-65-containing clinical and veterinary S. Infantis isolates from the United States and Latin America. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of SNPs following core-genome alignment (i.e., ParSNP) inferred close relatedness between the S. Infantis isolates from Galapagos and the United States. Prophage typing confirmed the close relationship among the Galapagos S. Infantis and was useful in distinguishing them from the United States isolates. This is the first report of MDR blaCTX-M-65-containing S. Infantis in the Galapagos Islands and highlights the need for increased monitoring and surveillance programs to determine prevalence, sources, and reservoirs of MDR pathogens.
Collapse
|
23
|
Boubendir S, Arsenault J, Quessy S, Thibodeau A, Fravalo P, ThÉriault WP, Fournaise S, Gaucher ML. Salmonella Contamination of Broiler Chicken Carcasses at Critical Steps of the Slaughter Process and in the Environment of Two Slaughter Plants: Prevalence, Genetic Profiles, and Association with the Final Carcass Status. J Food Prot 2021; 84:321-332. [PMID: 33513257 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen commonly associated with poultry products. The aims of this work were to (i) estimate the impact of critical steps of the slaughter process on Salmonella detection from broiler chicken carcasses in two commercial poultry slaughter plants in Quebec, Canada; (ii) investigate the presence of Salmonella in the slaughter plant environment; (iii) describe, using a high-resolution melting (HRM) approach, the HRM Salmonella profiles and serotypes present on carcasses and in the slaughter plant environment; and (iv) evaluate whether the HRM flock status after chilling could be predicted by the flock status at previous steps of the slaughter process, the status of previous flocks, or the status of the processing environment, for the same HRM profile. Eight visits were conducted in each slaughter plant over a 6-month period. In total, 379 carcass rinsates from 79 flocks were collected at five critical steps of the slaughter process. Environmental samples were also collected from seven critical sites in each slaughter plant. The bleeding step was the most contaminated, with >92% positive carcasses. A decrease of the contamination along the slaughtering process was noted, with carcasses sampled after dry-air chilling showing ≤2.5% Salmonella prevalence. The most frequently isolated serotypes were Salmonella Heidelberg, Kentucky, and Schwarzengrund. The detection of the Salmonella Heidelberg 1-1-1 HRM profile on carcasses after chilling was significantly associated with its detection at previous steps of the slaughter process and in previously slaughtered flocks from other farms during a same sampling day. Results highlight the importance of the chilling step in the control of Salmonella on broiler chicken carcasses and the need to further describe and compare the competitive advantage of Salmonella serotypes to survive processing. The current study also illustrates the usefulness of HRM typing in investigating Salmonella contamination along the slaughter process. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selmane Boubendir
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 2M2.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-7326 [J.A.]
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Pole Agroalimentaire du Cnam, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - William P ThÉriault
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Sylvain Fournaise
- Olymel S.E.C./L.P., 2200 Avenue Léon-Pratte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 4B6
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 2M2.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4848-0202 [M.L.G.]
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ortega-Paredes D, de Janon S, Villavicencio F, Ruales KJ, De La Torre K, Villacís JE, Wagenaar JA, Matheu J, Bravo-Vallejo C, Fernández-Moreira E, Vinueza-Burgos C. Broiler Farms and Carcasses Are an Important Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in Ecuador. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:547843. [PMID: 33324692 PMCID: PMC7724036 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.547843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health threat for public and animal health in the twenty-first century. In Ecuador, antibiotics have been used by the poultry industry for decades resulting in the presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in the poultry meat production chain, with the consequent risk for public health. This study evaluated the prevalence of ESBL/AmpC and mcr genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GC-R E. coli) isolated from broiler farms (animal component), broiler carcasses (food component), and human enteritis (human component) in Quito-Ecuador. Samples were collected weekly from November 2017 to November 2018. For the animal, food, and human components, 133, 335, and 302 samples were analyzed, respectively. Profiles of antimicrobial resistance were analyzed by an automated microdilution system. Resistance genes were studied by PCR and Sanger sequencing. From all samples, 122 (91.7%), 258 (77%), and 146 (48.3%) samples were positive for 3GC-R E. coli in the animal, food, and human components, respectively. Most of the isolates (472/526, 89.7%) presented MDR phenotypes. The ESBL blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-27, and blaCTX-M-14 were the most prevalent ESBL genes while blaCMY-2 was the only AmpC detected gene. The mcr-1 gene was found in 20 (16.4%), 26 (10.1%), and 3 (2.1%) of isolates from animal, food, and human components, respectively. The implication of poultry products in the prevalence of ESBL/AmpC and mcr genes in 3GC-R must be considered in the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ortega-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sofía de Janon
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Villavicencio
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Katherine Jaramillo Ruales
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kenny De La Torre
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - José E Villacís
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador.,Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jorge Matheu
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camila Bravo-Vallejo
