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Diede C, Walker T, Carr DR, Shahwan KT. Grading differentiation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:434. [PMID: 38935165 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Poor differentiation is strongly associated with poor outcomes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). In addition, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines designate poorly differentiated tumors as "very high risk". Despite its clear prognostic implications, there is no standardized grading system for CSCC differentiation in common use today. CSCC differentiation is graded inconsistently by both dermatopathologists and Mohs surgeons, and reliability studies have demonstrated suboptimal inter- and intra-rater reliability in both of these groups. The absence of a standardized and reliable grading system has impeded the use of differentiation in CSCC staging, despite its apparent correlation with disease outcomes. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature summarizing historical CSCC differentiation grading systems, as well as grading systems in non-cutaneous head and neck SCC as a point of reference. Relevant articles were identified by searching Embase and PubMed, as well as by reviewing reference lists for additional articles and histology textbook excerpts. CSCC grading systems that were identified and summarized include the historical Broders system, the World Health Organization system, the College of American Pathologists' system, and a system described by a 2023 Delphi consensus panel of dermatopathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Diede
- University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Trent Walker
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David R Carr
- Department of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 6700 University Blvd, Columbus, OH, 43016, USA
| | - Kathryn T Shahwan
- University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 6700 University Blvd, Columbus, OH, 43016, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Altru Health System, Grand Forks, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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2
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Calabrese L, Fiocco Z, Mellett M, Aoki R, Rubegni P, French LE, Satoh TK. Role of the NLRP1 inflammasome in skin cancer and inflammatory skin diseases. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:305-315. [PMID: 37889986 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic protein complexes that play a crucial role in protecting the host against pathogenic and sterile stressors by initiating inflammation. Upon activation, these complexes directly regulate the proteolytic processing and activation of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 to induce a potent inflammatory response, and induce a programmed form of cell death called pyroptosis to expose intracellular pathogens to the surveillance of the immune system, thus perpetuating inflammation. There are various types of inflammasome complexes, with the NLRP1 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-1) inflammasome being the first one identified and currently recognized as the predominant inflammasome sensor protein in human keratinocytes. Human NLRP1 exhibits a unique domain structure, containing both an N-terminal pyrin (PYD) domain and an effector C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). It can be activated by diverse stimuli, such as viruses, ultraviolet B radiation and ribotoxic stress responses. Specific mutations in NLRP1 or related genes have been associated with rare monogenic skin disorders, such as multiple self-healing palmoplantar carcinoma; familial keratosis lichenoides chronica; autoinflammation with arthritis and dyskeratosis; and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 deficiency. Recent research breakthroughs have also highlighted the involvement of dysfunctions in the NLRP1 pathway in a handful of seemingly unrelated dermatological conditions. These range from monogenic autoinflammatory diseases to polygenic autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Additionally, emerging evidence implicates NLRP1 in systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, Addison disease, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome and leprosy. The aim of this review is to shed light on the implications of pathological dysregulation of the NLRP1 inflammasome in skin diseases and investigate the potential rationale for targeting this pathway as a future therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabrese
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeno Fiocco
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Mellett
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rui Aoki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Takashi K Satoh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
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3
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Zhang Y, Xu X, Cheng H, Zhou F. AIM2 and Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085448. [PMID: 36742336 PMCID: PMC9889639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease occurring worldwide, with multiple systemic complications, which seriously affect the quality of life and physical and mental health of patients. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is related to the environment, genetics, epigenetics, and dysregulation of immune cells such as T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and nonimmune cells such as keratinocytes. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), a susceptibility gene locus for psoriasis, has been strongly linked to the genetic and epigenetic aspects of psoriasis and increased in expression in psoriatic keratinocytes. AIM2 was found to be activated in an inflammasome-dependent way to release IL-1β and IL-18 to mediate inflammation, and to participate in immune regulation in psoriasis, or in an inflammasome-independent way by regulating the function of regulatory T(Treg) cells or programming cell death in keratinocytes as well as controlling the proliferative state of different cells. AIM2 may also play a role in the recurrence of psoriasis by trained immunity. In this review, we will elaborate on the characteristics of AIM2 and how AIM2 mediates the development of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
