Associations of Rs3744841 and Rs3744843 Polymorphisms in Endothelial Lipase Gene with Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Lipid Levels in a Chinese Population

Atherogenic index of plasma: A valuable novel index to distinguish patients with unstable atherogenic plaques

Background:

Plaque instability is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Numerous efforts have been made to figure out and manage unstable plaques prior to major cardiovascular events incidence. The current study aims to assess the values of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) to detect unstable plaques.

Materials and Methods:

The current case-control study was conducted on 435 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention due to chronic stable angina (stable plaques, n = 145) or acute coronary syndrome (unstable plaques, n = 290). The demographic, comorbidities, chronic medications, biochemical and hematological characteristics of the patients were entered into the study checklist. The baseline AIP was measured according to the formula of triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein logarithm. Binary logistic regression was applied to investigate the standalone association of AIP with plaque instability. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was depicted to determine a cut-off, specificity, and sensitivity of AIP in unstable plaques diagnosis.

Results:

AIP was an independent predictor for atherogenic plaque unstability in both crude (odds ratio [OR]: 3.677, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.521–8.890; P = 0.004) and full-adjusted models (OR: 15, 95% CI: 2.77–81.157; P = 0.002). According to ROC curve, at cut-point level of 0.62, AIP had sensitivity and specificity of 89.70% and 34% to detect unstable plaques, respectively (area under the curve: 0.648, 95% CI: 0.601–0.692, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

According to this study, at the threshold of 0.62, AIP as an independent biomarker associated with plaque instability can be considered a screening tool for patients at increased risk for adverse events due to unstable atherosclerotic plaques.

Atherogenic index of plasma is related to coronary atherosclerotic disease in elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study

Background

Dyslipidaemia plays an important role in coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD). The relationship between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and CAD in elderly individuals was explored in this study.

Methods

Elderly individuals (age ≥ 65 years) who underwent coronary angiography from January 2016 to October 2020 were consecutively enrolled in the study.

Results

A total of 1313 individuals, including 354 controls (non-CAD) and 959 CAD patients, were enrolled. In univariate analysis of all populations, the adjusted AIP (aAIP) in the CAD group was 1.13 (0.96, 1.3), which was significantly higher than that in the controls [1.07 (0.89, 1.26)]. However, in subgroup analyses, this phenomenon was only present in males. In addition, further study showed that aAIP was positively related to CAD severity. In binary logistic regression analyses, after adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, primary hypertension (PH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart rate (HR), white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT), AIP remained independently related to CAD in elderly individuals and was superior to traditional and other nontraditional lipid indices. Subgroup analyses showed that AIP independently influenced CAD risk in males. Ultimately, sensitivity analyses were performed excluding all coronary emergencies, and the final results were similar.

Conclusions

AIP was positively related to the risk and severity of CAD in elderly individuals and was superior to traditional and other nontraditional lipid profiles. However, this association only exists in elderly males.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01496-8.

Roles of endothelial lipase gene related single nucleotide polymorphisms in patients with coronary artery disease

The current work focused on evaluating the roles of endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study involved 1,883 subjects with 959 CAD patients and 924 healthy controls. Data were harvested to assess the association of LIPG related SNPs including rs3744841, rs3744843, rs3813082 and rs2000813 with the risk of CAD. The CC + AC genotype in rs3813082 played a protective role for CAD [odds ratio (OR) = 0.709, P = 0.039]. Differences existed in apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in rs3744843 variant between control and CAD groups. The rs3744841 variant increased the levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Apo-A1 and Lipoprotein a (LPa) in the CAD group and TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Apo-B, Apo-A1 in the control group. The triglyceride (TG) level was lower in rs2000813 variant in the CAD group and elevated in the control group. The rs2000813 variant decreased the number of vascular stenosis while rs3744843 and rs3744841 variants increased the number of vascular stenosis in CAD patients. This study explored the roles of LIPG related SNPs in CAD, showing that CC + AC genotype in rs3813082 was a protective factor for CAD. The rs3744843, rs3744841 and rs2000813 variants were associated with the levels of lipid parameters in CAD patients. The rs3744843, rs3744841 and rs2000813 variants influenced the number of vascular stenosis in CAD patients. The results of our study might be a promising reference for preventing CAD.

