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Krzyżewska-Dudek E, Dulipati V, Kapczyńska K, Noszka M, Chen C, Kotimaa J, Książczyk M, Dudek B, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Pawlik K, Meri S, Rybka J. Lipopolysaccharide with long O-antigen is crucial for Salmonella Enteritidis to evade complement activity and to facilitate bacterial survival in vivo in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Med Microbiol Immunol 2024; 213:8. [PMID: 38767707 PMCID: PMC11106168 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-024-00790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to serum is a key virulence factor for the development of systemic infections. The amount of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the O-antigen chain length distribution on the outer membrane, predispose Salmonella to escape complement-mediated killing. In Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) a modal distribution of the LPS O-antigen length can be observed. It is characterized by the presence of distinct fractions: low molecular weight LPS, long LPS and very long LPS. In the present work, we investigated the effect of the O-antigen modal length composition of LPS molecules on the surface of S. Enteritidis cells on its ability to evade host complement responses. Therefore, we examined systematically, by using specific deletion mutants, roles of different O-antigen fractions in complement evasion. We developed a method to analyze the average LPS lengths and investigated the interaction of the bacteria and isolated LPS molecules with complement components. Additionally, we assessed the aspect of LPS O-antigen chain length distribution in S. Enteritidis virulence in vivo in the Galleria mellonella infection model. The obtained results of the measurements of the average LPS length confirmed that the method is suitable for measuring the average LPS length in bacterial cells as well as isolated LPS molecules and allows the comparison between strains. In contrast to earlier studies we have used much more precise methodology to assess the LPS molecules average length and modal distribution, also conducted more subtle analysis of complement system activation by lipopolysaccharides of various molecular mass. Data obtained in the complement activation assays clearly demonstrated that S. Enteritidis bacteria require LPS with long O-antigen to resist the complement system and to survive in the G. mellonella infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Krzyżewska-Dudek
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vinaya Dulipati
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Kapczyńska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Noszka
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Carmen Chen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kotimaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marta Książczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Platform for Unique Models Application (P.U.M.A), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacek Rybka
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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2
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Jafari Najaf Abadi MH, Abyaneh FA, Zare N, Zamani J, Abdoli A, Aslanbeigi F, Hamblin MR, Tarrahimofrad H, Rahimi M, Hashemian SM, Mirzaei H. In silico design and immunoinformatics analysis of a chimeric vaccine construct based on Salmonella pathogenesis factors. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106130. [PMID: 37121524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are two vaccines based on killed and/or weakened Salmonella bacteria, but no recombinant vaccine is available for preventing or treating the disease. We used an in silico approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Salmonella using OmpA, OmpS, SopB, SseB, SthA and FilC antigens. We predicted helper T lymphocyte, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and IFN-γ epitopes. The FilC sequence was used as a bovine TLR5 agonist, and the linkers KK, AAY, GPGPG and EAAAK were used to connect epitopes. The final sequence consisted of 747 amino acid residues, and the expressed soluble protein (∼79.6 kDa) was predicted to be both non-allergenic and antigenic. The tertiary structure of modeled protein was refined and validated, and the interactions of vaccine 3D structure were evaluated using molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation (RMSD, RMSF and Gyration). This structurally stable protein could interact with human TLR5. The C-ImmSim server predicted that this proposed vaccine likely induces an immune response by stimulating T and B cells, making it a potential candidate for further evaluation for the prevention and treatment of Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noushid Zare
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Zamani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Abdoli
