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Kępka K, Wójcik E, Wysokińska A. Identification of Genomic Instability in Cows Infected with BVD Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3800. [PMID: 38136837 PMCID: PMC10740913 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An important factor for dairy cattle farmers is the profitability of cattle rearing, which is influenced by the animals' health and reproductive parameters, as well as their genomic stability and integrity. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) negatively affects the health of dairy cattle and causes reproductive problems. The aim of the study was to identify genomic instability in cows with reproductive disorders following infection with the BVD virus. The material for analysis was peripheral blood from Holstein-Friesian cows with reproductive problems, which had tested positive for BVD, and from healthy cows with no reproductive problems, which had tested negative for BVD. Three cytogenetic tests were used: the sister chromatid exchange assay, fragile sites assay, and comet assay. Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups and between the individual cows in the average frequency of damage. The assays were good biomarkers of genomic stability and enabled the identification of individuals with an increased frequency of damage to genetic material that posed a negative impact on their health. The assays can be used to prevent disease during its course and evaluate the genetic resistance of animals. This is especially important for the breeder, both for economic and breeding reasons. Of the three assays, the comet assay proved to be the most sensitive for identifying DNA damage in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Wójcik
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (K.K.); (A.W.)
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Al-Mubarak AIA, Al-Kubati AAG, Skeikh A, Hussen J, Kandeel M, Flemban B, Hemida MG. A longitudinal study of bovine viral diarrhea virus in a semi-closed management dairy cattle herd, 2020-2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1221883. [PMID: 37781291 PMCID: PMC10538974 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1221883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) brings great economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. Developing a control/prevention strategy requires the prior assessment of certain epidemiological parameters. To determine the BVD incidence rate and associated risk factors, a dairy cattle herd in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia was monitored between 2020 and 2022. Methods Nasal swabs (n = 190), rectal swabs (n = 190), and sera (n = 190) were collected from 79 cows in this herd. Collected sera and swabs were tested using the commercially available ELISAs for the BVDV antibodies and antigens, respectively. Collected sera were also tested for the presence of BVDV nucleic acids using commercial real-time RT-PCR kits. Results and discussion Our data show BVDV seroprevalence (18.8%, 15%, and 8.2%) in the tested animals in 2020-2022, respectively. None of the collected nasal swabs, rectal swabs, or sera tested positive for the BVDV antigen, whereas 10.1%, 10%, and 18.1% of the tested sera were positive for BVDV nucleic acid in 2020-2022, respectively. The incidence rate was estimated at 0.02446 new cases/year despite the detection of BVDV in seronegative animals on single or two occasions at ≥6-month intervals. Young calves and bulls remained apparently unexposed to BVDV despite their presence with BVDV-infected females, with no significant physical separation. Both seropositivity and nucleic acid detectability showed significant positive and negative correlations, respectively, with reproductive performance. Collectively, the present study provides useful clues about the transmissibility of BVDV in the presence of possibly persistently infected animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of BVDV in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Further detailed characterization of the circulating BVDVs is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Abdullah Skeikh
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Baraa Flemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, United States
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Casey-Bryars M, Tratalos JA, Graham DA, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo MP, Barrett D, O’Grady L, Madden JM, McGrath G, More SJ. Risk factors for detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in low-risk herds during the latter stages of Ireland’s eradication programme. Prev Vet Med 2022; 201:105607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chantillon L, Devriendt B, De Jonge B, Oostvogels J, Coppens J, Pas ML, Bokma J, Pardon B. Three cases of alloimmune mediated pancytopenia in calves resembling bovine neonatal pancytopenia. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:11. [PMID: 34980122 PMCID: PMC8721189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Between 2007 and 2011 several thousands of calves died from bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP), a bleeding syndrome triggered by vaccine induced alloantibodies from the dams. Following withdrawal of the involved bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDv) vaccine, the incidence of this condition rapidly decreased, with no reported cases in the last 5 years. Here, we report a recent immune-mediated pancytopenia in three calves from two different suckler herds, clinically indistinguishable from BNP. Case presentation Three Belgian Blue suckler calves from two different farms, aged around two weeks, showed multiple bleedings disseminated on the skin and petechiae and ecchymoses on the mucosae. Blood examination confirmed anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. BVDv infection was excluded. Despite blood transfusion and cortisone therapy, all three animals died. Necropsy and histology confirmed bone marrow depletion. Binding of IgG from the dams on leukocytes of the calves was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Two calves, originating from the same farm, received colostrum from the same dam. None of the calves were given colostrum replacers or colostrum supplements. No link with the BNP causing BVDv vaccine could be evidenced. However, dams had been vaccinated against bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bluetongue virus serotype 8. Conclusions Alloimmune mediated pancytopenia was evidenced in three animals, clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from BNP. Whether this disease is again vaccine mediated remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chantillon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - B Devriendt
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B De Jonge
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Oostvogels
- Veterinary Practice Venhei, Geelsebaan 95-97, 2460, Kasterlee, Belgium
| | - J Coppens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M L Pas
