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Danaeipour Z, Garoosi G, Tohidfar M, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Mirjalili MH. Comprehensive RNA-Seq-based study and metabolite profiling to identify genes involved in podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in Linum album Kotschy ex Boiss. (Linaceae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:9219. [PMID: 37286620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Linum album is a well-known rich source of anticancer compounds, i.e., podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and other lignans. These compounds play an important role in the plant's defensive system. The RNA-Seq data of flax (L. usitatissimum) were analyzed under various biotic and abiotic stresses to comprehend better the importance of lignans in plant defense responses. Then, the association between the lignan contents and some related gene expressions was experimented with HPLC and qRT-PCR, respectively. Transcriptomic profiling showed a specific expression pattern in different organs, and just the commonly regulated gene EP3 was detected with a significant increase under all stresses. The in silico analysis of the PTOX biosynthesis pathway identified a list of genes, including laccase (LAC11), lactoperoxidase (POD), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase (SDH). These genes increased significantly under individual stresses. The HPLC analysis showed that the measured lignan contents generally increased under stress. In contrast, a quantitative expression of the genes involved in this pathway using qRT-PCR showed a different pattern that seems to contribute to regulating PTOX content in response to stress. Identified modifications of critical genes related to PTOX biosynthesis in response to multiple stresses can provide a baseline for improving PTOX content in L. album.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Danaeipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 3414916818, Iran
| | - Ghasemali Garoosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 3414916818, Iran.
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
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Koyama T, Murata J, Horikawa M, Satake H. Production of beneficial lignans in heterologous host plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1026664. [PMID: 36330251 PMCID: PMC9623879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1026664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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3
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Liu L, Sun Y, Wen C, Jiang T, Tian W, Xie X, Cui X, Lu R, Feng J, Jin A, Wen S, Wei W. Metabolome analysis of genus Forsythia related constituents in Forsythia suspensa leaves and fruits using UPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS/MS technique. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269915. [PMID: 35763534 PMCID: PMC9239459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forsythia suspensa is a traditional Chinese herb. Its numerous metabolites have important roles, as they possessed a wide range of biological activities. This study explored the accumulations of F. suspensa metabolites by performing widely targeted metabolomic analysis. The metabolites were studied at four stages of fruit development. Metabolites in the fruits and leaves of F. suspensa during fruit development included phenolic acids, flavonoids, lipids, lignans and coumarins, amino acids and their derivatives, terpenes, organic acids, nucleotides and their derivatives, alkaloids, quinones, steroids, and tannins. Fourteen Forsythia related metabolites were detected. Their contents varied among the developmental stages. Statistically significant correlations were found between the levels of forsythoside B and 11-methyl-forsythide, and forsythialan B and phillygenin, in both leaves and fruits. According to the correlation analysis between metabolites, Forsythia related metabolites were divided into two classes and five subclasses. In total, 33 compounds presented significant correlations in both fruits and leaves, which indicated the potential relationship in the synthesis of Forsythia related metabolites. Forsythialan B and phillygenin were both negatively correlated with L-valine, while Z-6,7-epoxyligustilid was positively correlated with both compounds. The quality control compounds forsythiaside A and phillyrin were positively and negatively correlated with uracil, respectively. These metabolomics results may facilitate the biosynthesis of Forsythia related metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Liu
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Shijiazhuang Institute of Pomology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chunxiu Wen
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Tao Jiang
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xie
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xusheng Cui
- Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ruike Lu
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaxing Feng
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Aihong Jin
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Saiqun Wen
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medicinal Plant Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Shijiazhuang Institute of Pomology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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4
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Transgenic Forsythia plants expressing sesame cytochrome P450 produce beneficial lignans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10152. [PMID: 35710718 PMCID: PMC9203787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans are widely distributed plant secondary metabolites that have received attention for their benefits to human health. Sesamin is a furofran lignan that is conventionally extracted from Sesamum seeds and shows anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the human liver. Sesamin is biosynthesized by the Sesamum-specific enzyme CYP81Q1, and the natural sources of sesamin are annual plants that are at risk from climate change. In contrast, Forsythia species are widely distributed perennial woody plants that highly accumulate the precursor lignan pinoresinol. To sustainably supply sesamin, we developed a transformation method for Forsythia leaf explants and generated transgenic Forsythia plants that heterologously expressed the CYP81Q1 gene. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-mass spectrometry analyses detected sesamin and its intermediate piperitol in the leaves of two independent transgenic lines of F. intermedia and F. koreana. We also detected the accumulation of sesamin and piperitol in their vegetatively propagated descendants, demonstrating the stable and efficient production of these lignans. These results indicate that CYP81Q1-transgenic Forsythia plants are promising prototypes to produce diverse lignans and provide an important strategy for the cost-effective and scalable production of lignans.