Gene polymorphism associated with angiotensinogen (M235T), endothelial lipase (584C/T) and susceptibility to coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between the variant M235T locus of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, 584C/T locus of Endothelial lipase (EL) gene, and coronary artery disease (CAD) by meta-analysis.

METHODS

The case-control studies on the association between AGT/EL gene polymorphism and CAD were collected through searching PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases up to 1 March 2020. Stata 15.0 software was used for analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 29 articles met the inclusion criteria. After analyzing, it was found that the M235T polymorphism of AGT gene was associated with the occurrence of CAD. In the allele model (T vs. M), OR = 1.38 (P<v0.05). In other heredity, there was also statistical significance. Subgroup analysis indicated that except the heterozygous genetic model of the Chinese population, other genetic models of the Caucasian and Chinese population were also statistically significant. The 584C/T polymorphism of EL gene was associated with the occurrence of CAD, with OR = 0.83 (P<0.05) in the allele model (T vs. C) and OR = 0.80 (P<0.05) in the dominant gene model. Also, in the allele model of Caucasian subgroup, OR = 0.83 (P<0.05), while in Asian subgroup, there was no statistically significant genetic model.

CONCLUSION

AGT M235T and EL 584C/T polymorphisms are associated with CAD susceptibility. The genotype TT, TC or allele T of AGT M235T and genotype CC or allele C of EL 584C/T might be the genetic risk factors for the development of CAD.

Association of 584C/T polymorphism in endothelial lipase gene with risk of coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the cardiovascular diseases, which is caused by a reduced amount of oxygen and blood that goes to the heart. CAD includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. It is a common cause of death in both men and women. The environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of CAD. Multiple gene polymorphisms are risk factors of CAD.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between EL 584C/T polymorphism, CAD risk, and lipid profile in an Egyptian population.

METHODS

This is a case-control study. The patients were classified into three groups: Group A: Control group, this group included 42 apparently healthy people. Group B: included 42 subjects diagnosed with previous myocardial infarction (MI). Group C: included 42 subjects diagnosed with unstable angina (UA).

RESULTS

The frequencies of TT and CT genotypes and T allele were higher in control healthy individuals than CAD patients. In addition, the risk of CAD was significantly lower in individuals carrying T allele (P = 0.001). Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly higher in healthy individuals and CAD patients (MI and UA patients) carrying EL 584 T allele compared with those carrying CC genotype (P ≤  0.001). By multiple logistic regression, we found that the protective effect of T allele remained significant (P = 0.005) and it decreased the risk of CAD independent of plasma HDL levels.

CONCLUSION

There was a significant difference between 584C/T polymorphism in the EL gene and CAD and HDL level. T-allele carriers had a higher HDL level and were protected from CAD. T allele was significantly associated with the decreased risk of CAD independent of plasma HDL levels.

Gender-specific associations between atherogenic index of plasma and the presence and severity of acute coronary syndrome in very young adults: a hospital-based observational study

OBJECTIVE

The value of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) as a predictive biomarker for coronary artery disease (CAD) remains controversial. In addition, whether AIP is associated with the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in very young adults has not been well established.

METHODS

We consecutively collected very young adults (≤35 years of age) undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) at Anzhen Hospital, between January 2008 and December 2017. Total of 1, 478 very young participants, including 1, 059 ACS patients and 419 non-CAD subjects, were enrolled in the present study.

RESULTS

Very young patients with ACS had higher AIP level compared with non-CAD participants (0.35 ± 0.30 vs 0.21 ± 0.33, P < 0.001). According to Gensini Score (GS) and number of lesion vessel, patients were divided into four groups, respectively. With the elevated GS score and number of lesion vessels, the AIP level increased gradually (P_{for trend} all< 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses suggested that AIP remained to be independently associated with the presence of ACS and was superior to traditional lipid profiles (for AIP, OR = 2.930, 95% CI = 1.855-4.627, P < 0.001; for total cholesterol, OR = 1.152, 95% CI = 1.048-1.266, P = 0.003; for triglyceride, OR = 1.078, 95% CI = 0.991-1.172, P = 0.079; for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, OR = 1.046, 95% CI = 1.015-1.078, P < 0.001), after adjustment for other traditional confounders. Moreover, the prevalence of ACS, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris and the value of GS were also elevated as AIP quartiles increased (P_{for trend} < 0.001). Subgroup analysis based on gender revealed that AIP was only independently associated with the ACS risk in male.

