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Laus AC, Gomes INF, da Silva ALV, da Silva LS, Milan MB, AparecidaTeixeira S, Martin ACBM, do Nascimento Braga Pereira L, de Carvalho CEB, Crovador CS, de Paula FE, Nascimento FC, de Freitas HT, de Lima Vazquez V, Reis RM, da Silva-Oliveira RJ. Establishment and molecular characterization of HCB-541, a novel and aggressive human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Hum Cell 2024; 37:1170-1183. [PMID: 38565739 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common type of skin cancer that can result in significant morbidity, although it is usually well-managed and rarely metastasizes. However, the lack of commercially available cSCC cell lines hinders our understanding of this disease. This study aims to establish and characterize a new metastatic cSCC cell line derived from a Brazilian patient. A tumor biopsy was taken from a metastatic cSCC patient, immortalized, and named HCB-541 after several passages. The cytokeratin expression profile, karyotypic alterations, mutational analysis, mRNA and protein differential expression, tumorigenic capacity in xenograft models, and drug sensitivity were analyzed. The HCB-541 cell line showed a doubling time between 20 and 30 h and high tumorigenic capacity in the xenograft mouse model. The HCB-541 cell line showed hypodiploid and hypotetraploidy populations. We found pathogenic mutations in TP53 p.(Arg248Leu), HRAS (Gln61His) and TERT promoter (C228T) and high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H) in both tumor and cell line. We observed 37 cancer-related genes differentially expressed when compared with HACAT control cells. The HCB-541 cells exhibited high phosphorylated levels of EGFR, AXL, Tie, FGFR, and ROR2, and high sensitivity to cisplatin, carboplatin, and EGFR inhibitors. Our study successfully established HCB-541, a new cSCC cell line that could be useful as a valuable biological model for understanding the biology and therapy of metastatic skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Laus
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Izabela Natalia Faria Gomes
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Aline Larissa Virginio da Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Luciane Sussuchi da Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Mirella Baroni Milan
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Silvia AparecidaTeixeira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Baptista Moreno Martin
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Letícia do Nascimento Braga Pereira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Souza Crovador
- Department of Surgery of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Barretos Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Escremin de Paula
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Flávia Caroline Nascimento
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Helder Teixeira de Freitas
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Vinicius de Lima Vazquez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
- Department of Surgery of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Barretos Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata-FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato José da Silva-Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos, São Paulo, Zip Code: 14784 400, Brazil.
- Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata-FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Usman S, Aldehlawi H, Nguyen TKN, Teh MT, Waseem A. Impact of N-Terminal Tags on De Novo Vimentin Intermediate Filament Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116349. [PMID: 35683030 PMCID: PMC9181571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vimentin, a type III intermediate filament protein, is found in most cells along with microfilaments and microtubules. It has been shown that the head domain folds back to associate with the rod domain and this association is essential for filament assembly. The N-terminally tagged vimentin has been widely used to label the cytoskeleton in live cell imaging. Although there is previous evidence that EGFP tagged vimentin fails to form filaments but is able to integrate into a pre-existing network, no study has systematically investigated or established a molecular basis for this observation. To determine whether a tag would affect de novo filament assembly, we used vimentin fused at the N-terminus with two different sized tags, AcGFP (239 residues, 27 kDa) and 3 × FLAG (22 residues; 2.4 kDa) to assemble into filaments in two vimentin-deficient epithelial cells, MCF-7 and A431. We showed that regardless of tag size, N-terminally tagged vimentin aggregated into globules with a significant proportion co-aligning with β-catenin at cell–cell junctions. However, the tagged vimentin aggregates could form filaments upon adding untagged vimentin at a ratio of 1:1 or when introduced into cells containing pre-existing filaments. The resultant filament network containing a mixture of tagged and untagged vimentin was less stable compared to that formed by only untagged vimentin. The data suggest that placing a tag at the N-terminus may create steric hinderance in case of a large tag (AcGFP) or electrostatic repulsion in case of highly charged tag (3 × FLAG) perhaps inducing a conformational change, which deleteriously affects the association between head and rod domains. Taken together our results shows that a free N-terminus is essential for filament assembly as N-terminally tagged vimentin is not only incapable of forming filaments, but it also destabilises when integrated into a pre-existing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Usman
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; (S.U.); (T.K.N.N.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Hebah Aldehlawi
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thuan Khanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; (S.U.); (T.K.N.N.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; (S.U.); (T.K.N.N.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; (S.U.); (T.K.N.N.); (M.-T.T.)