- Hospital General del Sur Quito-Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maguiña-Molina C, Pons MJ, Beltrán MJ, Morales-Cauti S. Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolated in Paca ( Cuniculus paca) Carcasses from the Belen Market, Iquitos, Perú. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 18:131-138. [PMID: 33085530 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of wildlife meat is traditionally accepted in the Peruvian Amazon; however, little is known about the pathogens present in this type of food. One of the most frequently consumed species is a rodent, the paca (Cuniculus paca) or "majaz" in the Peruvian language. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of Salmonella enterica and its antimicrobial resistance profile in paca carcasses sold in the Belen Market of Iquitos-Peru. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. Fresh and smoked paca carcasses (72 samples) were evaluated during the low-rain period (July 2019) in the traditional market of Iquitos, in the Amazonian Region. Meat samples were swabbed, and International Standards Organization (ISO) 6579-1: 2017 protocol was followed to Salmonella isolation. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis was performed by the disk diffusion method. In addition, serotyping was performed by using the Kauffmann-White scheme. A total of 25 strains of S. enterica were isolated in the paca carcasses, mainly in fresh carcasses (48.6%). The serovars isolated were Agona (45.8%), Infantis (41.7%), Wangata (8.3%), and Javiana (4.2%). A considerable number of the isolated strains were multidrug resistant (40%). The highest prevalence of resistance corresponded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (64%) followed by nitrofurantoin (44%), chloramphenicol (40%), cefotaxime (40%), and nalidixic acid (40%). Ten strains isolated (40%) were identified as producers of extended spectrum beta lactamases, all in S. enterica serovar Infantis. This study describes the presence of Salmonella Infantis with multidrug resistance profiles in wildlife meat carcasses, making the consumption of this type of products a risk factor for the development of foodborne diseases in the Amazon region. Institutional Review Board: Approval Resolution of Thesis Project: N° 024-DACMVZ-DAFCVB-U.CIENTÍFICA-2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria J Pons
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Genómica Bacteriana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Manuel J Beltrán
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Siever Morales-Cauti
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mejía L, Medina JL, Bayas R, Salazar CS, Villavicencio F, Zapata S, Matheu J, Wagenaar JA, González-Candelas F, Vinueza-Burgos C. Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella Infantis in Ecuador: From Poultry Farms to Human Infections. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:547891. [PMID: 33134346 PMCID: PMC7550756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.547891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most important foodborne pathogens around the world. In the last years, S. enterica serovar Infantis has become an important emerging pathogen in many countries, often as multidrug resistant clones. To understand the importance of S. enterica in the broiler industry in Ecuador, we performed a study based on phenotypic and WGS data of isolates from poultry farms, chicken carcasses and humans. We showed a high prevalence of S. enterica in poultry farms (41.4%) and chicken carcasses (55.5%), but a low prevalence (1.98%) in human samples. S. Infantis was shown to be the most prevalent serovar with a 98.2, 97.8, and 50% in farms, foods, and humans, respectively, presenting multidrug resistant patterns. All sequenced S. Infantis isolates belonged to ST32. For the first time, a pESI-related megaplasmid was identified in Ecuadorian samples. This plasmid contains genes of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and environmental stress tolerance. Genomic analysis showed a low divergence of S. Infantis strains in the three analyzed components. The results from this study provide important information about genetic elements that may help understand the molecular epidemiology of S. Infantis in Ecuador.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mejía
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Medina
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rosa Bayas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Satan Salazar
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Villavicencio
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Matheu
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Fernando González-Candelas
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit "Infection and Public Health" FISABIO-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238190. [PMID: 32966297 PMCID: PMC7510976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important human pathogen and poultry products constitute an important source of human infections. This study investigated prevalence; identified serotypes based on whole genome sequence, described spatial distribution of Salmonella serotypes and predicted risk factors that could influence the prevalence of Salmonella infection in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. A cross sectional approach was employed to collect 558 pooled shoe socks and dust samples from 165 commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria. On-farm visitation questionnaires were administered to obtain information on farm management practices in order to assess risk factors for Salmonella prevalence. Salmonella was identified by culture, biotyping, serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR confirmed isolates were paired-end Illumina- sequenced. Following de novo genome assembly, draft genomes were used to obtain serotypes by SeqSero2 and SISTR pipeline and sequence types by SISTR and Enterobase. Risk factor analysis was performed using the logit model. A farm prevalence of 47.9% (CI95 [40.3-55.5]) for Salmonella was observed, with a sample level prevalence of 15.9% (CI95 [12.9-18.9]). Twenty-three different serotypes were identified, with S. Kentucky and S. Isangi as the most prevalent (32.9% and 11%). Serotypes showed some geographic variation. Salmonella detection was strongly associated with disposal of poultry waste and with presence of other livestock on the farm. Salmonella was commonly detected on commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria and S. Kentucky was found to be ubiquitous in the farms.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Q, Chen W, Elbediwi M, Pan H, Wang L, Zhou C, Zhao B, Xu X, Li D, Yan X, Han X, Li H, Li Y, Yue M. Characterization of Salmonella Resistome and Plasmidome in Pork Production System in Jiangsu, China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:617. [PMID: 33062654 PMCID: PMC7517575 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic Salmonella is a significant ongoing concern over the world. Several reports have investigated the prevalence of Salmonella infections in the farm animals in China; however, there is only limited knowledge about the Salmonella cross-contamination in the slaughterhouses. Moreover, the application of genomic approaches for understanding the cross-contamination in the food-animal slaughterhouses is still in its infancy in China. In the present study, we have isolated 105 Salmonella strains from pig carcasses and environment samples collected from four independent slaughterhouses in Jiangsu, China. All the Salmonella isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis for serovar predictions, multi-locus sequence types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and plasmid types by using the in-house Galaxy platform. The antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates was determined using a minimal inhibitory concentration assay with 14 antimicrobials. We found that the predominant serovar and serogroup was S. Derby and O:4(B), with a prevalence of 41.9 and 55%, respectively. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant and the highest resistance was observed against antimicrobials tetracycline (95.4%) and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (90.9%). Additionally, the colistin-resistant determinant mcr-1 gene was detected in five (4.8%) strains. Our study demonstrated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella strains isolated from pig slaughterhouses in China and suggested that the genomic platform can serve as routine surveillance along with the food-chain investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Chuang Zhou
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Xinguo Xu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Dingguo Li
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Hanyuan Li
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mejia L, Vela G, Zapata S. High Occurrence of Multiresistant Salmonella Infantis in Retail Meat in Ecuador. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 18:41-48. [PMID: 32808817 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is among the most important foodborne pathogens. In Ecuador, there is limited information about non-typhoidal S. enterica occurrence in raw meats, its serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we addressed this issue in 1095 retail fresh meats (chicken, pork, veal, lamb, beef, and turkey) in Quito by performing a traditional culture methodology and molecular detection. We found that S. enterica was present in 38.1% of the samples, and Salmonella Infantis was the most common serotype showing a high antibiotic resistance and a wide host range. Some host-adapted serotypes were found in uncommon sources of meat, suggesting cross-contamination and the need to implement good manufacturing practices in meat processing. High levels of multidrug resistance were found in all serotypes. There is an urgent need to identify Salmonella serotypes in food to compare with clinical data and to carry out epidemiological studies to control and prevent outbreaks and infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mejia
- Instituto de Microbiología. Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Vela
- Instituto de Microbiología. Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata
- Instituto de Microbiología. Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Arkali A, Çetinkaya B. Molecular identification and antibiotic resistance profiling of Salmonella species isolated from chickens in eastern Turkey. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:205. [PMID: 32560721 PMCID: PMC7304202 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to obtain quantitative data about the frequency, genotypic characterization and antibiotic resistance profiling of Salmonella agents in chicken flocks located in eastern Turkey. RESULTS Feces samples representing at least 20% of the flock area were collected via sock swabs from commercial poultry flocks in the study region in addition to internal organs (liver, spleen, intestine) collected at necropsy of suspected chickens belonging to small family enterprises. The samples were analyzed by conventional bacteriological methods (ISO 6579:2002/A1:2007) for isolation, and genus specific (invA) PCR for the identification of Salmonella spp. Then, two mPCR were set up to determine Salmonella serotypes and genotypic resistance status of the field isolates against ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol antibiotics. In the PCR analysis of the suspected colonies, 98.5% were confirmed as Salmonella spp., and, the most prevalent serotype was identified as S. Infantis with the proportion of 26.6% (17/64), followed by S. Enteritidis with 21.9% (14/64) and S. Typhimurium with 9.4% (6/64). The findings related to antibiotic resistance genes revealed that the most frequently determined gene was sul1 with approximately 58%, while the blaTEM gene was detected at the lowest proportion with 20%, among Salmonella isolates. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that Salmonella infections constitute a potential risk for chicken flocks in the country and that genotypic resistance rates against various antibiotics should draw particular attention in terms of both human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Burhan Çetinkaya
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, Firat University, 23100, Elazig, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Calero-Cáceres W, Villacís J, Ishida M, Burnett E, Vinueza-Burgos C. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis and Kentucky Isolates Obtained from Layer Poultry Farms in Ecuador. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:e00091-20. [PMID: 32217676 PMCID: PMC7098899 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00091-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis and two strains of S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky isolated in 2017 from Ecuadorian layer poultry farms were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology. These isolates were collected on layer farms in central Ecuador, one of the most important areas of egg production in the country. The genome sequences of these isolates show valuable information for surveillance purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Calero-Cáceres
- UTA-RAM-One Health, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato, Ecuador
- Faculty of Science and Engineering in Food and Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Joyce Villacís
- UTA-RAM-One Health, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA), Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Maria Ishida
- New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Food Laboratory, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Elton Burnett