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Shan C, Zhao L, Shi Y, Zhang S, Wu H, Yang M, Yang Q, Wu J. Transcriptome analyses reveal the expression profile of genes related to lignan biosynthesis in Anthriscus sylvestris L. Hoffm. Gen. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:333-346. [PMID: 35400889 PMCID: PMC8943078 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anthriscus sylvestris L. Hoffm. Gen (A. sylvestris) is a perennial herb widely used for antitussive and diuretic purposes in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine. Lignans are critical secondary metabolites with widely pharmacological activities in A. sylvestris. Using transcriptome data of A. sylvestris, we identified genes related to lignan biosynthesis. In all, 123,852 unigenes were obtained from the flowers, leaves, roots, and stems of A. sylvestris with the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform. The average length of unigenes was 1,123 bp and 91,217 (73.65%) of them were annotated in public databases. Differentially expressed genes and root-specific genes were analyzed between roots and the other three tissue types by comparing gene expression profiles. Specifically, the key enzyme genes involved in lignan biosynthesis were identified and analyzed. The expression levels of some of these genes were highest in the roots, consistent with the accumulation of deoxypodophyllotoxin. These expression levels were experimentally verified via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This research provides valuable information on the transcriptome data of A. sylvestris and the identification of candidate genes associated with the biosynthesis of lignans, laying the foundation for further research on genomics in A. sylvestris and related species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01156-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Shan
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Huan Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Mo Yang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Qingshan Yang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230012 China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230012 China
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6
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Zhou M, Laureanti JA, Bell CJ, Kwon M, Meng Q, Novikova IV, Thomas DG, Nicora CD, Sontag RL, Bedgar DL, O'Bryon I, Merkley ED, Ginovska B, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. De novo sequencing and native mass spectrometry revealed hetero-association of dirigent protein homologs and potential interacting proteins in Forsythia × intermedia. Analyst 2021; 146:7670-7681. [PMID: 34806721 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01476e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of dirigent proteins (DPs) and their functions in plant phenol biochemistry was made over two decades ago with Forsythia × intermedia. Stereo-selective, DP-guided, monolignol-derived radical coupling in vitro was then reported to afford the optically active lignan, (+)-pinoresinol from coniferyl alcohol, provided one-electron oxidase/oxidant capacity was present. It later became evident that DPs have several distinct sub-families, presumably with different functions. Some known DPs require other essential enzymes/proteins (e.g. oxidases) for their functions. However, the lack of a fully sequenced genome for Forsythia × intermedia made it difficult to profile other components co-purified with the (+)-pinoresinol forming DP. Herein, we used an integrated bottom-up, top-down, and native mass spectrometry (MS) approach to de novo sequence the extracted proteins via adaptation of our initial report of DP solubilization and purification. Using publicly available transcriptome and genomic data from closely related species, we identified 14 proteins that were putatively associated with either DP function or the cell wall. Although their co-occurrence after extraction and chromatographic separation is suggestive for potential protein-protein interactions, none were found to form stable protein complexes with DPs in native MS under the specific experimental conditions we have explored. Interestingly, two new DP homologs were found and they formed hetero-trimers. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that similar hetero-trimers were possible between Arabidopsis DP homologs with comparable sequence similarities. Nevertheless, our integrated mass spectrometry method development helped prepare for future investigations directed to the discovery of novel proteins and protein-protein interactions. These advantages can be highly beneficial for plant and microbial research where fully sequenced genomes may not be readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowei Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Joseph A Laureanti
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Callum J Bell
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Mi Kwon
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Irina V Novikova
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ryan L Sontag
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Diana L Bedgar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle O'Bryon
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Eric D Merkley