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4
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Di Filippo M, Hennig P, Karakaya T, Slaufova M, Beer HD. NLRP1 in Cutaneous SCCs: An Example of the Complex Roles of Inflammasomes in Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12308. [PMID: 36293159 PMCID: PMC9603439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein complexes termed inflammasomes ensure tissue protection from pathogenic and sterile stressors by induction of inflammation. This is mediated by different caspase-1-induced downstream pathways, including activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines proIL-1β and -18, induction of a lytic type of cell death, and regulation of the release of other pro-inflammatory molecules. Aberrant inflammasome activation underlies the pathology of numerous (auto)inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, inflammasomes support or suppress tumor development in a complex cell-type- and stage-dependent manner. In human keratinocytes and skin, NLRP1 is the central inflammasome sensor activated by cellular perturbation induced, for example, by UVB radiation. UVB represents the main inducer of skin cancer, which is the most common type of malignancy in humans. Recent evidence demonstrates that activation of NLRP1 in human skin supports the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) by inducing skin inflammation. In contrast, the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway is restrained in established cSCCs, suggesting that, at this stage, the protein complex has a tumor suppressor role. A better understanding of the complex functions of NLRP1 in the development of cSCCs and in general of inflammasomes in cancer might pave the way for novel strategies for cancer prevention and therapy. These strategies might include stage-specific modulation of inflammasome activation or its downstream pathways by mono- or combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tugay Karakaya
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Slaufova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Piipponen M, Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. The Role of p53 in Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184507. [PMID: 34572732 PMCID: PMC8466956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common types of cancer worldwide, and their incidence is increasing. Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the three major types of skin cancer. Melanoma originates from melanocytes, whereas BCC and cSCC originate from epidermal keratinocytes and are therefore called keratinocyte carcinomas. Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a common risk factor for skin cancers, but they differ with respect to oncogenic mutational profiles and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. cSCC is the most common metastatic skin cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis in the advanced stage. An important early event in cSCC development is mutation of the TP53 gene and inactivation of the tumor suppressor function of the tumor protein 53 gene (TP53) in epidermal keratinocytes, which then leads to accumulation of additional oncogenic mutations. Additional genomic and proteomic alterations are required for the progression of premalignant lesion, actinic keratosis, to invasive and metastatic cSCC. Recently, the role of p53 in the invasion of cSCC has also been elucidated. In this review, the role of p53 in the progression of cSCC and as potential new therapeutic target for cSCC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Division, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2-3131600
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6
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Ko EK, Capell BC. Methyltransferases in the Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143402. [PMID: 34298617 PMCID: PMC8304454 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the disruption of gene expression by alterations in DNA, RNA, and histone methylation may be critical contributors to the pathogenesis of keratinocyte cancers (KCs), made up of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), which collectively outnumber all other human cancers combined. While it is clear that methylation modifiers are frequently dysregulated in KCs, the underlying molecular and mechanistic changes are only beginning to be understood. Intriguingly, it has recently emerged that there is extensive cross-talk amongst these distinct methylation processes. Here, we summarize and synthesize the latest findings in this space and highlight how these discoveries may uncover novel therapeutic approaches for these ubiquitous cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Brian C. Capell
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Wright Q, Gonzalez Cruz JL, Wells JW, Leggatt GR. PD-1 and beyond to Activate T Cells in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Cancers: The Case for 4-1BB and VISTA Antibodies in Combination Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3310. [PMID: 34282763 PMCID: PMC8269268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) have a higher incidence than all other cancers combined with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), capable of metastasis, representing approximately 20% of NMSCs. Given the accessibility of the skin, surgery is frequently employed to treat localized disease, although certain localities, the delineation of clear margins, frequency and recurrence of tumors can make these cancers inoperable in a subset of patients. Other treatment modalities, including cryotherapy, are commonly used for individual lesions, with varying success. Immunotherapy, particularly with checkpoint antibodies, is increasingly a promising therapeutic approach in many cancers, offering the potential advantage of immune memory for protection against lesion recurrence. This review addresses a role for PD-1, 4-1BB and VISTA checkpoint antibodies as monotherapies, or in combination as a therapeutic treatment for both early and late-stage cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graham R. Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (Q.W.); (J.L.G.C.); (J.W.W.)