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aslanbeigi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Rahimi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammadreza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1983535511, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Futoma-Kołoch B, Małaszczuk M, Korzekwa K, Steczkiewicz M, Gamian A, Bugla-Płoskońska G. The Prolonged Treatment of Salmonella enterica Strains with Human Serum Effects in Phenotype Related to Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010883. [PMID: 36614327 PMCID: PMC9821590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica as common pathogens of humans and animals are good model organisms to conduct research on bacterial biology. Because these bacteria can multiply in both the external environments and in the living hosts, they prove their wide adaptability. It has been previously demonstrated that prolonged exposition of Salmonella serotype O48 cells to normal human serum led to an increase in resistance to sera in connection with the synthesis of very long O-antigen. In this work, we have studied the phenotype connected to virulence of Salmonella enterica strains that were subjected to consecutive passages in 50% human serum from platelet-poor plasma (SPPP). We found that eight passages in SPPP may not be enough for the bacteria to become serum-resistant (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Senftenberg). Moreover, C1q and C3c complement components bound to Salmonellae (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Hammonia) membrane proteins, which composition has been changed after passaging in sera. Interestingly, passages in SPPP generated genetic changes within gene fljB, which translated to cells’ motility (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Erlangen). One strain, S. Hammonia exposed to a serum developed a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype and two S. Isaszeg and S. Erlangen tolerance to disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium salts (QAS). Furthermore, colonial morphotypes of the serum adaptants were similar to those produced by starter cultures. These observations suggest that overcoming stressful conditions is manifested on many levels. Despite great phenotypic diversity occurring after prolonged exposition to SPPP, morphotypes of colonies remained unchanged in basic media. This work is an example in which stable morphotypes distinguished by altered virulence can be confusing during laboratory work with life-threatening strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Futoma-Kołoch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.F.-K.); (G.B.-P.); Tel.: +48-71-375-62-22 (B.F.-K.); +48-71-375-62-28 (G.B.-P.)
| | - Michał Małaszczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Steczkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.F.-K.); (G.B.-P.); Tel.: +48-71-375-62-22 (B.F.-K.); +48-71-375-62-28 (G.B.-P.)
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Dudek B, Rybka J, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Futoma-Kołoch B, Pawlak A, Gamian A. Biological functions of sialic acid as a component of bacterial endotoxin. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1028796. [PMID: 36338080 PMCID: PMC9631793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1028796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is an important Gram-negative bacteria antigen. LPS of some bacteria contains sialic acid (Neu5Ac) as a component of O-antigen (O-Ag), in this review we present an overview of bacteria in which the presence of Neu5Ac has been confirmed in their outer envelope and the possible ways that bacteria can acquire Neu5Ac. We explain the role of Neu5Ac in bacterial pathogenesis, and also involvement of Neu5Ac in bacterial evading the host innate immunity response and molecular mimicry phenomenon. We also highlight the role of sialic acid in the mechanism of bacterial resistance to action of serum complement. Despite a number of studies on involvement of Neu5Ac in bacterial pathogenesis many aspects of this phenomenon are still not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Bartłomiej Dudek,
| | - Jacek Rybka
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Andrzej Gamian,
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5
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Krzyżewska-Dudek E, Kotimaa J, Kapczyńska K, Rybka J, Meri S. Lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins as main structures involved in complement evasion strategies of non-typhoidal Salmonella strains. Mol Immunol 2022; 150:67-77. [PMID: 35998438 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections pose a serious public health problem. In addition to the typical course of salmonellosis, an infection with Salmonella bacteria can often lead to parenteral infections and sepsis, which are particularly dangerous for children, the elderly and immunocompromised. Bacterial resistance to serum is a key virulence factor for the development of systemic infections. Salmonella, as an enterobacterial pathogen, has developed several mechanisms to escape and block the antibacterial effects of the complement system. In this review, we discuss the relevance of outer membrane polysaccharides to the complement evasion mechanisms of NTS strains. These include the influence of the overall length and density of the lipopolysaccharide molecules, modifications of the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide composition and the role of capsular polysaccharides in opsonization and protection of the outer membrane from the lytic action of complement. Additionally, we discuss specific outer membrane protein complement evasion mechanisms, such as recruitment of complement regulatory proteins, blocking assembly of late complement components to form the membrane attack complex and the proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krzyżewska-Dudek