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Chen CY, Liu SY, Yan Y, Yin L, DI P, Liu HM, Liu HZ. Candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignan in Schisandra chinensis fruit based on transcriptome and metabolomes analysis. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:684-695. [PMID: 32928512 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.) is a plant species with fruits that have been well known in Far Eastern medicine for a long time. It has traditionally been used as a stimulating and fortifying agent in cases of physical exhaustion and to inhibit fatigue. The major bioactive compounds found in S. chinensis are lignans with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton, but little is known about their biosynthesis in plants. S. chinensis is the ideal medicinal plant for studying the biosynthesis of lignans, especially the dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton. Genomic information for this important herbal plant is unavailable. To better understand the lignan biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the fruit during ripening and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding 136 843 unique transcripts with N50 of 1778 bp. Putative functions could be assigned to 41 824 transcripts (51.57%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases including GO (Gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Furthermore, 22 candidate cytochrome P450 genes and 15 candidate dirigent proteins genes that were most likely involved in the lignan biosynthesis pathway were discovered based on transcriptome sequencing of S. chinensis. The genomic data obtained from S. chinensis, especially the identification of putative genes involved in the lignan biosynthesis pathway, will facilitate our understanding of lignan biosynthesis at the molecular level. The lignan metabolite profiles were analyzed by metabolomes, the accumulation patterns of 30 metabolites involved in the lignan pathway were studied. Co-expression network of lignan contents and transcriptional changes showed 355 strong correlations (correlation coefficient, R2 > 0.9) between 21 compounds and 153 transcripts. Furthermore, the comprehensive analysis and characterization of the genes involved in lignan pathways and the metabolite profiles of lignans are expected to provide better insight regarding the diversity of the chemical composition, synthetic characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms of this medical herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- College of life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- College of life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Le Yin
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Peng DI
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- College of life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Hong-Zhang Liu
- College of life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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8
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Kawada T, Shiraishi A, Matsubara S, Hozumi A, Horie T, Sasakura Y, Satake H. Vasopressin Promoter Transgenic and Vasopressin Gene-Edited Ascidian, Ciona intestinalis Type A ( Ciona robusta): Innervation, Gene Expression Profiles, and Phenotypes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:668564. [PMID: 34025581 PMCID: PMC8135067 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.668564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) superfamily neuropeptides are distributed in not only vertebrates but also diverse invertebrates. However, no VPergic innervation of invertebrates has ever been documented. In the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis Type A (Ciona robusta), an OT/VP superfamily peptide was identified, and the Ciona vasopressin (CiVP) induces oocyte maturation and ovulation. In the present study, we characterize the innervation and phenotypes of genetically modified Ciona: CiVP promoter-Venus transgenic and CiVP mutants. CiVP promoter-Venus transgenic Ciona demonstrated that CiVP gene was highly expressed in the cerebral ganglion and several nerves. Fluorescence was also detected in the ovary of young CiVP promoter-Venus transgenic ascidians, suggesting that the CiVP gene is also expressed temporarily in the ovary of young ascidians. Furthermore, a marked decrease of post-vitellogenic (stage III) follicles was observed in the ovary of CiVP mutants, whereas pre-vitellogenic (stage I) and vitellogenic (stage II) follicles were increased in the mutant ovary, compared with that of wildtype Ciona. Gene expression profiles showed that the expression of various genes, including genes related to ovarian follicle growth, was altered in the ovary of CiVP mutants. Altogether, these results indicated that CiVP, mainly as a neuropeptide, plays pivotal roles in diverse biological functions, including growth of early-stage ovarian follicles via regulation of the expression of a wide variety of genes. This is the first report describing a VP gene promoter-transgenic and VP gene-edited invertebrate and also on its gene expression profiles and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Hozumi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Japan
| | - Takeo Horie