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8
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Mulvaney PM, Massey PR, Yu KK, Drinan JE, Schmults CD. Differential Molecular Expression Patterns Associated with Metastasis in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2161-2169. [PMID: 33771528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are treated by surgical removal; however, approximately 4% of tumors will metastasize. Molecular expression testing may improve accuracy in estimating the prognosis and defining the mechanisms important in the disease progression, which may impact response to therapy. Using PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE, a systematic review was performed to evaluate studies published from January 2005 to August 2019 reporting tumor protein or RNA expression along with either outcomes (metastasis or death) or a comparison of primary with metastatic tumor samples. Inclusion criteria were met by 45 studies containing 81 comparisons of 44 distinct proteins and 25 microRNAs. On meta-analysis of studies analyzing primary tumor samples in terms of later outcomes, high primary tumor expression of PD-L1 (OR = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-5.02, P = 0.030), EGFR (OR = 2.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.24-5.33, P = 0.011), and podoplanin (OR = 2.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-5.41, P = 0.049) conferred increased odds for metastasis. In comparison, metastatic tissue was more likely to have a high expression of PD-L1 than primary tissue (OR = 3.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-9.75, P = 0.049). Further studies are needed to confirm whether testing for PD-L1, EGFR, and podoplanin expression aids in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas prognostic estimation of metastasis or death or predicts response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Mulvaney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R Massey
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth K Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack E Drinan
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chryslayne D Schmults
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Magnotti F, Valsesia S, Gupta P, Flechtenmacher C, Contard P, Viarisio D, Venuti A, Wencker M, Tommasino M, Marvel J, Henry T. The Inflammasome Adaptor ASC Delays UV-Induced Skin Tumorigenesis in Beta HPV38 E6 and E7 Transgenic Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:236-238.e2. [PMID: 32470340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Magnotti
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Valsesia
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Purnima Gupta
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Contard
- Anira-PBES, SFR Biosciences, UMS3444/CNRS, US8/Inserm, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon (UCBL), Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniele Viarisio
- Infection and Cancer Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assunta Venuti
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France.
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10
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Wang Y, Li Z, Teng M, Liu J. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway by inducing autophagy in A431 human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2705-2715. [PMID: 34104103 PMCID: PMC8176175 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.57167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has been previously demonstrated; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study sought to verify the therapeutic effect of DHA against cSCC and explore its underlying mechanism in A431 cSCC cells. This study reported that DHA inhibited A431 cells proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and promoted A431 cells apoptosis. Moreover, DHA inhibited the invasion and migration of A431 cells. Mechanistically, DHA promoted autophagy and inhibited activation of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. Treatment of A431 cells with the mTOR inhibitor, and autophagy promoter, rapamycin also inhibited these two pathways. In conclusion, DHA inhibited activation of the AIM2 inflammasome pathway and NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway by promoting autophagy in A431 cells, thus accounting for its therapeutic effect. Induction of autophagy by DHA may be mediated by inhibiting the mTOR pathway and promoting reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, Guangdong, China
| | - Muzhou Teng
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, Guangdong, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy frequently occurring on body surfaces chronically exposed to ultraviolet radiation. While a large majority of tumors remain localized to the skin and immediate subcutaneous tissue and are cured with surgical excision, a small subset of patients with cSCC will develop metastatic disease. Risk stratification for cSCC is performed using clinical staging systems, but given a high mutational burden and advances in targeted and immunotherapy, there is growing interest in molecular predictors of high-risk disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature on the risk for metastasis in cSCC includes notable findings in genes involved in cell-cycle regulation, tumor suppression, tissue invasion and microenvironment, interactions with the host-immune system, and epigenetic regulation. SUMMARY cSCC is a highly mutated tumor with complex carcinogenesis. Regulators of tumor growth and local invasion are numerous and increasingly well-understood but drivers of metastasis are less established. Areas of importance include central system regulators (NOTCH, miRNAs), proteins involved in tissue invasion (podoplanin, E-cadherin), and targets of existing and emerging therapeutics (PD-1, epidermal growth factor receptor). Given the complexity of cSCC carcinogenesis, the use of machine learning algorithms and computational genomics may provide ultimate insight and prospective studies are needed to verify clinical relevance.