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Three-Year Longitudinal Study: Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica in Chicken Meat is Higher in Supermarkets Than Wet Markets from Mexico. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030264. [PMID: 32121659 PMCID: PMC7143798 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, chicken meat is considered one of the main sources of Salmonella enterica in humans. To protect consumers from this foodborne pathogen, international health authorities recommend the establishment of continuous Salmonella surveillance programs in meat. However, these programs are scarce in many world regions; thus, the goal of the present study was to perform a longitudinal surveillance of S. enterica in chicken meat in Mexico. A total of 1160 samples were collected and analyzed monthly from 2016 to 2018 in ten chicken meat retailers (supermarkets and wet markets) located in central Mexico. The isolation and identification of S. enterica was carried out using conventional and molecular methods. Overall, S. enterica was recovered from 18.1% (210/1160) of the chicken meat samples. Remarkably, during the three years of evaluation, S. enterica was more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in supermarkets (27.2%, 158/580) than in wet markets (9.0%, 52/580). The study was 3.8 times more likely (odds ratio = 3.8, p < 0.0001) to recover S. enterica from supermarkets than wet markets. Additionally, a higher prevalence (p < 0.05) of this pathogen was observed during the spring, summer, autumn, and winter in supermarkets compared with wet markets. Moreover, the recovery rate of S. enterica from supermarkets showed a gradual increase from 20.78% to 42% (p < 0.0001) from 2016 to 2018. Interestingly, no correlation (p > 0.05) was observed between the S. enterica recovery rate in chicken meat and reported cases of Salmonella infections in humans. Higher levels of S. enterica in chicken meat retailed in supermarkets are not unusual; this phenomenon has also been reported in some European and Asian countries. Together, these results uncover an important health threat that needs to be urgently addressed by poultry meat producers and retailers.
Collapse
|
33
|
Awad A, Gwida M, Khalifa E, Sadat A. Phenotypes, antibacterial-resistant profile, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail chicken meat in Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:440-445. [PMID: 32367947 PMCID: PMC7183463 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.440-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, inv A , sop B , and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each). Salmonella isolates displayed a high antibiotic resistance against erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, doxycycline, cephalexin, cefaclor, tetracycline, polymyxin B, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and streptomycin. All Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) and demonstrated different virulence genes. The majority of Salmonella serovars (87.1%) harbored sopB gene, 54.8% carried avrA and pef genes, while all isolates carried invA and stn genes. CONCLUSION The presence of virulent MDR Salmonellae in raw chicken meat could allow the possibility of transmission of these resistant serovars to humans. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed on the whole poultry production chain to decrease the potential transmission of Salmonella infection from poultry meat to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mayada Gwida
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Sadat
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sánchez-Salazar E, Gudiño ME, Sevillano G, Zurita J, Guerrero-López R, Jaramillo K, Calero-Cáceres W. Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains from layer poultry farms in central Ecuador. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1347-1354. [PMID: 31867847 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica strains from layer poultry farms in central Ecuador isolated during 2017. This geographical area is responsible for around 60% of total domestic egg production, yet, as of 2019, no reports had been published on the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella in the layer poultry farms of this area. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-one isolates from layer poultry farms in central Ecuador obtained during 2017 were evaluated. The resistance profiles exhibited considerable differences in serovar and sample origin, grouping into nine clades by phenotype. S. Infantis strains were of the MDR phenotype in 94·4% of isolates. S. Typhimurium strains were of a reduced antimicrobial resistance phenotype and 50% showed resistance to one antimicrobial compound. One of the S. enterica nontyped strains had an MDR profile to 11 of the 20 antibiotics evaluated (eight groups). And the two remaining S. enterica nontyped strains showed resistance to two and three antibiotics respectively. The ESBL phenotype, which is resistant to clinically notable antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, ampicillin and cefepime, was observed only in S. Infantis (15/18). These strains harbour the emerging blaCTX-M-65 gene, and co-harbour tetA and sul1 resistance genes in four strains. Additional β-lactamase genes, carbapenemase-producing genes (blaIMP, blaVIM , blaOXA48 , blaKPC , blaNDM ) and colistin-mobile resistance gene mcr-1 were not detected. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the potential role of layer poultry farm environments in central Ecuador as reservoirs of MDR Salmonella strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results suggest the necessity of reinforcing biosecurity practices to reduce the probability of transmission of MDR Salmonella across the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sánchez-Salazar
- UTA RAM One Health Group, Center for Agricultural Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Ambato (UTA), Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Marco E Gudiño
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Technical University of Ambato (UTA), Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Sevillano
- Department of Biomedical Research, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jeannete Zurita
- Department of Biomedical Research, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Guerrero-López
- UTA RAM One Health Group, Center for Agricultural Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Ambato (UTA), Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Katherine Jaramillo
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance (RAM), National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Quito, Ecuador
| | - William Calero-Cáceres
- UTA RAM One Health Group, Center for Agricultural Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Ambato (UTA), Ambato, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Infantis Strain Isolated from Broiler Chicken in Peru. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/43/e00826-19. [PMID: 31649094 PMCID: PMC6813383 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00826-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report shows the whole-genome sequence of the multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis strain FARPER-219. Antibiotic resistance genes are found mainly in the plasmid. Our findings show important genetic information that provides an understanding of the recent spread of this serotype in poultry.