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Diagnostic Center (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Kotimaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Diagnostic Center (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Kapczyńska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Rybka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Diagnostic Center (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Serek P, Lewandowski Ł, Dudek B, Pietkiewicz J, Jermakow K, Kapczyńska K, Krzyżewska E, Bednarz-Misa I. Klebsiella pneumoniae enolase-like membrane protein interacts with human plasminogen. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151518. [PMID: 34237624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many models assessing the risk of sepsis utilize the knowledge of the constituents of the plasminogen system, as it is proven that some species of bacteria can activate plasminogen, as a result of interactions with bacterial outer membrane proteins. However, much is yet to be discovered about this interaction since there is little information regarding some bacterial species. This study is aimed to check if Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the major factors of nosocomial pneumonia and a factor for severe sepsis, has the ability to bind to human plasminogen. The strain used in this study, PCM 2713, acted as a typical representative of the species. With use of various methods, including: electron microscopy, 2-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting and peptide fragmentation fingerprinting, it is shown that Klebsiella pneumoniae binds to human plasminogen, among others, due to plasminogen-bacterial enolase-like protein interaction, occurring on the outer membrane of the bacterium. Moreover, the study reveals, that other proteins, such as: phosphoglucomutase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase act as putative plasminogen-binding factors. These information may virtually act as a foundation for future studies investigating: the: pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and means for prevention from the outcomes of Klebsiella-derived sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Serek
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Pietkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jermakow
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kapczyńska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eva Krzyżewska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Dudek B, Książczyk M, Krzyżewska E, Rogala K, Kuczkowski M, Woźniak-Biel A, Korzekwa K, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Ratajszczak R, Wieliczko A, Rybka J, Bugla-Płoskońska G. Comparison of the phylogenetic analysis of PFGE profiles and the characteristic of virulence genes in clinical and reptile associated Salmonella strains. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:312. [PMID: 31477105 PMCID: PMC6721270 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is generally considered as a human pathogen causing typhoid fever and gastrointestinal infections called salmonellosis, with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium strains as the main causative agents. Salmonella enterica strains have a wide host array including humans, birds, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, reptiles, amphibians and insects. Up to 90% of reptiles are the carriers of one or more serovars of Salmonella. Extraintestinal bacterial infections associated with reptiles pose serious health threat to humans. The import of exotic species of reptiles as pet animals to Europe correlates with the emergence of Salmonella serotypes, which not found previously in European countries. The presented study is a new report about Salmonella serotypes associated with exotic reptiles in Poland. The goal of this research was to examine the zoonotic potential of Salmonella strains isolated from reptiles by comparative analysis with S. Enteritidis strains occurring in human population and causing salmonellosis. RESULTS The main findings of our work show that exotic reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella serovars other than correlated with salmonellosis in humans (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium). Among the isolated Salmonella strains we identified serovars that have not been reported earlier in Poland, for example belonging to subspecies diarizonae and salamae. Restriction analysis with Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), showed a great diversity among Salmonella strains isolated from reptiles. Almost all tested strains had distinct restriction patterns. While S. Enteritidis strains were quite homogeneous in term of phylogenetic relations. Most of the tested VGs were common for the two tested groups of Salmonella strains. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results show that Salmonella strains isolated from reptiles share most of virulence genes with the S. Enteritidis strains and exhibit a greater phylogenetic diversity than the tested S. Enteritidis population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Książczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eva Krzyżewska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Rogala
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuczkowski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Woźniak-Biel
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Alina Wieliczko
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Rybka
