1
|
Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:793-804. [PMID: 33843978 PMCID: PMC8106503 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although millions of cells in the human body will undergo programmed cell death each day, dying cells are rarely detected under homeostatic settings in vivo. The swift removal of dying cells is due to the rapid recruitment of phagocytes to the site of cell death which then recognise and engulf the dying cell. Apoptotic cell clearance - the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes - is a well-defined process governed by a series of molecular factors including 'find-me', 'eat-me', 'don't eat-me' and 'good-bye' signals. However, in recent years with the rapid expansion of the cell death field, the removal of other necrotic-like cell types has drawn much attention. Depending on the type of death, dying cells employ different mechanisms to facilitate engulfment and elicit varying functional impacts on the phagocyte, from wound healing responses to inflammatory cytokine secretion. Nevertheless, despite the mechanism of death, the clearance of dying cells is a fundamental process required to prevent the uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory disease. This mini-review summarises the current understandings of: (i) apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cell clearance; (ii) the functional consequences of dying cell engulfment and; (iii) the outstanding questions in the field.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopez BS, Hurley DJ, Giancola S, Giguère S, Felippe MJB, Hart KA. Phenotypic characterization of equine monocyte-derived dendritic cells generated ex vivo utilizing commercially available serum-free medium. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 222:110036. [PMID: 32203768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of culture conditions on equine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) generation has not been fully characterized. We hypothesized that 1) MoDC could be cultured in a commercially available serum-free medium (AIM-V); and 2) that differential culture conditions would influence MoDC viability, yield and phenotype. MoDC generated from adult horses were cultured under variable conditions in a series of experiments. Viability was assessed using trypan blue and propidium iodide staining. Yield was determined by manual hemocytometer counting. Phenotype was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of surface markers (MHC class-II, CD86 and CD14). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. Two MoDC populations that differed in size and phenotype were identified: larger MoDC (LgMoDC) and smaller MoDC (SmMoDC). Medium type, plate chemistry, or length of monocyte adhesion time did not impact MoDC viability or yield. LgMoDC generated in serum-free medium expressed more MHC class-II and CD86 (P ≤ 0.03). A prolonged duration in culture reduced MoDC yield (P ≤ 0.04). MoDC can be consistently and reliably generated using AIM-V serum-free medium in standard tissue culture plates with a recommended culture duration of 3-4 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brina S Lopez
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, 19555 N. 59thAvenue, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
| | - David J Hurley
- Population Health, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shyla Giancola
- Departments of Large Animal Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Departments of Large Animal Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - M Julia B Felippe
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Departments of Large Animal Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Menzyanova NG, Pyatina SА, Nikolaeva ED, Shabanov AV, Nemtsev IV, Stolyarov DP, Dryganov DB, Sakhnov EV, Shishatskaya EI. Screening of biopolymeric materials for cardiovascular surgery toxicity-Evaluation of their surface relief with assessment of morphological aspects of monocyte/macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis patients. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:74-90. [PMID: 30581762 PMCID: PMC6297908 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphotypes of human macrophages (MPh) were studied in the culture on nano-structured biopolymer substrates, made from polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHAs) of five various monomer compositions, followed by the solvent evaporation. Its surface relief, which was further in direct contact with human cells in vitro, was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown, that the features of the micro/nano relief depend on the monomeric composition of the polymer substrates. Monocytes (MN) of patients with atherosclerosis and cardiac ischemia, undergoing stenting and conventional anti-atherosclerotic therapy, were harvested prior and after stenting. MN were isolated and cultured, with the transformation into MPh in direct contact with biopolymer culture substrates with different monomer composition and nano-reliefs, and transformed into MPh, in comparison with the same process on standard culture plastic. Sub-populations of cells with characteristic morphology in each phenotypic class were described, and their quantitative ratios for each sample of polymers were counted as an intermediate result in the development of "smart" material for cardiovascular devices. The results obtained allow us to assume, that the processes of MPh differentiation and polarization in vitro depend not only on the features of the micro/nano relief of biopolymer substrates, but also on the initial state of MN in vivo and general response of patients.