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-882-2387; Fax: +44-207-882-7137
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Ahmadinejad F, Bos T, Hu B, Britt E, Koblinski J, Souers AJ, Leverson JD, Faber AC, Gewirtz DA, Harada H. Senolytic-Mediated Elimination of Head and Neck Tumor Cells Induced Into Senescence by Cisplatin. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:168-180. [PMID: 34907000 PMCID: PMC8969145 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic outcomes achieved in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients by concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy initially reflect both tumor regression and tumor stasis. However, local and distant metastasis and disease relapse are common in HNSCC patients. In the current work, we demonstrate that cisplatin treatment induces senescence in both p53 wild-type HN30 and p53 mutant HN12 head and neck cancer models. We also show that tumor cells can escape from senescence both in vitro and in vivo. We further establish the effectiveness of the senolytic, ABT-263 (Navitoclax), in elimination of senescent tumor cells after cisplatin treatment. Navitoclax increased apoptosis by 3.3-fold (P ≤ 0.05) at day 7 compared with monotherapy by cisplatin. Additionally, we show that ABT-263 interferes with the interaction between B-cell lymphoma-x large (BCL-XL) and BAX, anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, respectively, followed by BAX activation, suggesting that ABT-263-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated through BAX. Our in vivo studies also confirm senescence induction in tumor cells by cisplatin, and the promotion of apoptosis coupled with a significant delay of tumor growth after sequential treatment with ABT-263. Sequential treatment with cisplatin followed by ABT-263 extended the humane endpoint to ∼130 days compared with cisplatin alone, where mice survived ∼75 days. These results support the premise that senolytic agents could be used to eliminate residual senescent tumor cells after chemotherapy and thereby potentially delay disease recurrence in head and neck cancer patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Disease recurrence is the most common cause of death in head and neck cancer patients. B-cell lymphoma-x large inhibitors such as ABT-263 (Navitoclax) have the capacity to be used in combination with cisplatin in head and neck cancer patients to eliminate senescent cells and possibly prevent disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hisashi Harada
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine (F.A.), Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry (T.B., E.B., A.C.F., H.H.), Cancer Mouse Models Core (B.H., J.K.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine (D.A.G.), Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (A.J.S., J.D.L.)
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Gomes INF, da Silva-Oliveira RJ, da Silva LS, Martinho O, Evangelista AF, van Helvoort Lengert A, Leal LF, Silva VAO, dos Santos SP, Nascimento FC, Lopes Carvalho A, Reis RM. Comprehensive Molecular Landscape of Cetuximab Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines. Cells 2022; 11:154. [PMID: 35011716 PMCID: PMC8750399 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is the sole anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody that is FDA approved to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, no predictive biomarkers of cetuximab response are known for HNSCC. Herein, we address the molecular mechanisms underlying cetuximab resistance in an in vitro model. We established a cetuximab resistant model (FaDu), using increased cetuximab concentrations for more than eight months. The resistance and parental cells were evaluated for cell viability and functional assays. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot and human cell surface panel by lyoplate. The mutational profile and copy number alterations (CNA) were analyzed using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and the NanoString platform. FaDu resistant clones exhibited at least two-fold higher IC50 compared to the parental cell line. WES showed relevant mutations in several cancer-related genes, and the comparative mRNA expression analysis showed 36 differentially expressed genes associated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance, RAS, MAPK, and mTOR signaling. Importantly, we observed that overexpression of KRAS, RhoA, and CD44 was associated with cetuximab resistance. Protein analysis revealed EGFR phosphorylation inhibition and mTOR increase in resistant cells. Moreover, the resistant cell line demonstrated an aggressive phenotype with a significant increase in adhesion, the number of colonies, and migration rates. Overall, we identified several molecular alterations in the cetuximab resistant cell line that may constitute novel biomarkers of cetuximab response such as mTOR and RhoA overexpression. These findings indicate new strategies to overcome anti-EGFR resistance in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela N. F. Gomes
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Renato J. da Silva-Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
- Barretos School of Medicine Dr. Paulo Prata—FACISB, Barretos 14785-002, Brazil
| | - Luciane Sussuchi da Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (O.M.); (F.C.N.)