CONCLUSIONS

AIP was independently associated with the presence and severity of ACS in very young patients in a gender-dependent manner, which might be superior to traditional lipid profiles.

LIPG SNPs, their haplotypes and gene-environment interactions on serum lipid levels

Background

Maonan nationality is a relatively conservative and isolated minority in the Southwest of China. Little is known about the association of endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and serum lipid levels in the Chinese populations.

Methods

A total of 1280 subjects of Maonan nationality and 1218 participants of Han nationality were randomly selected from our previous stratified randomized samples. Genotypes of the four LIPG SNPs were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and then confirmed by direct sequencing.

Results

Several SNPs were associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (rs3813082, rs2000813 and rs2097055) in the both ethnic groups; total cholesterol and apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 (rs2000813) in Han nationality; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoB, triglyceride (rs2097055) and ApoA1 (rs3819166) in Maonan minority (P < 0.0125 for all after Bonferroni correction). The commonest haplotype was rs3813082T-rs2000813C-rs2097055T-rs3819166A (Han, 44.2% and Maonan, 48.7%). The frequencies of the T-C-T-A, T-C-T-G, T-T-C-G and G-T-C-G haplotypes were different between the Maonan and Han populations (P < 0.05–0.001). The associations between haplotypes and dyslipidemia were also different in the Han and/or Maonan populations (P < 0.05–0.001).

Conclusions

The differences in serum lipid profiles between the two ethnic groups might partly be attributed to these LIPG SNPs, their haplotypes and gene-environmental interactions.

Trial registration

Retrospectively registered.

A preliminary study showing no association between methylation levels of C3 gene promoter and the risk of CAD

OBJECTIVE

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multi-factor disease. Complement component 3 (C3) plays an important role in the development of CAD. The present study investigated the association between DNA methylation status of C3 gene promoter and the risk of CAD.

METHODS

One hundred CAD patients and 1 hundred age-and gender- matched controls were recruited in current study. Methylation levels in CpG island in C3 promoter were determined by the method of bisulfite amplicon sequencing.

RESULTS

Methylation levels of four CpG sites in C3 promoter were measured. There were no significant difference in methylation level of each CpG site between CAD patients and controls. Average methylation rate was also calculated. No significant difference in average methylation rate was observed between CAD and control groups. Stratified analyses based on EH, DM and smoking status were carried out, no significant association between C3 promoter methylation levels and the susceptibility of CAD was observed. Furthermore, seven haplotypes were established and no significant difference in haplotypes was observed between CAD and control groups. However, our study showed that C3 DNA methylation levels were positively associated with LDL-C levels.

CONCLUSION

The present study showed no association between methylation levels of C3 promoter and the risk of CAD. However, the methylation levels might be related to LDL-C levels.

Gender specific effect of CETP rs708272 polymorphism on lipid and atherogenic index of plasma levels but not on the risk of coronary artery disease: A case-control study

Numerous studies have shown a relationship between cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) polymorphism in the synthesis of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility, but the results have remained inconsistent. In addition, there was no study exploring the relationship between CETP polymorphisms and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) levels.We conducted a case-control study to evaluate the relationship between CETP rs708272 polymorphism and CAD risk and lipid levels in Chinese Han population. 556 CAD patients and 414 controls undergoing coronary angiography were consecutively enrolled in the hospital-based study. Polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method was used to detect the different genotypes at rs708272.No significant association between CETP rs708272 polymorphism and CAD risk was observed in different genetic models. In the whole population, participants with TT genotype had higher HDL-C levels (1.17 ± 0.31 mmol/L vs 1.09 ± 0.29 mmol/L, P = .001) and lower AIP levels (0.08 ± 0.35 vs 0.16 ± 0.31, P = .004) compared to those with CC genotype, after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, essential hypertension (EH), and DM. The T allele carriers had higher HDL-C levels than the T allele non-carriers (1.13 ± 0.29 mmol/L vs 1.09 ± 0.29 mmol/L, P = .023). Furthermore, subgroup analyses based on gender were carried out. In males, the results showed that participants with TT genotype had significant higher HDL-C levels and lower AIP levels compared with CC genotype (P <.05). In addition, males with CT+TT genotypes had higher HDL-C levels and lower AIP levels than those with CC genotypes (HDL-C: CT+TT 1.11 ± 0.31vs CC 1.06 ± 0.30 mmol/L, P = .041; AIP: CT+TT 0.12 ± 0.32vs CC 0.16 ± 0.31, P = .034, respectively). However, there were no significant associations between lipid levels and CETP rs708272 polymorphism in females, after adjusting for confounders.CETP rs708272 polymorphism has a gender-specific effect on lipid and AIP levels but not on the risk of CAD.