Collapse
Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- Atherosclerosis
- Cell morphology
- Intravascular stenting
- MN, monocytes
- MOC, mononuclear cells
- MPh, macrophages
- MUC, multinucleated cells
- Macrophages
- Monocytes
- P(3HB), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
- P(3HB/3HV), copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate
- P(3HB/3HV/3HHx), copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate and 3-hydroxyhexanoate
- P(3HB/3HV/4HB/3HHx), copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate, 4-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyhexanoate
- P(3HB/4HB), copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate
- PHAs, polyhydroxyalcanoates
- Polyhydroxyalkanoates
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena D. Nikolaeva
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Shabanov
- L.V. Kirensky Institute of Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50/38 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Nemtsev
- Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Dmitry P. Stolyarov
- Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 45 Karaulnaya, Krasnoyarsk, 660020, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Dryganov
- Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 45 Karaulnaya, Krasnoyarsk, 660020, Russia
| | - Eugene V. Sakhnov
- Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 45 Karaulnaya, Krasnoyarsk, 660020, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Shishatskaya
- Siberian Federal University, 79, Svobodny av., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gordon S, Plüddemann A. Macrophage Clearance of Apoptotic Cells: A Critical Assessment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:127. [PMID: 29441073 PMCID: PMC5797608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the body continues to grow and age, it becomes essential to maintain a balance between living and dying cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells play a central role in discriminating among viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells, as selective and efficient phagocytes, without inducing inappropriate inflammation or immune responses. A great deal has been learnt concerning clearance receptors for modified and non-self-ligands on potential targets, mediating their eventual uptake, disposal, and replacement. In this essay, we assess current understanding of the phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells within their tissue environment; we conclude that efferocytosis constitutes a more complex process than simply removal of corpses, with regulatory interactions between the target and effector cells, which determine the outcome of this homeostatic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trahtemberg U, Mevorach D. Apoptotic Cells Induced Signaling for Immune Homeostasis in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1356. [PMID: 29118755 PMCID: PMC5661053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient and abnormal clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) contributes to systemic autoimmune disease in humans and mice, and inefficient chromosomal DNA degradation by DNAse II leads to systemic polyarthritis and a cytokine storm. By contrast, efficient clearance allows immune homeostasis, generally leads to a non-inflammatory state for both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and contributes to maintenance of peripheral tolerance. As many as 3 × 108 cells undergo apoptosis every hour in our bodies, and one of the primary “eat me” signals expressed by apoptotic cells is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Apoptotic cells themselves are major contributors to the “anti-inflammatory” nature of the engulfment process, some by secreting thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) or adenosine monophosphate and possibly other immune modulating “calm-down” signals that interact with macrophages and DCs. Apoptotic cells also produce “find me” and “tolerate me” signals to attract and immune modulate macrophages and DCs that express specific receptors for some of these signals. Neither macrophages nor DCs are uniform, and each cell type may variably express membrane proteins that function as receptors for PtdSer or for opsonins like complement or opsonins that bind to PtdSer, such as protein S and growth arrest-specific 6. Macrophages and DCs also express scavenger receptors, CD36, and integrins that function via bridging molecules such as TSP-1 or milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein and that differentially engage in various multi-ligand interactions between apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory and pro-homeostatic nature of apoptotic cell interaction with the immune system. We do not review some forms of immunogenic cell death. We summarize the known apoptotic cell signaling events in macrophages and DCs that are related to toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B, inflammasome, the lipid-activated nuclear receptors, Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors, as well as induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling that lead to immune system silencing and DC tolerance. These properties of apoptotic cells are the mechanisms that enable their successful use as therapeutic modalities in mice and humans in various autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Trahtemberg
- General Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|