| | - Adriane F. Evangelista
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
| | - André van Helvoort Lengert
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Letícia Ferro Leal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
- Barretos School of Medicine Dr. Paulo Prata—FACISB, Barretos 14785-002, Brazil
| | - Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
| | | | - Flávia Caroline Nascimento
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (O.M.); (F.C.N.)
| | - André Lopes Carvalho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil; (I.N.F.G.); (R.J.d.S.-O.); (L.S.d.S.); (A.F.E.); (A.v.H.L.); (L.F.L.); (V.A.O.S.); (A.L.C.)
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (O.M.); (F.C.N.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil;
- 3ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Batista-Gomes JA, Mello FAR, de Oliveira EHC, de Souza MPC, Wanderley AV, da Costa Pantoja L, dos Santos NPC, Khayat BCM, Khayat AS. Identifying novel genetic alterations in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia based on copy number analysis. Mol Cytogenet 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 32607130 PMCID: PMC7320540 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-020-00491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) analysis may reveal molecular biomarkers and provide information on the pathogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We investigated the gene copy number in childhood ALL by microarray and select three new recurrent CNVs to evaluate by real-time PCR assay: DMBT1, KIAA0125 and PRDM16 were selected due to high frequency of CNVs in ALL samples and based on their potential biological functions in carcinogenesis described in the literature. DBMT1 deletion was associated with patients with chromosomal translocations and is a potential tumor suppressor; KIAA0125 and PRDM16 may act as an oncogene despite having a paradoxical behavior in carcinogenesis. This study reinforces that microarrays/aCGH is it is a powerful tool for detection of genomic aberrations, which may be used in the risk stratification.
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Abubakar SD. Characterization of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cancer by Spectral Karyotyping. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Arenz A, Patze J, Kornmann E, Wilhelm J, Ziemann F, Wagner S, Wittig A, Schoetz U, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Dikomey E, Fritz B. HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC cell lines show similar numerical but different structural chromosomal aberrations. Head Neck 2019; 41:3869-3879. [PMID: 31441163 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was tested whether the difference in carcinogenesis between noxa and human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with a variation in genomic instability. METHODS Conventional and molecular cytogenetics in HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines. RESULTS Numerical aneuploidy determined by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and DNA ploidy was very similar for both entities with most chromosomes being present either in quadruplicate or triplicate, and only few are still diploid with, however, a striking similarity in the overall pattern. A clear difference was seen concerning the translocations formed, with no difference in the total amount but with a significantly higher genomic instability of HPV-positive cell lines at chromosome 3 as compared to HPV-negative cells. CONCLUSION The different processes of carcinogenesis of HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC appear to result in a similar pattern of numerical but a clear difference in structural chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arenz
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Patze
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kornmann
- Center of Human Genetics, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Ziemann
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Wittig
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schoetz
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Dikomey
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Fritz
- Center of Human Genetics, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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(Cyto)genomic and epigenetic characterization of BICR 10 cell line and three new established primary human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cultures. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1207-1221. [PMID: 31321735 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines are useful preclinical models to understand the molecular processes underlying the development of such tumors, and to establish targeted therapies. OBJECTIVE We performed a comprehensive (cyto)genomic and epigenetic characterization of three new established primary human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cultures and an established, yet undercharacterized cell line: BICR 10. METHODS Karyotyping, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, array comparative genomic hybridization and methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were applied. RESULTS The three primary cultures turned out to be a near-triploid and BICR 10 near-diploid. Banding and molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed non-random numerical and structural aberrations. The most common rearrangements identified in BICR 10 cell line were non-complex derivatives of reciprocal translocations, in which the breakpoints often appeared in centromeric/near-centromeric regions. In the 3 primary cell cultures the most common rearrangements observed were iso- and derivatives chromosomes derived from translocations. Overall, gains of 7p, 8q and losses at 3p, 8p, 9p, 18q and Xp were present in all four studied samples. Among the analyzed genes, BICR 10 cell line exhibited enhanced methylation of gene promoter; however, in all studied samples PAX5, WT1 and GATA5 were methylated. CONCLUSION The here reported comprehensive characterization of BICR 10 cell line and the new established cultures enriches the resources available for head and neck cancer research, especially for testing therapeutic agents.
