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Spineli H, dos Santos M, Almeida D, Gitaí D, Silva-Cavalcante M, Balikian P, Ataide-Silva T, Marinho A, Sousa F, de Araujo G. ACE gene polymorphisms (rs4340) II and DI are more responsive to the ergogenic effect of caffeine than DD on aerobic power, heart rate, and perceived exertion in a homogeneous Brazilian group of adolescent athletes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2024; 57:e13217. [PMID: 38896643 PMCID: PMC11186592 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2024e13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes DD, DI, and II and caffeine (CAF) ingestion on endurance performance, heart rate, ratio of perceived exertion (RPE), and habitual caffeine intake (HCI) of adolescent athletes. Seventy-four male adolescent athletes (age: DD=16±1.7; DI=16±2.0; II=15±1.7 years) ingested CAF (6 mg/kg) or placebo (PLA) one hour before performing the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test. No difference was found among groups for HCI. However, CAF increased the maximal distance covered and VO2max in DI and II genotype carriers compared to PLA (DD: Δ=31 m and 0.3 mL·kg-1·min-1; DI: Δ=286 m and 1.1 mL·kg-1·min-1; II: Δ=160 m and 1.4 mL·kg-1·min-1). Heart rate of DI and II genotype carriers increased with CAF compared to PLA, while RPE was higher in the II and lower in the DD genotypes. The correlations between HCI and maximal distance covered or VO2max were significant in the II genotype carriers with CAF. CAF increased endurance capacity, heart rate, and RPE in adolescent athletes with allele I, while endurance performance and aerobic power had a positive correlation to HCI in the II genotype group. These findings suggested that DD genotype were less responsive to CAF and that genetic variations should be taken into account when using CAF supplementation to enhance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Spineli
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - M. dos Santos
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - D. Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - D. Gitaí
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - M. Silva-Cavalcante
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - P. Balikian
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - T. Ataide-Silva
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - A. Marinho
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - F. Sousa
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - G. de Araujo
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
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Trevisano RG, Matias H, de Jesus Teani T, Silvino VO, Ferreira CP, Dos Santos MAP, Braga PLG, Almeida SS. The frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-023-04923-9. [PMID: 38310174 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system and plays an important role in homeostasis and maintenance of blood pressure. However, little is known about allele and genotypic frequencies, as well as phenotypic characteristics associated with ACE polymorphism genotypes in South American populations. This study aimed to verify the allelic predominance and genotype frequency of ACE I/D polymorphism in South America and its association with the main diseases and related conditions. We conducted a systematic review considering studies published in the last 25 years available in PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, LIPECS, Coleciona SUS, CUMED, BINACIS, IBECS, and MEDLINE databases, resulting in the inclusion of 121 studies. Quality of the studies was assessed according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association (STREGA) guidelines. We mapped the frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South American populations. 8,856 (32.1%) subjects were DD, 13,050 were ID (47.4%), and 5,644 were II (20.5%) carriers. The main associated conditions included systemic arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions, cardiorespiratory or respiratory characteristics, physical activity level, kidney conditions, aging-related diseases, as well as different types of cancers and metabolic conditions. 61.1% of the studies found no significant association between the respective conditions investigated and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Considering DD genotype or D allele, 21.5% of the studies observed negative and 4.9% positive outcomes. Regarding ID genotype, 4.1% of the studies identified negative and 0.8% positive outcomes, and for II genotype or I allele, 4.1% of the results had negative and 10.7% positive associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gonçalves Trevisano
- Department of Obstetrician, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helen Matias
- Department of Obstetrician, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) post-graduation program, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Cirley Pinheiro Ferreira
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) post-graduation program, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Pereira Dos Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) post-graduation program, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Soares Almeida
- Department of Obstetrician, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Faculdade Anhanguera de Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