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Masiá P, Ardura A, García-Vázquez E. Virgin Polystyrene Microparticles Exposure Leads to Changes in Gills DNA and Physical Condition in the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus Galloprovincialis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082317. [PMID: 34438773 PMCID: PMC8388471 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microplastic pollution is damaging ecosystems and marine organisms worldwide, and, as this problem is becoming greater, the fate of these marine organisms should be studied. In this study, the physical condition and the DNA integrity of gills of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) have been studied under four microplastic concentrations for 21 days. A worse physical status was shown at the end of the experiment when exposed to highest concentrations; however, DNA damage was higher when exposed to lower concentrations. These results prove that mussels can be affected by direct exposure even at a low microplastic concentration due to their filter-feeding behavior, making them more vulnerable to this type of pollution. Abstract The ever-growing concentration of microplastics in the marine environment is leading to a plethora of questions regarding marine organisms’ present and future health status. In this article, the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), a commercial species distributed worldwide, has been exposed to 21 daily doses of polystyrene microparticles (10 µm) at four different concentrations that are environmentally realistic (control: no microplastics, C1: 0.02 mg/L, C2: 0.2 mg/L, and C3: 2 mg/L). The physical status through the condition index, and damages in DNA integrity in gills, through DNA fragmentation, were determined. Results showed a minor effect on DNA integrity but a worse physical status at higher doses. Results could be interpreted as a decrease in mussel feeding activity/filtration rates when exposed to high microplastic concentrations, thus reducing the direct exposure to microplastics in gills. These effects could be happening currently and/or may happen in the near future, threatening populations inhabiting microplastics-polluted environments.
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Yitagesu E, Jackson W, Kebede N, Smith W, Fentie T. Prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected calves among pastoral, peri-urban, and mixed-crop livestock farms in central and Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:87. [PMID: 33607976 PMCID: PMC7893777 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of important diseases of cattle worldwide causing economic losses to the cattle industry primarily due to increased premature culling and decreased reproductive performance. The virus can cross the placenta during early pregnancy and result in the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves that are efficient transmitters of BVDV and serving as the primary reservoirs for BVDV. Relatively few studies have focused on understanding BVDV seroprevalence, virus detection, genotyping and its distribution in Africa. Most BVDV research in Ethiopia has involved serologic surveys in adult cattle, rather than the identification of PI calves, despite their role in viral shedding and recurring infections. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in three different livestock production systems of Ethiopia with the objective to estimate the prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and BVDV persistently infected calves. Results Ear notch samples (882) collected from calves in 349 households were tested for BVDV antigen using antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE). All samples tested were negative for BVDV antigen. The overall animal level crude abortion and calf mortality prevalence were 4.0% (95% CI: 2.9–5.2) and 9.2% (95% CI: 7.7–11.0) respectively. The lower BVDV PI prevalence may be due to a lower effective contact rate between cattle reared in small-scale extensive production systems in Ethiopia. Conclusions This is the first report of BVDV Ag test in Ethiopia and no PI was detected in calves in the study areas. Since BVDV is a disease of great economic importance, this study finding must be interpreted with care since absence of evidence is not evidence of absence and even a single BVDV infected animal can serve as source of infection and contribute to the persistent spread of the virus. Greater attention needs to be given to screening for PI animals through testing large number of animals and culling positive animals. Hence, future research should focus on regions and production systems with high BVDV seroprevalence followed by antigen ELISA or BVDV real-time PCR to detect persistently infected and acutely viremic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdachew Yitagesu
- Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia. .,University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Wendi Jackson
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Woutrina Smith
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tsegaw Fentie
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Herd-level factors associated with detection of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Irish cattle herds with negative herd status (NHS) during 2017. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:104990. [PMID: 32371330 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A compulsory national BVD eradication programme commenced in Ireland in 2013. Since then considerable progress has been made, with the animal-level prevalence of calves born persistently infected (PI) falling from 0.67 % in 2013 to 0.06 % in 2018. The herd-level prevalence fell from 11.3 % in 2013 to 1.1 % in 2018. In the Irish programme, herds in which all animals have a known negative status and which have not contained any PI animals for 12 months or more are assigned a negative herd status (NHS). While considerable progress towards eradication has been made, PI calves have been identified in a small proportion of herds that had previously been assigned NHS. Given this context, a case-control study was conducted to investigate potential risk factors associated with loss of NHS in 2017. 546 herds which had NHS on 1 January 2017 and lost that status during 2017 (case herds) were matched with 2191 herds (control herds) that retained their NHS status throughout 2017. Previous history of BVD infection, herd size, herd expansion, the purchase of cattle including potential Trojan cattle and the density of BVD infection within 10 km of the herd emerged as significant factors in a multivariable logistic regression model. This work adds to the evidence base in support of the BVD eradication programme, particularly establishing why BVD re-emerged in herds which had been free of BVD for at least the previous 12 months prior to the identification of a BVD positive calf. This information will be especially important in the context of identifying herds which may be more likely to contain BVD positive animals once the programme moves to herd-based serology status for trading purposes in the post-eradication phase.