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Chiok KLR, Shah DH. Identification of common highly expressed genes of Salmonella Enteritidis by in silico prediction of gene expression and in vitro transcriptomic analysis. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2948-2963. [PMID: 30953073 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens are the reservoir host of Salmonella Enteritidis. Salmonella Enteritidis colonizes the gastro-intestinal tract of chickens and replicates within macrophages without causing clinically discernable illness. Persistence of S. Enteritidis in the hostile environments of intestinal tract and macrophages allows it to disseminate extra-intestinally to liver, spleen, and reproductive tract. Extra-intestinal dissemination into reproductive tract leads to contamination of internal contents of eggs, which is a major risk factor for human infection. Understanding the genes that contribute to S. Enteritidis persistence in the chicken host is central to elucidate the genetic basis of the unique pathobiology of this public health pathogen. The aim of this study was to identify a succinct set of genes associated with infection-relevant in vitro environments to provide a rational foundation for subsequent biologically-relevant research. We used in silico prediction of gene expression and RNA-seq technology to identify a core set of 73 S. Enteritidis genes that are consistently highly expressed in multiple S. Enteritidis strains cultured at avian physiologic temperature under conditions that represent intestinal and intracellular environments. These common highly expressed (CHX) genes encode proteins involved in bacterial metabolism, protein synthesis, cell-envelope biogenesis, stress response, and a few proteins with uncharacterized functions. Further studies are needed to dissect the contribution of these CHX genes to the pathobiology of S. Enteritidis in the avian host. Several of the CHX genes could serve as promising targets for studies towards the development of immunoprophylactic and novel therapeutic strategies to prevent colonization of chickens and their environment with S. Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lam R Chiok
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040
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9
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Lindholm M, Min Aung K, Nyunt Wai S, Oscarsson J. Role of OmpA1 and OmpA2 in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus serum resistance. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 11:1536192. [PMID: 30598730 PMCID: PMC6225413 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus belong to the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative organisms, a recognized cause of infective endocarditis. A. actinomycetemcomitans is also implicated in aggressive forms of periodontitis. We demonstrated that A. aphrophilus strains, as A. actinomycetemcomitans are ubiquitously serum resistant. Both species encode two Outer membrane protein A paralogues, here denoted OmpA1 and OmpA2. As their respective pangenomes contain several OmpA1 and OmpA2 alleles, they represent potential genotypic markers. A naturally competent strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans and A. aphrophilus, respectively were used to elucidate if OmpA1 and OmpA2 contribute to serum resistance. Whereas OmpA1 was critical for survival of A. actinomycetemcomitans D7SS in 50% normal human serum (NHS), serum resistant ompA1 mutants were fortuitously obtained, expressing enhanced levels of OmpA2. Similarly, OmpA1 rather than OmpA2 was a major contributor to serum resistance of A. aphrophilus HK83. Far-Western blot revealed that OmpA1AA, OmpA2AA, and OmpA1AP can bind to C4-binding protein, an inhibitor of classical and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) complement activation. Indeed, ompA1 mutants were susceptible to these pathways, but also to alternative complement activation. This may at least partly reflect a compromised outer membrane integrity but is also consistent with alternative mechanisms involved in OmpA-mediated serum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lindholm
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Li MF, Sun L. Edwardsiella tarda Sip2: A Serum-Induced Protein That Is Essential to Serum Survival, Acid Resistance, Intracellular Replication, and Host Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1084. [PMID: 29887847 PMCID: PMC5980991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a broad-host pathogen that can infect mammals, reptiles, and fish. E. tarda exhibits a remarkable ability to survive in host serum and replicate in host phagocytes, but the underlining mechanism is unclear. In this study, in order to identify E. tarda proteins involved in serum resistance, iTRAQ proteomic analysis was performed to examine the whole-cell protein profiles of TX01, a pathogenic E. tarda isolate, in response to serum treatment. Of the differentially expressed proteins identified, one (named Sip2) possesses a conserved hydrogenase domain and is homologous to the putative hydrogenase accessory protein HypB. When Sip2 was expressed in Escherichia coli, it significantly enhanced the survival of the host cells in serum. Compared to TX01, the sip2 knockout, TX01Δsip2, was dramatically reduced in the ability of hydrogenase activity, serum resistance, intracellular replication, dissemination in fish tissues, and causing mortality in infected fish. The lost virulence capacities of TX01Δsip2 were restored by complementation with the sip2 gene. Furthermore, TX01Δsip2 was significantly reduced in the capacity to grow under low pHs and iron-depleted conditions, and was unable to maintain its internal pH in acidic environment. Taken together, these results indicate that Sip2 is a novel serum-induced protein that is essential to serum resistance, cellular and tissue infection, and coping with acidic stress via its ability to modulate intracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Pawlak A, Rybka J, Dudek B, Krzyżewska E, Rybka W, Kędziora A, Klausa E, Bugla-Płoskońska G. Salmonella O48 Serum Resistance is Connected with the Elongation of the Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Containing