Serum PCSK9 levels, but not PCSK9 polymorphisms, are associated with CAD risk and lipid profiles in southern Chinese Han population

Background

Genetic and environment factors affect the occurrence and development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), has been investigated extensively in the field of lipid metabolism and CAD. We performed this case-control study to investigate the relationship between serum PCSK9 levels and PCSK9 polymorphisms and lipid levels and CAD risk in a southern Chinese population.

Methods

A hospital-based case-control study with 1, 096 subjects, including 626 CAD patients and 470 controls, were conducted. Genotyping of PCSK9 polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method.

Results

The frequencies of the AA, AG and GG genotypes of PCSK9 E670G polymorphism were 90.58, 9.27, and 0.16% in the CAD patients, compared with 88.72, 10.85 and 0.43% in the controls, respectively. No R46L variant was detected in this population. There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of PCSK9E670G polymorphism between the CAD group and the controls. Serum lipid levels were not significantly different in carriers with the G allele and those with the AA genotype. The median (QR) of PCSK9 concentration was 1205.00 ng/l (577.28–1694.13 ng/l) in cases and 565.87 ng/l (357.17–967.50 ng/l) in controls, respectively. Compared with controls, CAD patients had significantly higher PCSK9 levels (z = 4.559, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, essential hypertension, diabetic mellitus, smoking and lipid profiles, PCSK9 levels remain significantly associated with increased CAD susceptibility (OR = 1.002, 95% CI = 1.001–1.002, P < 0.001). The correlation analyses showed that serum PCSK9 levels were positively associated with triglyceride (TG), Apo B and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) levels in controls. No significant association between the PCSK9 E670G polymorphism and serum PCSK9 levels was observed in the CAD group and the controls.

Conclusions

The present study shows that serum PCSK9 levels, but not PCSK9 polymorphisms, are associated with CAD risk in Southern Chinese Han population, and that serum PCSK9 levels are positively associated with AIP.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0859-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The atherogenic index of plasma is a strong and independent predictor for coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population

Dyslipidemia is one of the most important factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a new comprehensive lipid index, might be a strong marker for predicting the risk of CAD.A hospital-based case-control study including 2936 CAD patients and 2451 controls was conducted in a Chinese population. Traditional lipid parameters were detected, and nontraditional lipid comprehensive indexes were calculated.Compared with controls, CAD patients had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). By contrast, the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was lower in CAD patients. The values of nontraditional lipid profiles, including non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C (atherogenic index, AI), TC*TG*LDL/HDL-C (lipoprotein combine index, LCI), and lg (TG/HDL-C) (AIP), were all significantly higher in the cases than in the controls. The results of Pearson correlation analyses indicated that AIP was positively and significantly correlated with TC (r = 0.125, P < .001), TG (r = 0.810, P < .001), LDL-C (r = 0.035, P < .001), non-HDL-C (r = 0.322, P < .001), TC/HDL-C (r = 0.669, P < .001), LDL-C/HDL-C (r = 0.447, P < .001), AI (r = 0.669, P < .001), and LCI (r = 0.688, P < .001) and was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.122, P < .001) and HDL-C (r = -0.632, P < .001). In the univariate logistic regression analysis, AIP was the lipid parameter that was most strongly associated with CAD, with an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.782 (95% confidence interval: 1.490-2.131, P < .001), for an increase of 1-SD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that AIP was an independent risk factor for CAD.AIP might be a strong and independent predictor for CAD in the Chinese Han population.