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12
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Nikolouzakis TK, Falzone L, Lasithiotakis K, Krüger-Krasagakis S, Kalogeraki A, Sifaki M, Spandidos DA, Chrysos E, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Current and Future Trends in Molecular Biomarkers for Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Purposes in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2868. [PMID: 32899768 PMCID: PMC7564050 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer represents the most common type of cancer among Caucasians and presents in two main forms: melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSC is an umbrella term, under which basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) are found along with the pre-neoplastic lesions, Bowen disease (BD) and actinic keratosis (AK). Due to the mild nature of the majority of NMSC cases, research regarding their biology has attracted much less attention. Nonetheless, NMSC can bear unfavorable characteristics for the patient, such as invasiveness, local recurrence and distant metastases. In addition, late diagnosis is relatively common for a number of cases of NMSC due to the inability to recognize such cases. Recognizing the need for clinically and economically efficient modes of diagnosis, staging, and prognosis, the present review discusses the main etiological and pathological features of NMSC as well as the new and promising molecular biomarkers available including telomere length (TL), telomerase activity (TA), CpG island methylation (CIM), histone methylation and acetylation, microRNAs (miRNAs), and micronuclei frequency (MNf). The evaluation of all these aspects is important for the correct management of NMSC; therefore, the current review aims to assist future studies interested in exploring the diagnostic and prognostic potential of molecular biomarkers for these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, I-80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Konstantinos Lasithiotakis
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.L.); (E.C.)
| | | | - Alexandra Kalogeraki
- Department of Pathology-Cytopathology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Maria Sifaki
- Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Emmanuel Chrysos
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
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Khan AQ, Ahmad F, Raza SS, Zarif L, Siveen KS, Sher G, Agha MV, Rashid K, Kulinski M, Buddenkotte J, Uddin S, Steinhoff M. Role of non-coding RNAs in the progression and resistance of cutaneous malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:208-226. [PMID: 32717336 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Protti MP, De Monte L. Dual Role of Inflammasome Adaptor ASC in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:40. [PMID: 32117971 PMCID: PMC7010858 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase activation and recruitment domain) (ASC), also called PYCARD/Target of Methylation-induced Silencing-1 (TMS1), was originally discovered as a protein that forms aggregates (“specks”) in human leukemia cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents. Its expression was found to be silenced by methylation in many human tumors, preventing tumor cells from undergoing apoptosis and supporting its role as a tumor suppressor. Subsequently, ASC was also identified as a central adaptor molecule of the inflammasome complex, which mediates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β and IL-18). Inflammatory cytokines have been shown to mediate tumor-promoting functions. Thus, in the context of cancer development and progression, ASC may exert opposing functions, i.e., be either tumor-suppressing by inducing tumor cell apoptosis, or tumor-promoting by favoring secretion of inflammatory cytokines (by tumor cells and/or tumor infiltrating myeloid cells) within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report and discuss this dual role of ASC by also considering the final contribution of each of its two main functions in several cancer types, taking into consideration the correlation between ASC expression, clinical correlates, and patients’ survival. ASC and inflammasome targeting strategies are being developed. However, before the use of such treatments in clinical practice, it is fundamental to better dissect the role of ASC in different tumors, in order to privilege or avoid their use in those tumors in which ASC exerts an anti-tumor or pro-tumor function, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia De Monte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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15
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Hervás-Marín D, Higgins F, Sanmartín O, López-Guerrero JA, Bañó MC, Igual JC, Quilis I, Sandoval J. Genome wide DNA methylation profiling identifies specific epigenetic features in high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223341. [PMID: 31860637 PMCID: PMC6924689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer. Although most cSCCs have good prognosis, a subgroup of high-risk cSCC has a higher frequency of recurrence and mortality. Therefore, the identification of molecular risk factors associated with this aggressive subtype is of major interest. In this work we carried out a global-scale approach to investigate the DNA-methylation profile in patients at different stages, from premalignant actinic keratosis to low-risk invasive and high-risk non-metastatic and metastatic cSCC. The results showed massive non-sequential changes in DNA-methylome and identified a minimal methylation signature that discriminates between stages. Importantly, a direct comparison of low-risk and high-risk stages revealed epigenetic traits characteristic of high-risk tumours. Finally, a prognostic prediction model in cSCC patients identified a methylation signature able to predict the overall survival of patients. Thus, the analysis of DNA-methylation in cSCC revealed changes during the evolution of the disease through the different stages that can be of great value not only in the diagnosis but also in the prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hervás-Marín