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Duan H, Ma Z, Xu L, Zhang A, Li Z, Xiao S. A novel intracellularly expressed NS5B-specific nanobody suppresses bovine viral diarrhea virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108449. [PMID: 31836380 PMCID: PMC7117317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BVDV NS5B-specific nanobodies were identified. NS5B-specific nanobody Nb1 suppresses BVDV infection and replication. Nb1 interacts with NS5B protein during BVDV infection.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide and still represents a huge pressure on agricultural production. Thus, the development of novel anti-BVDV strategies are urgently needed. The nonstructural protein 5 (NS5B) of BVDV is essential for viral replication. Further, the camel single-domain antibody (nanobody) represents a promising antiviral approach with the advantages of small size, stable structure, high specificity and solubility, and the recognition of specific epitopes. However, no NS5B-specific nanobodies against BVDV have been reported. In this study, NS5B-specific nanobodies were isolated from a phage display library of variable domains of Camellidae heavy chain-only antibodies (VHHs). Further, an MDBK cell line stably expressing Nb1 was established to explore antiviral activity. Results showed that Nb1 could markedly suppress BVDV replication and interact with the BVDV NS5B protein. This suggests that nanobodies have potential for the development of novel antiviral drugs against BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Lele Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Thulke HH, Lange M, Tratalos JA, Clegg TA, McGrath G, O'Grady L, O'Sullivan P, Doherty ML, Graham DA, More SJ. Eradicating BVD, reviewing Irish programme data and model predictions to support prospective decision making. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:151-161. [PMID: 29221591 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea is an infectious production disease of major importance in many cattle sectors of the world. The infection is predominantly transmitted by animal contact. Postnatal infections are transient, leading to immunologically protected cattle. However, for a certain window of pregnancy, in utero infection of the foetus results in persistently infected (PI) calves being the major risk of BVD spread, but also an efficient target for controlling the infection. There are two acknowledged strategies to identify PI animals for removal: tissue tag testing (direct; also known as the Swiss model) and serological screening (indirect by interpreting the serological status of the herd; the Scandinavian model). Both strategies are effective in reducing PI prevalence and herd incidence. During the first four years of the Irish national BVD eradication programme (2013-16), it has been mandatory for all newborn calves to be tested using tissue tag testing. During this period, PI incidence has substantially declined. In recent times, there has been interest among stakeholders in a change to an indirect testing strategy, with potential benefit to the overall programme, particularly with respect to cost to farmers. Advice was sought on the usefulness of implementing the necessary changes. Here we review available data from the national eradication programme and strategy performance predictions from an expert system model to quantify expected benefits of the strategy change from strategic, budgetary and implementation points of view. Key findings from our work include (i) drawbacks associated with changes to programme implementation, in particular the loss of epidemiological information to allow real-time monitoring of eradication progress or to reliably predict time to eradication, (ii) the fact that only 25% of the herds in the Irish cattle sector (14% beef, 78% dairy herds) would benefit financially from a change to serosurveillance, with half of these participants benefiting by less than EUR 75 per annum at herd level or an average of EUR 1.22 per cow, and (iii) opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of the current programme, particularly in terms of time to eradication, through enforced compliance with PI removal as currently outlined in programme recommendations. The assembled information provides scientific arguments, contributing to an informed debate of the pros and cons of a change in eradication strategy in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Thulke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - M Lange
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J A Tratalos
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - T A Clegg
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G McGrath
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L O'Grady
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P O'Sullivan
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Shinagh House, Bandon, Ireland
| | - M L Doherty
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - S J More
