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Danielewicz H, Gurgul A, Dębińska A, Drabik-Chamerska A, Hirnle L, Boznański A. Cord blood methylation at TNFRSF17 is associated with early allergic phenotypes. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09524-2. [PMID: 39085570 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Food allergy and eczema are the earliest allergic phenotypes in childhood. These diseases could be related to either IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated reactions to the allergen. TNFRSF17 is a key molecule in B cell maturation and is important in both types of responses.We conducted a study comparing the relative expression and the methylation status at the TNFRSF17 in regard to the child's early atopic sensitisation and allergic phenotypes.In the recruited population of 200 women and 174 children with available clinical data (physical examination by allergist and antigen-specific IgE measurements), 78 cord blood samples were included in the gene expression analysis (relative gene expression with GAPDH as reference by RT-PCR) and 96 samples with microarray DNA methylation data (whole genome methylation profile Infinium MethylationEPIC).The altered TNFRSF17 methylation pattern in the cord blood at both single cg04453550 and mean methylation at upstream of TNFRSF17 was observed in children who developed food allergy and/or eczema in early childhood. The change in methylation profile was mirrored by the relative expression. The profile of IgE sensitisation to food and/or inhalant allergens was not significantly associated with either methylation or expression of TNFRSF17.In conclusion, methylation at the upstream sites at TNFRSF17 in the cord blood at birth is associated with food allergy and eczema early in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Danielewicz
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Artur Gurgul
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Rędzina 1C, 30-248, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Dębińska
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Drabik-Chamerska
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lidia Hirnle
- 1st Clinical Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 5, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Boznański
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Bertrand Y, Sánchez-Montalvo A, Hox V, Froidure A, Pilette C. IgA-producing B cells in lung homeostasis and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117749. [PMID: 36936934 PMCID: PMC10014553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant Ig in mucosae where it plays key roles in host defense against pathogens and in mucosal immunoregulation. Whereas intense research has established the different roles of secretory IgA in the gut, its function has been much less studied in the lung. This review will first summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the distribution and phenotype of IgA+ B cells in the human lung in both homeostasis and disease. Second, it will analyze the studies looking at cellular and molecular mechanisms of homing and priming of IgA+ B cells in the lung, notably following immunization. Lastly, published data on observations related to IgA and IgA+ B cells in lung and airway disease such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or chronic rhinosinusitis, will be discussed. Collectively it provides the state-of-the-art of our current understanding of the biology of IgA-producing cells in the airways and identifies gaps that future research should address in order to improve mucosal protection against lung infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Bertrand
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alba Sánchez-Montalvo
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie Hox
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Charles Pilette,
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Alturaiki W, Mubarak A, Mir SA, Afridi A, Premanathan M, Mickymaray S, Vijayakumar R, Alsagaby SA, Almalki SG, Alghofaili F, Alnemare AK, Flanagan BF. Plasma levels of BAFF and APRIL are elevated in patients with asthma in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7455-7459. [PMID: 34867050 PMCID: PMC8626297 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily of cytokines and can induce B cell activation, differentiation, and antibody production via interaction with their receptors, including transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), and B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R). Herein, we assessed the plasma protein levels of BAFF and APRIL in patients with asthma to determine whether their expression is correlated with total IgE production and examined the surface expression of BAFF/APRIL receptors on B cells. Blood samples were collected from 47 patients with controlled asthma symptoms and 20 healthy normal controls, and plasma levels of APRIL, BAFF, and total IgE protein were quantified by corresponding ELISA assays. Furthermore, lymphocytes were isolated and B cells were analyzed for the presence of BAFF-R, BCMA, and TACI receptors using flow cytometry. Our results showed that IgE, BAFF, and APRIL plasma levels were markedly increased in patients with asthma compared with healthy controls. Moreover, expression of BAFF-R and BCMA, but not that of TACI, was significantly increased in patients with asthma compared with healthy controls. Overall, the findings suggest BAFF and APRIL as key mediators of asthma, and determination of their plasma levels may be useful in monitoring asthma symptoms and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajad Ahmad Mir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Alzulfi General Hospital, Alzulfi 11932, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Afridi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Alzulfi General Hospital, Alzulfi 11932, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariappan Premanathan
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Mickymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez Alghofaili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad K Alnemare
- Otolaryngology Department, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian F Flanagan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
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Menon M, Hussell T, Ali Shuwa H. Regulatory B cells in respiratory health and diseases. Immunol Rev 2021; 299:61-73. [PMID: 33410165 PMCID: PMC7986090 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells are critical mediators of humoral immune responses in the airways through antibody production, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. In addition, a subset of B cells, known as regulatory B cells (Bregs), exhibit immunosuppressive functions via diverse regulatory mechanisms. Bregs modulate immune responses via the secretion of IL‐10, IL‐35, and tumor growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), and by direct cell contact. The balance between effector and regulatory B cell functions is critical in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The importance of Bregs in airway immune responses is emphasized by the different respiratory disorders associated with abnormalities in Breg numbers and function. In this review, we summarize the role of immunosuppressive Bregs in airway inflammatory diseases and highlight the importance of this subset in the maintenance of respiratory health. We propose that improved understanding of signals in the lung microenvironment that drive Breg differentiation can provide novel therapeutic avenues for improved management of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Menon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Halima Ali Shuwa
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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5