- Department of Biostatistics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Faatiemah Higgins
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED) Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Onofre Sanmartín
- Dermatology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - M. Carmen Bañó
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED) Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Igual
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED) Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inma Quilis
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED) Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Sandoval
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit (UByMP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Caruntu C, Dumitru C, Surcel M, Zurac S. Inflammation: A key process in skin tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4068-4084. [PMID: 30944600 PMCID: PMC6444305 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extremely delicate shift from an inflammatory process to tumorigenesis is a field of major scientific interest. While the inflammation induced by environmental agents has well known underlying mechanisms, less is known concerning the oncogenic changes that follow an inflammatory chronic status in the tissue microenvironment that can lead to pro-tumorigenic processes. Regardless of the origin of the environmental factors, the maintenance of an inflammatory microenvironment is a clear condition that favors tumorigenesis. Inflammation sustains the proliferation and survival of malignant transformed cells, can promote angiogenesis and metastatic processes, can negatively regulate the antitumoral adaptive and innate immune responses and may alter the efficacy of therapeutic agents. There is an abundance of studies focusing on molecular pathways that trigger inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis, and these data have revealed a series of biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and prognosis in oncology. In skin there is a clear connection between tissue destruction, inflammation and tumor onset. Inflammation is a self-limiting process in normal physiological conditions, while tumor is a constitutive process activating new pro-tumor mechanisms. Among skin cancers, the most commonly diagnosed skin cancers, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) have important inflammatory components. The most aggressive skin cancer, melanoma, is extensively research in regards to the new context of novel developed immune-therapies. In skin cancers, inflammatory markers can find their place in the biomarker set for improvement of diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Dumitru
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Sand J, Fenini G, Grossi S, Hennig P, Di Filippo M, Levesque M, Werner S, French LE, Beer HD. The NLRP1 Inflammasome Pathway Is Silenced in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1788-1797.e6. [PMID: 30738816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome protein NLRP1 is an important innate immune sensor in human keratinocytes, and, together with ASC and caspase-1, it mediates the activation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. These cytokines and inflammasomes can have partly opposing roles during tumorigenesis in mice. In contrast, ASC expression is impaired in different types of cancer in humans. In this study, we analyzed inflammasome activation and expression of inflammasome proteins, including their downstream cytokines, in squamous cell carcinomas, a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer derived from keratinocytes. We assessed mRNA and protein levels in human primary keratinocytes and skin carcinoma-derived SCC cell lines and detected a strong down-regulation of expression of NLRP1 inflammasome components, as well as reduced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines proIL-1β and proIL-1α. Protein levels of NLRP1, ASC, caspase-1, and proIL-1β were reduced in patient-derived SCC biopsy samples compared with healthy skin. Furthermore, the results suggest that expression of PYCARD (ASC), CASP1, IL1B, and NLRP1 is silenced by methylation in SCC cell lines. In conclusion, the down-regulation of the inflammasome pathway in SCCs might favor late tumor development in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Fenini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Grossi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Mitsiogianni M, Amery T, Franco R, Zoumpourlis V, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. From chemo-prevention to epigenetic regulation: The role of isothiocyanates in skin cancer prevention. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:187-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Zhou Z, Wang L, Wen Z, Zheng S, Ye X, Liu D, Wu J, Zou X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Dong S, Huang X, Du X, Zhu K, Chen X, Huang S, Zeng C, Han Y, Zhang B, Nie L, Yang G, Jing C. Association Analysis of NLRP3 Inflammation-Related Gene Promotor Methylation as Well as Mediating Effects on T2DM and Vascular Complications in a Southern Han Chinese Population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:709. [PMID: 30555415 PMCID: PMC6281743 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the association between the methylation levels in the promoter regions of the NLRP3, AIM2, and ASC genes and T2DM and its vascular complications in a Southern Han Chinese population and further analyze their interaction and mediating effects with environmental factors in T2DM. Methods: A case-control study was used to determine the association between population characteristics, the methylation level in the promoter region of the NLRP3, AIM2, and ASC genes and T2DM and vascular complications. A mediating effect among genes-environment-T2DM and the interaction of gene-gene or gene-environment factors was explored. Results: In the logistic regression model with adjusted covariants, healthy people with lower total methylation levels in the AIM2 promoter region exhibited a 2.29-fold [OR: 2.29 (1.28~6.66), P = 0.011] increased risk of developing T2DM compared with higher-methylation individuals. T2DM patients without any vascular complications who had lower methylation levels (<methylation median) in NLRP3 CpG2 and AIM2 total methylation had 6.45 (OR: 6.45, 95% CI: 1.05~39.78, P = 0.011) and 9.48 (OR: 9.48, 95% CI: 1.14~79.00, P = 0.038) times higher risks, respectively, of developing diabetic microvascular complications than T2DM patients with higher methylation. Similar associations were also found between the lower total methylation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 promoter regions and macrovascular complication risk (NLRP3 OR: 36.03, 95% CI: 3.11~417.06, P = 0.004; AIM2 OR: 30.90, 95% CI: 2.59~368.49, P = 0.007). Lower NLRP3 promoter total methylation was related to a 17.78-fold increased risk of micro-macrovascular complications (OR: 17.78, 95% CI: 2.04~155.28, P = 0.009). Lower ASC CpG1 or CpG3 methylation levels had significant partial mediating effects on T2DM vascular complications caused by higher age (ASC CpG1 explained approximately 52.8% or 32.9% of the mediating effect of age on macrovascular or macro-microvascular complications; ASC CpG3 explained approximately 38.9% of the mediating effect of age on macrovascular complications). No gene-gene or gene-environment interaction was identified in T2DM. Conclusion: Lower levels of AIM2 promoter total methylation might increase the risk of T2DM. NLRP3, AIM2, and ASC promoter total methylation or some CpG methylation loss might increase the risk of T2DM vascular complications, which merits further study to support the robustness of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Nutriology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoling Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shirui Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuxia Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuben Du
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kehui Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengli Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Han
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baohuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Nie
- Department of Endocrine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Nie
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guang Yang
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Chunxia Jing
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20
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Nobeyama Y, Watanabe Y, Nakagawa H. Silencing of G0/G1 switch gene 2 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187047. [PMID: 29073263 PMCID: PMC5658152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methylation of a CpG island (CGI; a dense cluster of CpGs) located in the 5' region of a gene suppresses that gene's transcription. The expression of G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) is potentially associated with tumorigenesis. The aim of this study is to elucidate the methylation status of the CGI located in the 5' region of G0S2 (hereinafter called 5' G0S2 CGI) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods Quantitative real-time methylation-specific PCR (RT-MSP) and bisulfite sequencing were performed to evaluate the methylation statuses of cutaneous SCC and normal epithelial cell samples. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR was performed to evaluate RNA expression levels. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect protein expression. Results G0S2 was suppressed in the five SCC cell lines with 5' G0S2 CGI methylation levels of nearly 100.0% and was expressed in the two normal cultured keratinocytes with methylation levels of almost 0.0%. G0S2 was re-expressed in SCC cell lines treated with a demethylating agent. The in vivo methylation levels of 5' G0S2 CGI as determined by RT-MSP varied widely (0.0% to 77.7%) in 17 cutaneous SCC samples and narrowly (0.1% to 7.3%) in 6 normal epidermis samples. Nine cutaneous SCC samples exhibited higher methylation levels than the highest methylation level (7.3%) of the 6 normal epidermis samples. Bisulfite sequencing showed dense methylated CpG sites within 5' G0S2 CGI in these highly methylated cutaneous SCC samples. The methylation levels of the cutaneous SCC samples did not correlate with any clinical parameters investigated or with histopathological grading. Conclusions G0S2 is silenced by aberrant DNA methylation in a subset of cutaneous SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Nobeyama