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He L, Gao L, Shay C, Lang L, Lv F, Teng Y. Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress aggressiveness of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via histone acetylation-independent blockade of the EGFR-Arf1 axis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:84. [PMID: 30777099 PMCID: PMC6379952 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A promising arsenal of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-targeted treatment has emerged in the past decade, as the abnormal targeting or retention of HDACs to DNA regulatory regions often occurs in many cancers. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies worldwide associated with poor overall survival in late-stage patients. HDAC inhibitors have great potential to treat this devastating disease; however, few has been studied regarding the beneficial role of HDAC inhibition in anti-HNSCC therapy and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS Cell migration and invasion were examined by wound closure and Transwell assays. Protein levels and interactions were assessed by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation. HDAC activity was measured with the fluorometric HDAC Activity Assay. Phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) profiling was determined by the Proteome Profiler Human Phospho-RTK Array. RESULTS ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), a small GTPase coordinating vesicle-mediated intracellular trafficking, can be inactivated by HDAC inhibitors through histone acetylation-independent degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in HNSCC cells. Mechanistically, high levels of Arf1 activity are maintained by binding to phosphorylated EGFR which is localized on HNSCC cell plasma membrane. Decreased EGFR phosphorylation is associated with reduced EGFR protein levels in the presence of TSA, which inactivates Arf1 and eventually inhibits invasion in HNSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our insights explore the critical role of EGFR-Arf1 complex in driving HNSCC progression, and demonstrate the selective action of HDAC inhibitors on this specific axis for suppressing HNSCC invasion. This novel finding represents the first example of modulating the EGFR-Arf1 complex in HNSCC by small molecule agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei He
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Chloe Shay
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liwei Lang
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fenglin Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Hsu HC, Lapke N, Chen SJ, Lu YJ, Jhou RS, Yeh CY, Tsai WS, Hung HY, Hsieh JCH, Yang TS, Thiam TK, You JF. PTPRT and PTPRD Deleterious Mutations and Deletion Predict Bevacizumab Resistance in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090314. [PMID: 30200630 PMCID: PMC6162606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bevacizumab-based regimens are used as standard treatments for colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, there are no established predictive markers for bevacizumab response. Methods: Tumor samples from 36 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy were analyzed by next-generation sequencing of all coding exons of more than 400 genes. Single gene and signaling pathway analyses were performed to correlate genomic data with response. Results: Among the genes most frequently mutated in our cohort, only mutations in PTPRT, a phosphatase involved in JAK/STAT signaling, were associated with response status, with deleterious mutations being enriched in non-responders. Pathway analysis revealed that deleterious mutations in genes of the JAK/STAT pathway, namely in PTPRT and the related gene PTPRD, correlated with resistance. Mutations in RTK/PI3K/RAS, Wnt and TGFβ pathways did not associate with response. Lack of response was observed in all patients with deleterious mutations or copy number loss of PTPRT/PTPRD (n = 10), compared to only 30.8% (n = 8) of patients without such alterations (relative risk, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.83–5.79, p = 0.0003). Similarly, PTPRT/PTPRD deleterious alterations were associated with shorter progression-free survival, an association that was retained in multivariate analysis (HR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.47–7.54; p = 0.0038). Conclusion: Deleterious alterations in PTPRT/PTPRD are potential biomarkers for bevacizumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chih Hsu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Nina Lapke
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Jen Chen
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Jung Lu
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chien-Yuh Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- ACT Genomics, Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Sy Tsai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yuan Hung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Sheng Yang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
| | | | - Jeng-Fu You
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
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11
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Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. In vitro assays and techniques utilized in anticancer drug discovery. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:38-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Colombo; Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Colombo; Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