Sialic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2022. [PMID: 28934165 PMCID: PMC5666704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is one of the most important parts of the innate immune system. Some bacteria can gain resistance against the bactericidal action of complement by decorating their outer cell surface with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) containing a very long O-antigen or with specific outer membrane proteins. Additionally, the presence of sialic acid in the LPS molecules can provide a level of protection for bacteria, likening them to human cells, a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry. Salmonella O48, which contains sialic acid in the O-antigen, is the major cause of reptile-associated salmonellosis, a worldwide public health problem. In this study, we tested the effect of prolonged exposure to human serum on strains from Salmonella serogroup O48, specifically on the O-antigen length. After multiple passages in serum, three out of four tested strains became resistant to serum action. The gas-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that, for most of the strains, the average length of the LPS O-antigen increased. Thus, we have discovered a link between the resistance of bacterial cells to serum and the elongation of the LPS O-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jacek Rybka
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Eva Krzyżewska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Rybka
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Kędziora
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Klausa
- Regional Centre of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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Relationship of Triamine-Biocide Tolerance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg to Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Serum Resistance and Outer Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071459. [PMID: 28696348 PMCID: PMC5535950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A new emerging phenomenon is the association between the incorrect use of biocides in the process of disinfection in farms and the emergence of cross-resistance in Salmonella populations. Adaptation of the microorganisms to the sub-inhibitory concentrations of the disinfectants is not clear, but may result in an increase of sensitivity or resistance to antibiotics, depending on the biocide used and the challenged Salmonella serovar. Exposure of five Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) strains to triamine-containing disinfectant did not result in variants with resistance to antibiotics, but has changed their susceptibility to normal human serum (NHS). Three biocide variants developed reduced sensitivity to NHS in comparison to the sensitive parental strains, while two isolates lost their resistance to serum. For S. Senftenberg, which exhibited the highest triamine tolerance (6 × MIC) and intrinsic sensitivity to 22.5% and 45% NHS, a downregulation of flagellin and enolase has been demonstrated, which might suggest a lower adhesion and virulence of the bacteria. This is the first report demonstrating the influence of biocide tolerance on NHS resistance. In conclusion, there was a potential in S. Senftenberg to adjust to the conditions, where the biocide containing triamine was present. However, the adaptation did not result in the increase of antibiotic resistance, but manifested in changes within outer membrane proteins’ patterns. The strategy of bacterial membrane proteins’ analysis provides an opportunity to adjust the ways of infection treatments, especially when it is connected to the life-threating bacteremia caused by Salmonella species.
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Guo R, Li Z, Jiao Y, Geng S, Pan Z, Chen X, Li Q, Jiao X. O-polysaccharide is important for Salmonella Pullorum survival in egg albumen, and virulence and colonization in chicken embryos. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:535-540. [PMID: 28470101 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1324197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Salmonella Pullorum is the causative agent of persistent systemic infection of poultry, leading to economic losses in developing countries due to morbidity, mortality and reduction in egg production. These infections may result in vertical transmission to eggs or progeny. Limited information is available regarding the mechanisms involved in the survival of Salmonella Pullorum in egg albumen and developing chicken embryos. Hence, we investigated the role of O-polysaccharide in the contamination of eggs and the colonization of chicken embryos. Compared with the wild-type strain, the isogenic waaL mutant exhibited an O-antigen-deficient rough phenotype, and increased sensitivity to egg albumen and chicken serum, as well as reduced adherence to DF-1 cells. Infection with Salmonella Pullorum lacking O-polysaccharide resulted in significantly reduced embryo lethality and bacterial colonization. These results suggest that O-polysaccharide is essential for Salmonella Pullorum colonization in eggs, both post-lay and developing embryos. The chicken embryo infection model could be used to characterize the interaction between Salmonella Pullorum and developing embryos, and it will also contribute to the development of more rational vaccines to protect laying hens and embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxian Guo
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyang Li
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chen
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
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