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Andargie M, Vinas M, Rathgeb A, Möller E, Karlovsky P. Lignans of Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.): A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2021; 26:883. [PMID: 33562414 PMCID: PMC7914952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major lignans of sesame sesamin and sesamolin are benzodioxol--substituted furofurans. Sesamol, sesaminol, its epimers, and episesamin are transformation products found in processed products. Synthetic routes to all lignans are known but only sesamol is synthesized industrially. Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, followed by the formation of dioxoles, oxidation, and glycosylation. Most genes of the lignan pathway in sesame have been identified but the inheritance of lignan content is poorly understood. Health-promoting properties make lignans attractive components of functional food. Lignans enhance the efficiency of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical. In this work, extensive literature including historical texts is reviewed, controversial issues are critically examined, and errors perpetuated in literature are corrected. The following aspects are covered: chemical properties and transformations of lignans; analysis, purification, and total synthesis; occurrence in Seseamum indicum and related plants; biosynthesis and genetics; biological activities; health-promoting properties; and biological functions. Finally, the improvement of lignan content in sesame seeds by breeding and biotechnology and the potential of hairy roots for manufacturing lignans in vitro are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebeaselassie Andargie
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria Vinas
- Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS), University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Jose, Costa Rica;
| | - Anna Rathgeb
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Evelyn Möller
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (A.R.); (E.M.)
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Sánchez-Elordi E, Sterling RM, Santiago R, de Armas R, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Increase in cytotoxic lignans production after smut infection in sugar cane plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153087. [PMID: 31816510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smut infection alters the transcription of dirigent proteins (DIR) by sugarcane plants. Here, we show that these alterations are associated to an elevated production of cytotoxic lignans. Smut-resistant sugarcane varieties display a fivefold increase in pinoresinol and also produce elevated amounts of secoisolariciresinol. Conversely, smut-sensitive varieties do not produce pinoresinol or secoisolariciresinol upon infection, synthesizing instead small amounts of matairesinol. Our data indicate that commercial pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol seem to prevent smut teliospore germination and sporidia release from sprouted teliospores. Consistently, we observed abundant morphological alterations of sporidia incubated in the presence of these lignans. However, commercial lignans do not block the development of the pathogen in a definitive way. Additional experiments demonstrate that only the extracts from healthy or smut-exposed resistant plants inhibit sporidia growth in vitro, indicating that a specific mixture of lignans from resistant plants is necessary to constitute an effective defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto M Sterling
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Santiago
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto de Armas
- Department of Plant Biology, Havana University, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Legaz
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Shen J, Wu Y, Jiang Z, Xu Y, Zheng T, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Pan H. Selection and validation of appropriate reference genes for gene expression studies in Forsythia. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:173-188. [PMID: 32158128 PMCID: PMC7036397 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The qRT-PCR method has been widely used to detect gene expression level in plants, helping to understand the molecular mechanisms. However, there are few researches which focus on the selection of the internal reference genes in Forsythia. To select the appropriate reference genes of Forsythia aimed at qRT-PCR normalization, twelve candidate reference genes were selected from our transcriptome data. Their expression was assessed by RT-PCR analysis in 47 Forsythia samples, including 12 species cultivars, different organs and tissues. GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software were used to select the appropriate reference genes, AG and PSY were used to verify the accuracy of the outcome. The results showed that UKN1 was a stable reference gene in leaves of twelve Forsythia germplasms and in different developmental stages of fruits. MTP, ABCT + MTP, and ABCT + MTP + TIP were stable reference genes in different organs. ACT and SDH were stable reference genes in different flower tissues and different developmental stages of the flower buds. When Forsythia plants were stressed with PEG or ABA, SDH + UKN1 + G6PD was the stable reference gene group for qRT-PCR. The results provided the basis for investigating the physiological and biochemical processes of Forsythia related to medicinal and ornamental properties, and drought-resistance in the level of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuang Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yutong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Zhiyi Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Tangchun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road No. 35, Beijing, 100083 China