Collapse
|
36
|
Haeri A, Ahmadi E. Fecal Colonization of Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing Salmonella spp. in Broilers in Lorestan Province of Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijep.2019.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Poultry is considered as a major source of human contamination with nontyphoidal Salmonella species. Global concern regarding the emergence and dispersion of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs)-producing isolates in broilers has increased during recent years. Objective: This study was proposed to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella and the associated ESBLs in broilers in Lorestan province of Iran. Materials and Methods: Five hundred fresh fecal samples of broilers were phenotypically screened for Salmonella. The isolates were confirmed molecularly using an invA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Confirmatory combination disk method was applied for phenotypic detection of ESBLs among the isolates, followed by molecular identification of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes in 3 single PCR assays among positive isolates. Chi-square test in SPSS software was used for the assessment of statistical relationships. Results: Of the 95 Salmonella isolates detected using routine bacteriological methods, all were confirmed molecularly. They generated the expected 254-bp amplicon. Moreover, 13 isolates were phenotypically recognized as ESBL determinants, among which 9 and 4 harbored blaCTX-M and blaTEM, respectively. No blaSHV and co-existence of the genes were determined. Conclusion: The threat imposed by dissemination of ESBL-producing non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers was confirmed in the studied region. Continuous monitoring programs, application of biosecurity measures, and prudent prescription of antibiotics are warranted in order to prevent the introduction or dispersion of the ESBL-producing Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Haeri
- Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Elham Ahmadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Incidence of Salmonella spp. in Different Animal Species and Meat Products in Ecuador During the Period 2009-2019. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
38
|
Rukambile E, Sintchenko V, Muscatello G, Kock R, Alders R. Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:562-578. [PMID: 31179637 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high-quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low- and middle-income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource-poor settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elpidius Rukambile
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robyn Alders
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Diverse Commensal Escherichia coli Clones and Plasmids Disseminate Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Domestic Animals and Children in a Semirural Community in Ecuador. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00316-19. [PMID: 31118304 PMCID: PMC6531886 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00316-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has had major clinical and economic impacts on human medicine. Many of the multidrug-resistant (multiresistant) Enterobacteriaceae found in humans are community acquired, and some of them are possibly linked to food animals (i.e., livestock raised for meat and dairy products). In this study, we examined whether numerically dominant commensal Escherichia coli strains from humans (n = 63 isolates) and domestic animals (n = 174 isolates) in the same community and with matching phenotypic AMR patterns were clonally related or shared the same plasmids. We identified 25 multiresistant isolates (i.e., isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial) that shared identical phenotypic resistance patterns. We then investigated the diversity of E. coli clones, AMR genes, and plasmids carrying the AMR genes using conjugation, replicon typing, and whole-genome sequencing. All of the multiresistant E. coli isolates (from children and domestic animals) analyzed had at least 90 or more whole-genome SNP differences between one another, suggesting that none of the strains was recently transferred. While the majority of isolates shared the same antimicrobial resistance genes and replicons, DNA sequencing indicated that these genes and replicons were found on different plasmid structures. We did not find evidence of the clonal spread of AMR in this community: instead, AMR genes were carried on diverse clones and plasmids. This presents a significant challenge for understanding the movement of AMR in a community.IMPORTANCE Even though Escherichia coli strains may share nearly identical phenotypic AMR profiles and AMR genes and overlap in space and time, the diversity of clones and plasmids challenges research that aims to identify sources of AMR. Horizontal gene transfer appears to play a more significant role than clonal expansion in the spread of AMR in this community.
