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Varakumar P, Rajagopal K, Aparna B, Raman K, Byran G, Gonçalves Lima CM, Rashid S, Nafady MH, Emran TB, Wybraniec S. Acridine as an Anti-Tumour Agent: A Critical Review. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010193. [PMID: 36615391 PMCID: PMC9822522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarized the current breakthroughs in the chemistry of acridines as anti-cancer agents, including new structural and biologically active acridine attributes. Acridine derivatives are a class of compounds that are being extensively researched as potential anti-cancer drugs. Acridines are well-known for their high cytotoxic activity; however, their clinical application is restricted or even excluded as a result of side effects. The photocytotoxicity of propyl acridine acts against leukaemia cell lines, with C1748 being a promising anti-tumour drug against UDP-UGT's. CK0403 is reported in breast cancer treatment and is more potent than CK0402 against estrogen receptor-negative HER2. Acridine platinum (Pt) complexes have shown specificity on the evaluated DNA sequences; 9-anilinoacridine core, which intercalates DNA, and a methyl triazene DNA-methylating moiety were also studied. Acridine thiourea gold and acridinone derivatives act against cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and MCF-7. Benzimidazole acridine compounds demonstrated cytotoxic activity against Dual Topo and PARP-1. Quinacrine, thiazacridine, and azacridine are reported as anti-cancer agents, which have been reported in the previous decade and were addressed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Potlapati Varakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | - Kalirajan Rajagopal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (T.B.E.); (S.W.)
| | - Baliwada Aparna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | - Kannan Raman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | - Gowramma Byran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | | | - Salma Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed H. Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12568, Egypt
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (T.B.E.); (S.W.)
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (T.B.E.); (S.W.)
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Graebin CS, Ribeiro FV, Rogério KR, Kümmerle AE. Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Curr Org Synth 2019; 16:855-899. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190718153703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are composed of three or more reagents in which the final
product has all or most of the carbon atoms from its starting materials. These reactions represent, in the
medicinal chemistry context, great potential in the research for new bioactive compounds, since their products
can present great structural complexity. The aim of this review is to present the main multicomponent reactions
since the original report by Strecker in 1850 from nowadays, covering their evolution, highlighting their
significance in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. The use of MCRs is, indeed, a growing field of
interest in the synthesis of bioactive compounds and approved drugs, with several examples of commerciallyavailable
drugs that are (or can be) obtained through these protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric S. Graebin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Felipe V. Ribeiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur E. Kümmerle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
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Zarifi Khosroshahi M, Corin Chavez Alvarez A, Gagné-Boulet M, C-Gaudreault R, Gobeil S, Fortin S. Evaluation of the time-dependent antiproliferative activity and liver microsome stability of 3 phenyl 4-(2-oxo-3-alkylimidazolidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonates as promising CYP1A1-dependent antimicrotubule prodrugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 72:249-258. [PMID: 31729035 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, the antiproliferative activity of 3 phenyl 4-(2-oxo-3-alkylimidazolidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonates (PAIB-SOs) was assessed in a time-dependent manner together with their hepatic stability and metabolism using human, mouse and rat liver microsomes. METHODS CEU-818, -820 and -913 were selected as promising hit compounds. Their antiproliferative activity on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells was evaluated using escalating concentrations of drugs at 24, 36 and 48 h and the sulforhodamine B assay. Their hepatic stability was evaluated by HPLC-UV of extracts obtained from human, mouse and rat liver microsomes. KEY FINDINGS The antiproliferative activity of PAIB-SOs is concentration and time-dependent and requires between 24 and 36 h of contact with MCF-7 cells to detect a significant antiproliferative activity. PAIB-SOs stability in microsomes usually decreases following this order: human ≈ (rat > mouse). The CEU-913 exhibits the longest half-life in rat and human liver microsomes while the CEU-820 exhibits the longest half-life in mouse liver microsomes. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro results suggest that PAIB-SOs should have a minimum contact time of 24 h with the tumour to trigger significant antitumoural activity. The activity of mouse liver microsomes towards PAIB-SOs is higher than rat microsomes and tends to be higher than human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Zarifi Khosroshahi
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Atziri Corin Chavez Alvarez
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gagné-Boulet