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Alturaiki W. The roles of B cell activation factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in allergic asthma. Immunol Lett 2020; 225:25-30. [PMID: 32522667 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma, which is the most common type of asthma, is mediated by the IgE response, and B cells are key drivers of allergic inflammation in the lungs. B cell activation factor (BAFF) and proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) are members of the TNF superfamily. BAFF and APRIL interact with three receptors, namely the B cell activation factor receptor (BAFF-r), B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), and transmembrane activator; calcium modulator; and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI). The interaction of BAFF and APRIL with their receptors induces B cell activation, differentiation, and antibody production. BAFF and APRIL are produced by airway epithelial cells during the response to allergens or infectious agents, and have shown to induce local IgE production, thus establishing allergic inflammation in the airways. BAFF can maintain in inflamed airways during infection and can inhibit regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby promoting allergic inflammation in the airways. This review aims to outline current knowledge about BAFF/APRIL systems in humans as well as in murine models of allergic asthma. The precise role of BAFF and APRIL and their receptors in allergic asthma remains unclear. Therefore, further studies are required to identify and elucidate their roles in enhancing IgE production and activating immune cells that drive the Th2 effector response and initiate allergic inflammation in asthma. Targeting BAFF/APRIL or their cognate receptors may offer a novel therapeutic approach in asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Host defense against community-acquired pneumonia depends on an intact innate and acquired immune system. This review analyses the correlation between specific defects and polymorphisms of immunity genes with susceptibility for pneumonia. RECENT FINDINGS Mutations in BTK, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, lead to X-linked agammaglobulinemia, a disease characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia. BTK inhibitors, which are used for treatment of leukemia, have pneumonia as side effect. Polymorphisms in B lymphocyte growth and differentiation factors, including IL-6 and IL-10, Fcg RIIa receptors, as well as genetic variants of ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme, also are associated with increased susceptibility for pneumonia. SUMMARY Delineation of underlying genetic defects and polymorphisms may add in diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia. In case of humoral immunodeficiency, antibody replacement therapy may be indicated.
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Khodadadi L, Cheng Q, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. The Maintenance of Memory Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31024553 PMCID: PMC6464033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that plasma cells can become long-lived (memory) plasma cells and secrete antibodies for months, years or a lifetime. However, the mechanisms involved in this process of humoral memory, which is crucial for both protective immunity and autoimmunity, still are not fully understood. This article will address a number of open questions. For example: Is longevity of plasma cells due to their intrinsic competence, extrinsic factors, or a combination of both? Which internal signals are involved in this process? What factors provide external support? What survival factors play a part in inflammation and autoreactive disease? Internal and external factors that contribute to the maintenance of memory long-lived plasma cells will be discussed. The aim is to provide useful additional information about the maintenance of protective and autoreactive memory plasma cells that will help researchers design effective vaccines for the induction of life-long protection against infectious diseases and to efficiently target pathogenic memory plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Khodadadi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Expression of the B cell differentiation factor BAFF and chemokine CXCL13 in a murine model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection. Cytokine 2018; 110:267-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Oliveria JP, Salter BM, MacLean J, Kotwal S, Smith A, Harris JM, Scheerens H, Sehmi R, Gauvreau GM. Increased IgE + B Cells in Sputum, but Not Blood, Bone Marrow, or Tonsils, after Inhaled Allergen Challenge in Subjects with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:107-109. [PMID: 28665197 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201611-2274le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ashley Smith
- 2 Genentech Incorporated San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Roma Sehmi
- 1 McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and
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Oliveria JP, Salter BM, Phan S, Obminski CD, Munoz CE, Smith SG, Scime T, Watson RM, Sehmi R, Gauvreau GM. Asthmatic subjects with allergy have elevated levels of IgE+ B cells in the airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:590-593.e9. [PMID: 28213181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Oliveria
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany M Salter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Phan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin D Obminski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline E Munoz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven G Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Scime
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rick M Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Ren X, Mou W, Su C, Chen X, Zhang H, Cao B, Li X, Wu D, Ni X, Gui J, Gong C. Increase in Peripheral Blood Intermediate Monocytes is Associated with the Development of Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:209-218. [PMID: 28255273 PMCID: PMC5332875 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes play important roles in antigen presentation and cytokine production to achieve a proper immune response, and are therefore largely implicated in the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the change in the intermediate (CD14+CD16+) monocyte subset in children with recent-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and its possible association with clinical parameters reflecting islet β-cell dysfunction. Compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls, intermediate monocytes were expanded in children with T1DM, which was positively associated with hemoglobin A1C and negatively associated with serum insulin and C-peptide. Interestingly, the intermediate monocytes in T1DM patients expressed higher levels of human leukocyte antigen-DR and CD86, suggesting better antigen presentation capability. Further analysis revealed that the frequency of CD45RO+CD4+ memory T cells was increased in the T1DM patients, and the memory T cell content was well correlated with the increase in intermediate monocytes. These results suggest that expanded intermediate monocytes are a predictive factor for the poor residual islet β-cell function in children with recent-onset T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ren
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Laboratory of Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Laboratory of Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Laboratory of Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Laboratory of Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Jingang Gui
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Laboratory of Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children by Ministry of Education, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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