Collapse
|
41
|
Wajid M, Saleemi MK, Sarwar Y, Ali A. Detection and characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis as an emerging threat in poultry farms of Faisalabad, Pakistan. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:248-261. [PMID: 30990250 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was the molecular identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) isolated from poultry samples and their antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiling. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 149 isolates, belonging to genus Salmonella, originally isolated from 340 suspected poultry post mortem specimens reported by us earlier were preliminary identified as Salmonella by biochemical methods and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction targeting genus-specific gene invA. Targeting serovar-specific gene fragment (fljB) resulted in confirmation of 54 isolates as S. Infantis which were further confirmed by sequencing of 16S RNA and fljB genes. Swimming and swarming motilities were detected in 98·1 and 11·1% isolates respectively. Phenotypic disc diffusion assay against 23 antimicrobial agents showed the highest resistance against pefloxacin (PEF) (94·4%), chloramphenicol (83·3%) and imipenem (77·7%) while 5·3% isolates showed extended-spectrum β-lactamase production. Fifty-nine genes reported for antimicrobial resistance and 12 for conferring virulence were targeted. The most prevalent resistance gene for aminoglycosides was aadA (42·3%), for quinolone resistance determining region parE (62·5%), for penicillin's Int1 (62·9%), for chloramphenicol cat3 (66·1%) and for beta-lactams blaTEM -1 (44·4%). Among efflux pump coding genes, armA showed highest (74·2%) prevalence and for virulence, a high prevalence of SopE (89·2%) showed the zoonotic potential of the isolates. The activity of efflux pumps was detected through Ethidium Bromide-agar method. CONCLUSIONS Poultry could act as reservoirs of multidrug resistance Salmonella. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We firstly report the prevalence and molecular characterization of virulence/drug resistance in S. Infantis from this region and the results may contribute to designing precisely targeted therapy. This study has also highlighted the possible emergence of S. Infantis with zoonotic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wajid
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M K Saleemi
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Y Sarwar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vinueza-Burgos C, Ortega-Paredes D, Narváez C, De Zutter L, Zurita J. Characterization of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broiler farms in Ecuador. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207567. [PMID: 30951531 PMCID: PMC6450624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a worldwide concern. Up to a 160% increase in antibiotic usage in food animals is expected in Latin American countries. The poultry industry is an increasingly important segment of food production and contributor to AR. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, AR patterns and the characterization of relevant resistance genes in Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC-producing E. coli from large poultry farms in Ecuador. Sampling was performed from June 2013 to July 2014 in 6 slaughterhouses that slaughter broilers from 115 farms totaling 384 flocks. Each sample of collected caeca was streaked onto TBX agar supplemented with cefotaxime (3 mg/l). In total, 176 isolates were analyzed for AR patterns by the disk diffusion method and for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaCMY, blaSHV, blaKPC, and mcr-1 by PCR and sequencing. ESBL and AmpC E. coli were found in 362 flocks (94.3%) from 112 farms (97.4%). We found that 98.3% of the cefotaxime-resistant isolates were multi-resistant to antibiotics. Low resistance was observed for ertapenem and nitrofurantoin. The most prevalent ESBL genes were the ones belonging to the blaCTX-M group (90.9%), specifically the blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-3 alleles. Most of the AmpC strains presented the blaCMY-2 gene. Three isolates showed the mcr-1 gene. Poultry production systems represent a hotspot for AR in Ecuador, possibly mediated by the extensive use of antibiotics. Monitoring this sector in national and regional plans of AR surveillance should therefore be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencias a los Antibióticos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Ortega-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencias a los Antibióticos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita&Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cristian Narváez
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencias a los Antibióticos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeannete Zurita
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita&Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vinueza-Burgos C, Baquero M, Medina J, De Zutter L. Occurrence, genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella collected from the broiler production chain within an integrated poultry company. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 299:1-7. [PMID: 30933685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a common foodborne pathogen in the poultry production systems. Its presence in this food industry is determined by the fact that it can survive and pass throughout the different steps in the poultry production. In this study we aimed to study the occurrence, genotypes and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella collected from the broiler production chain within an integrated poultry company. Three hundred fourteen samples were collected in the feeding plant, farms and the slaughterhouse. Samples were cultured for Salmonella isolation according to the ISO6579/Amd 1. Isolates were further typed by Kauffmann-White scheme and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antimicrobial resistance to 11 antimicrobials was studied by disk diffusion tests and sequencing of ESBL genes. From the collected samples 70 (22%) were found to be Salmonella positive. The lowest Salmonella rates were found in feed samples while in farm and slaughterhouse samples Salmonella presence ranged from 5% to 88%. S. Infantis was the most common serotype (94%, 66/70). PFGE demonstrated that isolates belonged to 11 genotypes. Some genotypes were continuously identified throughout the production chain. 97% of the isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial. Moreover, all S. Infantis isolates and one auto-agglutinable isolate showed resistance to at least 6 antimicrobials. 30 and 8 isolates were positive to blaCTX-M-65 and blaCTX-M-14 genes respectively. No blaKPC resistance genes were identified in any isolate. This study highlights the predominance of S. Infantis in the integrated poultry company. Genotypes showed that cross-contamination between stages of poultry production can occur, stressing the importance of implementing good hygiene practices in every level of the production. Moreover, multidrug resistance patterns and the presence of important ESBL genes have public health implications that need to be deeply discussed with a one health approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María Baquero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - José Medina