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Murtagh CF, Hall ECR, Brownlee TE, Drust B, Williams AG, Erskine RM. The Genetic Association with Athlete Status, Physical Performance, and Injury Risk in Soccer. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:941-960. [PMID: 37253386 DOI: 10.1055/a-2103-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature concerning the genetic association with athlete status, physical performance, and injury risk in soccer. The objectives were to provide guidance on which genetic markers could potentially be used as part of future practice in soccer and to provide direction for future research in this area. The most compelling evidence identified six genetic polymorphisms to be associated with soccer athlete status (ACE I/D; ACTN3 rs1815739; AGT rs699; MCT1 rs1049434; NOS3 rs2070744; PPARA rs4253778), six with physical performance (ACTN3 rs1815739; AMPD1 rs17602729; BDNF rs6265; COL2A1 rs2070739; COL5A1 rs12722; NOS3 rs2070744), and seven with injury risk (ACTN3 rs1815739; CCL2 rs2857656; COL1A1 rs1800012; COL5A1 rs12722; EMILIN1 rs2289360; IL6 rs1800795; MMP3 rs679620). As well as replication by independent groups, large-scale genome-wide association studies are required to identify new genetic markers. Future research should also investigate the physiological mechanisms associating these polymorphisms with specific phenotypes. Further, researchers should investigate the above associations in female and non-Caucasian soccer players, as almost all published studies have recruited male participants of European ancestry. Only after robust, independently replicated genetic data have been generated, can genetic testing be considered an additional tool to potentially inform future practice in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall F Murtagh
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Sports Science Department, Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds Ltd, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alun G Williams
- Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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The Effect of Selected Polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA Genes on the Immediate Supercompensation Training Effect of Elite Slovak Endurance Runners and Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091525. [PMID: 36140693 PMCID: PMC9498790 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of selected polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes on the immediate supercompensation training effect of elite Slovak endurance runners and football players compared with a sedentary control group. Adaptation effect levels were evaluated by 10 s continuous vertical jump test parameters measured by Optojump. Genetic polymorphisms were determined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. We found significant differences in the effect of PPARA genotypes in the experimental group. C allele genotypes represented an advantage in immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05). We observed a significant combined effect of multiple genes on immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05): the RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene, the ID genotype of the ACE gene, the Pro/Pro genotype of HIF1A, and the GC and GG genotypes of PPARA genes. In the control group, we found a significant effect (p < 0.05) on immediate supercompensation of the II genotype of the ACE gene and the Pro/Ser genotype of the HIF1A gene. We found significant differences in genotype frequency of ACE (p < 0.01) and PPARA (p < 0.001) genes. We confirmed that individual genetic polymorphisms of ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes have a different effect on the level of immediate supercompensation of the lower limbs depending on the training adaptation of the probands and the combination of genotypes.
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Biomarkers and genetic polymorphisms associated with maximal fat oxidation during physical exercise: implications for metabolic health and sports performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1773-1795. [PMID: 35362801 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) assessed during a graded exercise test is a remarkable physiological indicator associated with metabolic flexibility, body weight loss and endurance performance. The present review considers existing biomarkers related to MFO, highlighting the validity of maximal oxygen uptake and free fatty acid availability for predicting MFO in athletes and healthy individuals. Moreover, we emphasize the role of different key enzymes and structural proteins that regulate adipose tissue lipolysis (i.e., triacylglycerol lipase, hormone sensitive lipase, perilipin 1), fatty acid trafficking (i.e., fatty acid translocase cluster of differentiation 36) and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (i.e., citrate synthase and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II-V) on MFO variation. Likewise, we discuss the association of MFO with different polymorphism on the ACE, ADRB3, AR and CD36 genes, identifying prospective studies that will help to elucidate the mechanisms behind such associations. In addition, we highlight existing evidence that contradict the paradigm of a higher MFO in women due to ovarian hormones activity and highlight current gaps regarding endocrine function and MFO relationship.