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - René C-Gaudreault
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Endocrinology and Nephrology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, CHUL, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Fortin
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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An overview of microtubule targeting agents for cancer therapy. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 70:160-172. [DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The entire world is looking for effective cancer therapies whose benefits would outweigh their toxicity. One way to reduce resistance to chemotherapy and its adverse effects is the so called targeted therapy, which targets specific molecules (“molecular targets”) that play a critical role in cancer growth, progression, and metastasis. One such specific target are microtubules. In this review we address the current knowledge about microtubule-targeting agents or drugs (MTAs/MTDs) used in cancer therapy from their synthesis to toxicities. Synthetic and natural MTAs exhibit antitumor activity, and preclinical and clinical studies have shown that their anticancer effectiveness is higher than that of traditional drug therapies. Furthermore, MTAs involve a lower risk of adverse effects such as neurotoxicity and haemotoxicity. Several new generation MTAs are currently being evaluated for clinical use. This review brings updated information on the benefits of MTAs, therapeutic approaches, advantages, and challenges in their research.
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Magalhaes LG, Ferreira LLG, Andricopulo AD. Recent Advances and Perspectives in Cancer Drug Design. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:1233-1250. [PMID: 29768576 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. With the increase in life expectancy, the number of cancer cases has reached unprecedented levels. In this scenario, the pharmaceutical industry has made significant investments in this therapeutic area. Despite these efforts, cancer drug research remains a remarkably challenging field, and therapeutic innovations have not yet achieved expected clinical results. However, the physiopathology of the disease is now better understood, and the discovery of novel molecular targets has refreshed the expectations of developing improved treatments. Several noteworthy advances have been made, among which the development of targeted therapies is the most significant. Monoclonal antibodies and antibody-small molecule conjugates have emerged as a worthwhile approach to improve drug selectivity and reduce adverse effects, which are the main challenges in cancer drug discovery. This review will examine the current panorama of drug research and development (R&D) with emphasis on some of the major advances brought to clinical trials and to the market in the past five years. Breakthrough discoveries will be highlighted along with the medicinal chemistry strategies used throughout the discovery process. In addition, this review will provide perspectives and updates on the discovery of novel molecular targets as well as drugs with innovative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luma G Magalhaes
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Jd. Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L G Ferreira
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Jd. Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano D Andricopulo
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Jd. Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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FERREIRA LEONARDOG, OLIVA GLAUCIUS, ANDRICOPULO ADRIANOD. From Medicinal Chemistry to Human Health: Current Approaches to Drug Discovery for Cancer and Neglected Tropical Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:645-661. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
The centrosome, an organelle discovered >100 years ago, is the main microtubule-organizing center in mammalian organisms. The centrosome is composed of a pair of centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar material (PMC) and plays a major role in the regulation of cell cycle transitions (G1-S, G2-M, and metaphase-anaphase), ensuring the normality of cell division. Hundreds of proteins found in the centrosome exert a variety of roles, including microtubule dynamics, nucleation, and kinetochore–microtubule attachments that allow correct chromosome alignment and segregation. Errors in these processes lead to structural (shape, size, number, position, and composition), functional (abnormal microtubule nucleation and disorganized spindles), and numerical (centrosome amplification [CA]) centrosome aberrations causing aneuploidy and genomic instability. Compelling data demonstrate that centrosomes are implicated in cancer, because there are important oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins that are localized in this organelle and drive centrosome aberrations. Centrosome defects have been found in pre-neoplasias and tumors from breast, ovaries, prostate, head and neck, lung, liver, and bladder among many others. Several drugs/compounds against centrosomal proteins have shown promising results. Other drugs have higher toxicity with modest or no benefits, and there are more recently developed agents being tested in clinical trials. All of this emerging evidence suggests that targeting centrosome aberrations may be a future avenue for therapeutic intervention in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yainyrette Rivera-Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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