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yamamoto Y, Calvopina M, Izurieta R, Villacres I, Kawahara R, Sasaki M, Yamamoto M. Colistin-resistant Escherichia coli with mcr genes in the livestock of rural small-scale farms in Ecuador. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:121. [PMID: 30832731 PMCID: PMC6399824 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Emergence and dissemination of colistin-resistant (Co-R) bacteria harboring mobile colistin resistance genes pose a threat for treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Although the worldwide spread of Co-R bacteria is known, the precise state of Co-R bacterial dissemination in livestock of Andean countries remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated mcr-containing Co-R Escherichia coli dissemination in livestock on small-scale farms in two socioecologically different regions of Ecuador: the Amazonian rain-forest and the Pacific Coast. Results Sixty-six rectal swab samples from 34 pigs and 32 chickens, from five farms in the two regions, were assessed for the dissemination of Co-R E. coli using the selective medium CHROMagar™ COL-APSE. mcr-containing Co-R E. coli were detected in the specimens at a high rate (47%; 31/66), but the detection rates of the two regions were not statistically different. Both chickens and pigs showed similar detection rates. All Co-R E. coli isolates harbored mcr-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of colistin were ≥ 8 mg/L, and 67.7% (21/31) of the Co-R isolates were multi-drug resistant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed the limited relation between isolates. Thus, we revealed the high rate of widespread dissemination of Co-R bacteria in livestock regardless of the socioecological conditions in Ecuador.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | - Ricardo Izurieta
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Masahiro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Salazar GA, Guerrero-López R, Lalaleo L, Avilés-Esquivel D, Vinueza-Burgos C, Calero-Cáceres W. Presence and diversity of Salmonella isolated from layer farms in central Ecuador. F1000Res 2019; 8:235. [PMID: 31069068 PMCID: PMC6480948 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18233.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Given the considerable role played by Salmonella in the incidence of food contamination, around the world, surveillance of this infection is prioritized by both food producers and health care authorities. Data remains insufficient concerning the prevalence of Salmonella in poultry systems in Ecuador and in Latin America in general. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the presence and diversity of Salmonella serovars in samples taken from 21 layer farms and backyard layers in central Ecuador during August-November 2017. Salmonella was isolated following standardized methods (ISO 6579) and the serovar determination was carried out by PCR. Results: A significant presence of Salmonella was detected in the 21 farms evaluated, with a frequency of 76% (95% confidence interval (CI): 53-92) in environmental surfaces, 33% (95%CI: 15-57) in pooled cloacal swabs from layer hens, 33% (95% CI: 13-59) on feed samples, and 10% (95%CI: 1-30) in backyard layer feces from traditional local markets. The dominant serovars detected were S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium. Conclusions: This study forms a basis for further surveillance of Salmonella serovars in layer farms in central Ecuador.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Salazar
- UTA RAM OneHealth Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Cevallos, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Guerrero-López
- UTA RAM OneHealth Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Cevallos, Ecuador
| | - Liliana Lalaleo
- UTA RAM OneHealth Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Cevallos, Ecuador
| | - Diana Avilés-Esquivel
- UTA RAM OneHealth Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Cevallos, Ecuador
| | | | - William Calero-Cáceres
- UTA RAM OneHealth Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Cevallos, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Apostolakos I, Piccirillo A. A review on the current situation and challenges of colistin resistance in poultry production. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:546-558. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1524573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Apostolakos
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Khan AS, Georges K, Rahaman S, Abdela W, Adesiyun AA. Prevalence and serotypes of Salmonella spp. on chickens sold at retail outlets in Trinidad. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202108. [PMID: 30138324 PMCID: PMC6107152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and their serotypes on dressed chicken sold at retail outlets in Trinidad. The study also investigated the risk factors for contamination of dressed carcasses by Salmonella spp. at cottage poultry processor outlets where chickens are slaughtered and processed for sale. METHODS A total of 133 dressed, whole chickens and 87 chicken parts from 44 cottage poultry processors and 36 dressed, whole chickens and 194 chicken parts from 46 supermarket outlets were randomly collected throughout the country. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. were performed using standard bacteriological techniques. Serotyping was performed by a regional reference laboratory. RESULTS The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in chicken carcasses sampled from cottage poultry processors and supermarkets was 20.5% and 8.3% respectively (p <0.001). The frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. at cottage poultry processors was 22.4%, 23.0%, 7.1%, and 10.0% for non-chilled whole chicken, non-chilled chicken parts, chilled whole chicken and chilled chicken parts respectively. Fresh, non-chilled chicken (22.6%) yielded a higher frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. than chilled chickens (8.3%). For supermarket samples, the frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. was 19.0%, 8.1%, 0.0% and 7.6% for chilled whole chickens, chill chicken parts, frozen whole chicken and frozen chicken parts respectively. The swab method of sampling yielded a statistically significantly (p = 0.029) higher frequency (3.2%) of Salmonella spp. than the rinse method (1.6%). The predominant serotypes isolated were Kentucky (30.9%) and Javiana (22.7%). Use of chilled water-bath to cool carcasses was the only risk factor significantly (p = 0.044) associated with isolation of Salmonella spp. CONCLUSION Raw chicken carcasses purchased from cottage poultry processors pose a significantly higher risk of contamination with Salmonella spp. than those sold at supermarkets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anisa S. Khan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Saed Rahaman
