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Macchia A, Aureli H, Biribicchi C, Docci A, Alisi C, Prestileo F, Galiano F, Figoli A, Mancuso R, Gabriele B, La Russa MF. In Situ Application of Anti-Fouling Solutions on a Mosaic of the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5671. [PMID: 36013809 PMCID: PMC9414945 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is among the most common issues affecting Cultural Heritage stone materials in outdoor environments. In recent years, the application of chemical agents with biocidal activity has been the most usual practice when dealing with biofilm removal. In outdoor environments, the use of these biocides is not effective enough, since the materials are constantly exposed to environmental agents and atmospheric pollutants. Thus, it becomes necessary to protect the surface of Cultural Heritage works with antimicrobial coatings to either prevent or at least limit future colonization. In this study, innovative biocides-both natural and synthetic-were applied on a Roman mosaic located in the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica to compare their effectiveness in removing the biological degradation affecting it. In addition, an antimicrobial coating called "SI-QUAT" was applied and analyzed in situ. SI-QUAT has recently entered the market for its prevention activity against biocolonization. The biocidal activity of these products was tested and monitored using different analytical portable instruments, such as the multispectral system, the spectrocolorimeter, and the bioluminometer. The analyses showed that promising results can be obtained using the combination of the biocide and the protective effect of Preventol® RI50 and SI-QUAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macchia
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Hélène Aureli
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Biribicchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Docci
- Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica, Via dei Romagnoli 717, 00119 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Alisi
- Department of Environment, Global Change and Sustainable Development, ENEA, CR-Casaccia, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Galiano
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Alberto Figoli
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
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Macchia A, Aureli H, Prestileo F, Ortenzi F, Sellathurai S, Docci A, Cerafogli E, Colasanti IA, Ricca M, La Russa MF. In-Situ Comparative Study of Eucalyptus, Basil, Cloves, Thyme, Pine Tree, and Tea Tree Essential Oil Biocide Efficacy. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5030037. [PMID: 35645345 PMCID: PMC9149846 DOI: 10.3390/mps5030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-colonization is a dynamic and multiphasic process headed by microorganisms. Conventional treatments to process affected stone materials include chemical biocides, whose formulations are mainly composed of quaternary ammonium salts(QAs), reported to be toxic for human health, dangerous for the environment, and not biodegradable. Accordingly, novel green and eco-friendly products are a promising alternative to treat stone materials deteriorated by microorganism colonization. In this study, the efficacy of pure essential oils (EOs) and a mix of EOs was assessed in situ and compared to a conventional biocide based on QAs, and two commercially green products based on EOs, which were taken as references, through application on a mosaic located at the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica (Rome). The EO biocide efficacy was analyzed by ultraviolet induced luminescence, spectro-colorimetry and bio-luminometry analyses while the possibility of their permanence on simulated substrate was studied by FTIR spectroscopy. It was observed by FTIR analysis, that EOs considered volatile can leave a residue after the application; typical fingerprint bands at about 2926, 1510, and 1455 cm−1 were recorded in the EO spectra. Every tested oil was confirmed to have a biocide action although minimal in relation to the most conventional products based on QAs. The synergy of the essential oils revealed positive results, showing a stronger biocide efficacy. Further investigation should be carried out to develop the method of application and study of essential oils on cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macchia
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Hélène Aureli
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernanda Prestileo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federico Ortenzi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Shaila Sellathurai
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Antonella Docci
- Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica, Via dei Romagnoli 717, 00119 Rome, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Cerafogli
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Irene Angela Colasanti
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Michela Ricca
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.R.); (M.F.L.R.)
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.R.); (M.F.L.R.)
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Del Mondo A, De Natale A, Pinto G, Pollio A. Survey of relevant taxonomic groups for the design of qPCR primers and internal fluorescent probes for whole characterization of subaerial biofilm. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Correction to: Novel qPCR probe systems for the characterization of subaerial biofilms on stone monuments. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Del Mondo A, Pinto G, Carbone DA, Pollio A, De Natale A. Biofilm architecture on different substrates of an Oculatella subterranea (Cyanobacteria) strain isolated from Pompeii archaeological site (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26079-26089. [PMID: 29971739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Cyanobacterium Oculatella subterranea Zammit, Billi, Albertano inhabits hypogea and stone caves and is a pioneer of different stone substrata. In this study, a strain isolated from the House of Marco Castricio (Archaeological Park of Pompeii, Italy) was identified by a polyphasic approach and used for an in vitro colonization test to verify the influence of the substrate on the biofilm architecture. Fine structure of O. subterranea microbial mats was revealed as well as filaments orientation toward light source. This aim has been achieved through confocal laser scanner microscope microscopy and computer image analysis. Moreover, bioreceptivity of five different substrates, commonly retrieved in archaeological sites of Campania, was assessed for O. subterranea. Our results show that the three-dimensional structure of O. subterranea microbial mats is poorly affected by physical and geochemical features of substrates: in fact, the porous architecture of its biofilm was preserved, independently of the materials. On the other hand, the area/perimeter ratio relative to the O. subterranea growth on tuff, brick, and porphyry showed significant differences, indicating dissimilar levels of bioreceptivity of the three substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Del Mondo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Pinto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Dora Allegra Carbone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino De Natale
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
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