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12
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Koshizuka K, Hanazawa T, Arai T, Okato A, Kikkawa N, Seki N. Involvement of aberrantly expressed microRNAs in the pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:525-545. [PMID: 28836104 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that act as fine-tuners of the post-transcriptional control of protein-coding or noncoding RNAs by repressing translation or cleaving RNA transcripts in a sequence-dependent manner in cells. Accumulating evidence have been indicated that aberrantly expressed miRNAs are deeply involved in human pathogenesis, including cancers. Surprisingly, these small, single-stranded RNAs (18-23 nucleotides) have been shown to function as antitumor or oncogenic RNAs in several types of cancer cells. A single miRNA has regulating hundreds or thousands of different mRNAs, and individual mRNA has been regulated by multiple different miRNAs in normal cells. Therefore, tightly controlled RNA networks can be disrupted by dysregulated of miRNAs in cancer cells. Investigation of novel miRNA-mediated RNA networks in cancer cells could provide new insights in the field of cancer research. In this review, we focus on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and discuss current findings of the involvement of aberrantly expressed miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Koshizuka
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Hanazawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arai
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okato
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoko Kikkawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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13
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Meeusen B, Janssens V. Tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer: Emerging targets for therapeutic intervention and tumor stratification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:98-134. [PMID: 29031806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein phosphorylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and in many cases a prerequisite to sustain tumor development and progression. Like protein kinases, protein phosphatases are key regulators of cell signaling. However, their contribution to aberrant signaling in cancer cells is overall less well appreciated, and therefore, their clinical potential remains largely unexploited. In this review, we provide an overview of tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer. Along their mechanisms of inactivation in defined cancer contexts, we give an overview of their functional roles in diverse signaling pathways that contribute to their tumor suppressive abilities. Finally, we discuss their emerging roles as predictive or prognostic markers, their potential as synthetic lethality targets, and the current feasibility of their reactivation with pharmacologic compounds as promising new cancer therapies. We conclude that their inclusion in clinical practice has obvious potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcome in various ways, and should now definitely be pushed forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Decellularized tongue tissue as an in vitro model for studying tongue cancer and tongue regeneration. Acta Biomater 2017; 58:122-135. [PMID: 28600128 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The decellularization of tissues or organs provides an efficient strategy for preparing functional scaffolds for tissue engineering. The microstructures of native extracellular matrices and biochemical compositions retained in the decellularized matrices provide tissue-specific microenvironments for anchoring cells. Here, we report the tongue extracellular matrix (TEM), which showed favorable cytocompatibility for normal tongue-derived cells and tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) cells under static or stirring culture conditions. Our results show that TEM retained tongue-specific integrated microstructures and abundant matrix components, which offer mechanical support and spatial signals for regulating cell behavior and function. Reconstructed TSCC by TEM presented characteristics resembling clinical TSCC histopathology, suggesting the possibility for TSCC research. In addition, TEM might be capable of guiding tongue-derived cells to the niche, benefiting cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we prepared decellularized tongue extracellular matrix (TEM) and evaluated the possibility for tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) research and tongue regeneration. TEM has six irreplaceable advantages: (1) tongue-specific intricate structures of TEM, which offer mechanical support for the cells; (2) abundant matrix components and spatial signals benefiting for cell attachment, survival, differentiation, and long-term viability of the highly functional phenotypes of tongue cells or TSCC cells; (3) reconstructed TSCC by TEM exhibited tumor heterogeneity, extremely resembling clinical TSCC histopathology; (4) ideal model to evaluate TSCC movement mode; (5) guiding tongue-derived cells to the site-appropriate niche; and (6) the possibility for static or stirred cell culture. These properties might be considered in TSCC research or tongue regeneration.