- Veterinary Public Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Woubit Abdela
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, United States of America
| | - Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang W, Baloch Z, Zou M, Dong Y, Peng Z, Hu Y, Xu J, Yasmeen N, Li F, Fanning S. Complete Genomic Analysis of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolate Cultured From Ready-to-Eat Pork in China Carrying One Large Plasmid Containing mcr-1. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:616. [PMID: 29755416 PMCID: PMC5934421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One mcr-1-carrying ST34-type Salmonella Typhimurium WW012 was cultured from 3,200 ready-to-eat (RTE) pork samples in 2014 in China. Broth dilution method was applied to obtain the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium WW012. Broth matting assays were carried out to detect transferability of this phenotype and whole-genome sequencing was performed to analyze its genomic characteristic. Thirty out of 3,200 RTE samples were positive for Salmonella and the three most frequent serotypes were identified as S. Derby (n = 8), S. Typhimurium (n = 6), and S. Enteritidis (n = 6). One S. Typhimurium isolate (S. Typhimurium WW012) cultured from RTE prepared pork was found to contain the mcr-1 gene. S. Typhimurium WW012 expressed a level of high resistance to seven different antimicrobial compounds in addition to colistin (MIC = 8 mg/L). A single plasmid, pWW012 (151,609-bp) was identified and found to be of an IncHI2/HI2A type that encoded a mcr-1 gene along with six additional antimicrobial resistance genes. Plasmid pWW012 contained an IS30-mcr-1-orf-orf-IS30 composite transposon that can be successfully transferred to Escherichia coli J53. When assessed further, the latter demonstrated considerable similarity to three plasmids pHYEC7-mcr-1, pSCC4, and pHNSHP45-2, respectively. Furthermore, plasmid pWW012 also contained a multidrug resistance (MDR) genetic structure IS26-aadA2-cmlA2-aadA1-IS406-sul3-IS26-dfrA12-aadA2-IS26, which showed high similarity to two plasmids, pHNLDF400 and pHNSHP45-2, respectively. Moreover, genes mapping to the chromosome (4,991,167-bp) were found to carry 28 mutations, related to two component regulatory systems (pmrAB, phoPQ) leading to modifications of lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharide structure. Additionally, one mutation (D87N) in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) gene of gyrA was identified in this mcr-1 harboring S. Typhimurium. In addition, various virulence factors and heavy metal resistance-encoding genes were also identified on the genome of S. Typhimurium WW012. This is the first report of the complete nucleotide sequence of mcr-1-carrying MDR S. Typhimurium strain from RTE pork in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyuan Zou
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Nafeesa Yasmeen
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Séamus Fanning
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cooper C, Moore SC, Moore RJ, Chandry PS, Fegan N. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia, a prevalent serovar in Australian broiler chickens, is also capable of transient colonisation in layers. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:270-277. [PMID: 29493264 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1447083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar sofia (S. sofia) is a prevalent strain of Salmonella in Australian broilers and has been isolated from broiler chickens, litter, dust, as well as pre- and post-processing carcasses, and retail chicken portions but has never been reported in commercial Australian layers or eggs. 2. To investigate whether a S. sofia isolate from a broiler could colonise layers, one-month-old Hyline brown layers were orally inoculated with S. sofia and colonisation was monitored for 2-4 weeks. 3. Overall, 30-40% of the chickens shed S. sofia from the cloaca between 6 and 14 d post-inoculation which then declined to 10% by d 21. Necropsy at 2 weeks post-inoculation revealed 80% of birds harboured S. sofia in the caecum, whilst, by 4 weeks post-infection, no chickens were colonised with S. sofia in the gastrointestinal tract, liver or spleen. Additionally, no aerosol 'bird to bird' transfer was evident. 4. This study demonstrated that laying hens can be colonised by broiler-derived S. sofia; however, this colonisation was transient, reaching a peak at 14 d post-inoculation, and was completely cleared by 28 d post-inoculation. The transience of colonisation of S. sofia in layers could be a factor explaining why S. sofia has never been detected when screening for Salmonella serotypes found in Australian laying hens or eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean C Moore
- b CSIRO Agriculture & Food , Werribee , Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- c School of Science , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Soria Segarra C, Soria Baquero E, Cartelle Gestal M. High Prevalence of CTX-M-1-Like Enzymes in Urinary Isolates of Escherichia coli in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:393-402. [PMID: 29298110 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the major causes of urinary tract infections in primary healthcare, and treatment is more complicated due to the increase in antibiotic resistance. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases are the most common mechanism of resistance against third-generation cephalosporin, and CTX-M-like are among the most prevalent. The aim of our work is to investigate the prevalence of blaCTX-M in isolates of E. coli obtained from samples of patients without previous known contact with the hospital. Ninety-four E. coli isolates with resistance to third-generation cephalosporin were collected between 2008 and 2013 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing, was performed to identify the type of blaCTX-M-Like. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR was carried out to determine the clonal relationship between isolates. These results show an increase in resistance to third-generation cephalosporin from 10.58% to 23.96%. CTX-M-15 was the most prevalent mechanism of resistance being that the isolates were not clonal. Overall, these results show an increase in antibiotic resistance in the community over time, suggesting that more precise antibiotic stewardship needs to be implemented to control the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Soria Segarra
- 1 Section of Bacteriology, Sosegar Clinical Laboratory , Guayaquil, Ecuador .,2 Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Guayaquil , Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Monica Cartelle Gestal
- 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccine and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|