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Li T, Huang M, Xiao H, Zhang G, Ding J, Wu P, Zhang H, Sheng J, Chen C. Selection and characterization of specific nanobody against bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178469. [PMID: 28582444 PMCID: PMC5459339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) is caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and results in abortion, stillbirth, and fetal malformation in cows. Here, we constructed the phage display vector pCANTAB 5E-VHH and then transformed it into Escherichia coli TG1-competent cells, to construct an initial anti-BVDV nanobody gene library. We obtained a BVDV-E2 antigen epitope bait protein by prokaryotic expression using the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene of the BVDV-NADL strain published in GenBank. Phage display was used to screen the anti-BVDV nanobody gene library. We successfully constructed a high quality phage display nanobody library, with an initial library capacity of 4.32×105. After the rescue of helper phage, the titer of the phage display nanobody library was 1.3×1011. The BVDV-E2 protein was then expressed in Escherichia coli (DE3), and a 49.5 kDa band was observed with SDS-PAGE analysis that was consistent with the expected nanobody size. Thus, we were able to isolate one nanobody that exhibits high affinity and specificity against BVDV using phage display techniques. This isolated nanobody was then used in Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and qRT-PCR, and ELISA analyses of BVDV infection of MDBK cells indicated that the nanobodies exhibited good antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Shihezi University Library, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongran Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Byrne AW, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Strain SAJ, McBride S, Graham J, Lahuerta-Marin A, Harwood R, Graham DA, McDowell S. Assessment of concurrent infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and Mycobacterium bovis: A herd-level risk factor analysis from Northern Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2017; 141:38-47. [PMID: 28532992 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen of cattle, leading to severe economic and animal-welfare impacts. Furthermore, the pathogen has been associated with impacting the progression or spread of other pathogens (e.g. Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB)). During this study we investigated (i) risk factors for BVDV at a herd-level and (ii) whether there was any association between BVDV and herd-level bTB risk. The data for this study were gathered from a voluntary BVDV control programme in Northern Ireland (2013-2015) based on the identification of virus positive animals through tissue tag testing of calves. We assigned a herd-level BVDV status to 2827 participating herds, where a herd was assumed "infected" if one or more animals tested positive for BVDV. Two model suites were developed. Firstly, we assessed risk factors for BVDV herd status using multivariable logit random-effects modelling, aggregating to the calendar year level (2013-2015; n=4828; model 1). Secondly, we aggregated data across the three years of the study to give an overall status for the whole study period (n=2827; logistic model 2). Risk factors included year, herd-type, herd size, number of births, inward trade moves, calf mortality, and region. Furthermore, the herd-level bovine tuberculosis status (based on the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test outcomes, or confirmation at post-mortem), or the size of bTB breakdowns (number of SICCT test positive animals), of herds was also investigated to assess whether there was an association (co-infection) with herd BVDV status. The final models suggested that BVDV herd status was positively associated with increased levels of calf mortality, herd size, number of births, the number of BVDV tests undertaken and the number of animals introduced to the herd. There was a significant univariable positive association between BVDV status, and SICCT breakdown risk, breakdown size and confirmed bTB status in model 2. However, there was no evidence of significant associations between bTB status (using SICTT status, confirmed status or herd breakdown size) and BVDV status in final multivariable models when controlling for other significant confounders. These results provide information for action for the future control and eradication of BVDV in Northern Ireland, though these data provide little support for the hypothesised association between BVDV and bTB status at herd-level. Further animal-level analyses are necessary to investigate whether there is support for a BVD-bTB co-infection association, including the impact of co-infection on the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Byrne
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - M Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - S A J Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon Business Cube, 5 Coalisland Rd., Dungannon, Co., Tyrone, BT71 6JT, United Kingdom
| | - S McBride
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - J Graham
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - A Lahuerta-Marin
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - R Harwood
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, and Rural Affairs, Dundonald House, Belfast, BT43SB, United Kingdom
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co., Leitrim, Ireland
| | - S McDowell
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
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