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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De Long NE, Hardy DB, Ma N, Holloway AC. Increased incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in male rat offspring exposed to fluoxetine during fetal and neonatal life involves the NLRP3 inflammasome and augmented de novo hepatic lipogenesis. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1507-1516. [PMID: 28677866 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Up to 10% of women take selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) during pregnancy. Children exposed to SSRIs in utero have an increased risk of being overweight suggesting that fetal exposure to SSRIs can cause permanent metabolic changes. We have previously shown in rats that fetal and neonatal exposure to the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine results in metabolic perturbations including increased hepatic triglyceride content; a hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the mechanism(s) underlying the fluoxetine-induced increase in intrahepatic triglyceride content. Female nulliparous Wistar rats were given vehicle or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) orally for 2 weeks prior to mating until weaning. At 6 months of age, we assessed whether SSRI exposure altered components of the hepatic triglyceride biosynthesis pathway in the offspring and examined the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes. Male SSRI-exposed offspring had a significant increase in the steady-state mRNA levels of Elovl6 and Dgat1 and core components of the NLRP3 inflammasome (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation recruitment domain [ASC] and caspase-1). Augmented expression of Asc in the SSRI-exposed offspring coincided with increased histone acetylation in the proximal promoter region. Given that we have previously demonstrated that antenatal exposure to SSRIs can lead to fatty liver in the offspring, this raises concerns regarding the long-term metabolic sequelae of fetal SSRI exposure. Moreover, this study suggests that elevated hepatic triglyceride levels observed in the SSRI-exposed offspring may be due, in part, to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and augmentation of de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E De Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Daniel B Hardy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K6
| | - Noelle Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K6
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1
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Müller S, Smatlik N, Burian M, Ghoreschi K, Röcken M, Yazdi AS. Differential induction of ATF3 and HO-1 in myeloid cells and keratinocytes via Dimethylfumarate or Cyclosporine A. J Dermatol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28633807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammatory skin diseases are characterized by controlled proliferation of keratinocytes. Here, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) might play a fundamental role. In these inflammatory diseases, proliferation is controlled and only rarely leads to cancer development which can be supported by an inflammatory microenvironment. ATF3 is a dual function protein as it suppresses pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8, but also acts as a pro-oncogenic factor by the suppression of p53. We therefore analyzed ATF3 expression comparing myeloid cells with keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE To dissect the bi-modal role of ATF3 we pharmacologically induced ATF3 and analyzed its influence on cytokine expression and secretion in a cell type specific manner. METHODS Since inflammatory skin diseases can be treated systemically with Cyclosporin A or Dimethylfumarate we stimulated myeloid cells and primary human keratinocytes with these drugs and analyzed gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Cytokine secretion was measured by ELISA. RESULTS In the present study, we could show that ATF3 is induced in PBMCs by DMF and weakly by Ebselen, while CsA is the most prominent inducer of ATF3 in keratinocytes without enhancing HO-1 transcription. Further we could show that induction of stress by LPS treatment elevates IL-1β and IL-6 and weakly ATF3 transcription in PBMCs. While transcription of both cytokines is elevated, LPS treatment mediates IL-6 secretion with only little IL-1β secretion. Treatment with DMF dampens LPS-induced transcription. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results shed light into the different carcinogenic potential of CsA and DMF, which both target ATF3. Collectively our data demonstrate that CsA strongly induces pro-carcinogenic ATF3 in keratinocytes, whereas ATF3 induction by DMF in myeloid cells acts anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikola Smatlik
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Burian
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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