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12
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Rocha GA, Dias VD, Carrer-Filho R, Cunha MGD, Dianese ÉDC. An efficient method for total RNA extraction from leaves of arboreal species from the Brazilian Cerrado. RODRIGUÉSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Considering the lack of information on RNA extraction from arboreal species, specially from the Brazilian Cerrado, the aim of this study was to test RNA extraction methods for a wide variety of native plant species from this biome. The methods tested consisted of: (i) TRIzol® reagent, (ii) TRIzol® reagent with modifications, (iii) CTAB buffer, and (iv) Modified CTAB buffer, initially for leaf samples of Xylopia aromatica and Piper arboreum. Later the procedure with the best results was used to obtain purified RNA from 17 other native species. Based on A260/A280 absorbance ratio the Modified CTAB method was the best for total RNA extraction for those woody species. Ten out of eleven species tested through RT-PCR generated fragments of the expected size from the total RNA extracted by the selected method, confirming it as the best option to obtain high-quality RNA for molecular analyses and for use in the detection of viruses infecting these tree species.
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13
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Aoyama M, Shiraishi A, Matsubara S, Horie K, Osugi T, Kawada T, Yasuda K, Satake H. Identification of a New Theca/Interstitial Cell-Specific Gene and Its Biological Role in Growth of Mouse Ovarian Follicles at the Gonadotropin-Independent Stage. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:553. [PMID: 31474939 PMCID: PMC6702446 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Theca/interstitial cells are responsible for the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles. However, little is known about the theca/interstitial cell-specific genes and their functions. In this study, we explored transcriptomes of theca/interstitial cells by RNA-seq, and the novel biological roles of a theca cell marker, asporin (Aspn)/periodontal ligament-associated protein 1 (PLAP-1). RNA-seq detected 432 and 62 genes expressed specifically in theca/interstitial cells and granulosa cells isolated from 3-weeks old mouse ovaries. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that these genes were largely categorized into four major groups: extracellular matrix organization-related terms, chemotaxis-related terms, the angiogenesis-related terms, and morphogenesis-related terms. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the newly detected representative gene, Aspn/PLAP-1, was detected specifically in the outer layer of theca cells in contrast with the expression of the basal lamina-specific gene, Nidgen-1. Intriguingly, an Aspn/PLAP-1 antibody completely arrested the growth of secondary follicles that is the gonadotropin-independent follicle developmental stage. Furthermore, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-triggered signaling was induced by the Aspn/PLAP-1 antibody treatment, which is consistent with the inhibitory effect of Aspn/PLAP-1 on TGF-β. Altogether, these results suggest that theca cells are classified into subpopulations on the basis of new marker genes and their biological functions, and provide evidence that Aspn/PLAP-1 is expressed exclusively in the outer layer of theca cells and plays a pivotal role in the growth of secondary follicles via downregulation of the canonical TGF-β signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Aoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Horie
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Markulin L, Corbin C, Renouard S, Drouet S, Gutierrez L, Mateljak I, Auguin D, Hano C, Fuss E, Lainé E. Pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases, key to the lignan synthesis in plants. PLANTA 2019; 249:1695-1714. [PMID: 30895445 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview on activity, stereospecificity, expression and regulation of pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases in plants. These enzymes are shared by the pathways to all 8-8' lignans derived from pinoresinol. Pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases (PLR) are enzymes involved in the lignan biosynthesis after the initial dimerization of two monolignols. They catalyze two successive reduction steps leading to the production of lariciresinol or secoisolariciresinol from pinoresinol. Two secoisolariciresinol enantiomers can be synthetized with different fates. Depending on the plant species, these enantiomers are either final products (e.g., in the flaxseed where it is stored after glycosylation) or are the starting point for the synthesis of a wide range of lignans, among which the aryltetralin type lignans are used to semisynthesize anticancer drugs such as Etoposide®. Thus, the regulation of the gene expression of PLRs as well as the possible specificities of these reductases for one reduction step or one enantiomer are key factors to fine-tune the lignan synthesis. Results published in the last decade have shed light on the presence of more than one PLR in each plant and revealed various modes of action. Nevertheless, there are not many results published on the PLRs and most of them were obtained in a limited range of species. Indeed, a number of them deal with wild and cultivated flax belonging to the genus Linum. Despite the occurrence of lignans in bryophytes, pteridophytes and monocots, data on PLRs in these taxa are still missing and indeed the whole diversity of PLRs is still unknown. This review summarizes the data, published mainly in the last decade, on the PLR gene expression, enzymatic activity and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samantha Drouet