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15
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Hung PS, Chen CY, Chen WT, Kuo CY, Fang WL, Huang KH, Chiu PC, Lo SS. miR-376c promotes carcinogenesis and serves as a plasma marker for gastric carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177346. [PMID: 28486502 PMCID: PMC5423644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is highly prevalent throughout the world. Understanding the pathogenesis of this disease will benefit diagnosis and resolution. Studies show that miRNAs are involved in the tumorigenesis of gastric carcinoma. An initial screening followed by subsequent validation identified that miR-376c is up-regulated in gastric carcinoma tissue and the plasma of patients with the disease. In addition, the urinary level of miR-376c is also significantly increased in gastric carcinoma patients. The plasma miR-376c level was validated as a biomarker for gastric carcinoma, including early stage tumors. The induction of miR-376c was found to enrich the proliferation, migration and anchorage-independent growth of carcinoma cells and, furthermore, the repression of the expression of endogenous miR-376c was able to reduce such oncogenic phenotypes. ARID4A gene is a direct target of miR-376c. Knockdown of endogenous ARID4A increased the oncogenicity of carcinoma cells, while ARID4A was found to be drastically down-regulated in tumor tissue. Thus, expression levels of miR-376c and ARID4A mRNA tended to be opposing in tumor tissue. Our results demonstrate that miR-376c functions by suppressing ARID4A expression, which in turn enhances the oncogenicity of gastric carcinoma cells. It seems likely that the level of miR-376c in plasma and urine could act as invaluable markers for the detection of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shih Hung
- Department of Education and Medical Research, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yau Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Kuo
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- Division of General Surgery, Veterans General Hospital–Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hung Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Veterans General Hospital–Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Chih Chiu
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Shun Lo
- Department of Surgery, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Xu MD, Liu SL, Feng YZ, Liu Q, Shen M, Zhi Q, Liu Z, Gu DM, Yu J, Shou LM, Gong FR, Zhu Q, Duan W, Chen K, Zhang J, Wu MY, Tao M, Li W. Genomic characteristics of pancreatic squamous cell carcinoma, an investigation by using high throughput sequencing after in-solution hybrid capture. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14620-14635. [PMID: 28099906 PMCID: PMC5362430 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of pancreas is a rare histotype of pancreatic ductal carcinoma which is distinct from pancreatic adenocarcinoma (AC). Although there are standard treatments for pancreatic AC, no precise therapies exist for pancreatic SCC. Here, we screened 1033 cases of pancreatic cancer and identified 2 cases of pure SCC, which were pathologically diagnosed on the basis of finding definite intercellular bridges and/or focal keratin peal formation in the tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry assay confirmed the positive expression of CK5/6 and p63 in pancreatic SCC. To verify the genomic characteristics of pancreatic SCC, we employed in-solution hybrid capture targeting 137 cancer-related genes accompanied by high throughput sequencing (HTS) to compare the different genetic variants in SCC and AC of pancreas. We compared the genetic alterations of known biomarkers of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in different pancreatic cancer tissues, and identified nine mutated genes in SCC of pancreas: C7orf70, DNHD1, KPRP, MDM4, MUC6, OR51Q1, PTPRD, TCF4, TET2, and nine genes (ABCB1, CSF1R, CYP2C18, FBXW7, ITPA, KIAA0748, SOD2, SULT1A2, ZNF142) that are mutated in pancreatic AC. This study may have taken one step forward on the discovery of potential biomarkers for the targeted treatment of SCC of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Dan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shu-Ling Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Meng Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qiaoming Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Dong-Mei Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Liu-Mei Shou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fei-Ran Gong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Xi'an Tianlong Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Weiming Duan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Junning Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- PREMED Key Laboratory for Precision Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Suzhou 215006, China
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- PREMED Key Laboratory for Precision Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Suzhou 215006, China
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