- Centre Régional de Ressources en Biologie Moléculaire (CRRBM), Université Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- Centre Régional de Ressources en Biologie Moléculaire (CRRBM), Université Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Ivan Mateljak
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Fuss
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Hoppe-Seyler-St. 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Lainé
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France.
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, 21 rue de Loigny, 28000, Chartres, France.
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15
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Zhang L, Wu M, Yu D, Teng Y, Wei T, Chen C, Song W. Identification of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Gene Family in Rhodiola crenulata and Gene Expression Analysis under Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3329. [PMID: 30366446 PMCID: PMC6274781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are important enzymes in the glutathione-ascorbate cycle for catalyzing the reduction of H₂O₂ or organic hydroperoxides to water. GPXs play an essential role in plant growth and development by participating in photosynthesis, respiration, and stress tolerance. Rhodiola crenulata is a popular traditional Chinese medicinal plant which displays an extreme energy of tolerance to harsh alpine climate. The GPXs gene family might provide R. crenulata for extensively tolerance to environment stimulus. In this study, five GPX genes were isolated from R. crenulata. The protein amino acid sequences were analyzed by bioinformation softwares with the results that RcGPXs gene sequences contained three conserve cysteine residues, and the subcellular location predication were in the chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, or cytoplasm. Five RcGPXs members presented spatial and temporal specific expression with higher levels in young and green organs. And the expression patterns of RcGPXs in response to stresses or plant hormones were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the putative interaction proteins of RcGPXs were obtained by yeast two-hybrid with the results that RcGPXs could physically interact with specific proteins of multiple pathways like transcription factor, calmodulin, thioredoxin, and abscisic acid signal pathway. These results showed the regulation mechanism of RcGPXs were complicated and they were necessary for R. crenulata to adapt to the treacherous weather in highland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China.
| | - Mei Wu
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China.
| | - Deshui Yu
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China.
| | - Yanjiao Teng
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China.
| | - Tao Wei
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China.
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China.
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China.
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16
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Comparative transcriptome analyses of three medicinal Forsythia species and prediction of candidate genes involved in secondary metabolisms. J Nat Med 2018; 72:867-881. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Xin J, Zhang RC, Wang L, Zhang YQ. Researches on Transcriptome Sequencing in the Study of Traditional Chinese Medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:7521363. [PMID: 28900463 PMCID: PMC5576426 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7521363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to its incomparable advantages, the application of transcriptome sequencing in the study of traditional Chinese medicine attracts more and more attention of researchers, which greatly promote the development of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, the applications of transcriptome sequencing in traditional Chinese medicine were summarized by reviewing recent related papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Shan Dong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Rong-chao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shan Dong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shan Dong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yong-qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shan Dong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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18
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Kawada T, Shiraishi A, Aoyama M, Satake H. Transcriptomes of the Premature and Mature Ovaries of an Ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:88. [PMID: 28484427 PMCID: PMC5402223 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kawada
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Aoyama
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nara Woman’s University, Nara, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Honoo Satake,
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