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Montes-de-Oca-García A, Perez-Bey A, Velázquez-Díaz D, Corral-Pérez J, Opazo-Díaz E, Rebollo-Ramos M, Gómez-Gallego F, Cuenca-García M, Casals C, Ponce-González JG. Influence of ACE Gene I/D Polymorphism on Cardiometabolic Risk, Maximal Fat Oxidation, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Diet and Physical Activity in Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3443. [PMID: 33810312 PMCID: PMC8036598 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is controversy about the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and health. Seventy-four healthy adults (n = 28 women; 22.5 ± 4.2 years) participated in this cross-sectional study aimed at determining the influence of ACE I/D polymorphism, ascertained by polymerase chain reaction, on cardiometabolic risk (i.e., waist circumference, body fat, blood pressure (BP), glucose, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers), maximal fat oxidation (MFO), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake), physical activity and diet. Our results showed differences by ACE I/D polymorphism in systolic BP (DD: 116.4 ± 11.8 mmHg; ID: 116.7 ± 6.3 mmHg; II: 109.4 ± 12.3 mmHg, p = 0.035) and body fat (DD: 27.3 ± 10.8%; ID: 22.6 ± 9.7%; II: 19.3 ± 7.1%, p = 0.030). Interestingly, a genotype*sex interaction in relativized MFO by lean mass (p = 0.048) was found. The DD polymorphism had higher MFO values than ID/II polymorphisms in men (8.4 ± 3.0 vs. 6.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg/min), while the ID/II polymorphisms showed higher R-MFO values than DD polymorphism in women (6.6 ± 2.3 vs. 7.6 ± 2.6 mg/kg/min). In conclusion, ACE I/D polymorphism is apparently associated with adiposity and BP, where a protective effect can be attributed to the II genotype, but not with cardiorespiratory fitness, diet and physical activity. Moreover, our study highlighted that there is a sexual dimorphism in the influence of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on MFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.M.-d.-O.-G.); (D.V.-D.); (J.C.-P.); (E.O.-D.); (M.R.-R.); (J.G.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Perez-Bey
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Velázquez-Díaz
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.M.-d.-O.-G.); (D.V.-D.); (J.C.-P.); (E.O.-D.); (M.R.-R.); (J.G.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
| | - Juan Corral-Pérez
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.M.-d.-O.-G.); (D.V.-D.); (J.C.-P.); (E.O.-D.); (M.R.-R.); (J.G.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
| | - Edgardo Opazo-Díaz
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.M.-d.-O.-G.); (D.V.-D.); (J.C.-P.); (E.O.-D.); (M.R.-R.); (J.G.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - María Rebollo-Ramos
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.M.-d.-O.-G.); (D.V.-D.); (J.C.-P.); (E.O.-D.); (M.R.-R.); (J.G.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
| | - Félix Gómez-Gallego
- Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Magdalena Cuenca-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Casals
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.M.-d.-O.-G.); (D.V.-D.); (J.C.-P.); (E.O.-D.); (M.R.-R.); (J.G.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
| | - Jesús G. Ponce-González
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (A.M.-d.-O.-G.); (D.V.-D.); (J.C.-P.); (E.O.-D.); (M.R.-R.); (J.G.P.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Uniersitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
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Taylor MK, Hernández LM, Schoenherr MR, Stump J. Genetic, Physiologic, and Behavioral Predictors of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Specialized Military Men. Mil Med 2019; 184:e474-e481. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a crucial performance requirement of specialized military occupations. Age and physical activity are established predictors of CRF, but it is not clear how these predictors combine with each other and/or with genetic predisposition. The goal of this study was to derive inclusive explanatory models of CRF in US Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) operators, synthesizing conventional (e.g., age, body composition, and physical activity) and novel influences (e.g., genetic variance).Materials and MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 40 male, active duty EOD operators completed a graded exercise test to assess maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory threshold (VT) using the Bruce protocol. Aerobic performance was further quantified via time of test termination and time at which VT was achieved. Body composition was determined via dual x-ray absorptiometry, and physical activity was assessed by self-report. Genetic variants underlying human stress systems (5HTTLPR, BclI, −2 C/G, and COMT) were assayed. Descriptive analyses were conducted to summarize subject characteristics. Hypotheses were tested with linear regression models. Specifically, separate univariate regression models first determined associations between each of the independent and dependent variables. This protocol was approved by the Naval Health Research Center Institutional Review Board (NHRC.2015.0013).ResultsIn univariate regression models, age, body composition, physical activity, and 5HTTLPR consistently predicted CRF and/or aerobic performance (R2 range 0.07–0.55). Multivariate regression models routinely outperformed the univariate models, explaining 36–62% of variance.ConclusionThis study signifies a shift toward inclusive explanatory models of CRF and aerobic performance, accounting for combined roles of genetic, physiologic, and behavioral influences. Although we were able to quantify combined effects, we were unable to evaluate interaction effects (e.g., gene–gene, gene–behavior) due to limited statistical power. Other limitations are that this specialized military population may not readily generalize to broader populations, and the current sample was all male. Considering these limitations, we aim to replicate this study in various populations, both male and female. Despite its limitations, this study reflects a shift toward more comprehensive predictive models of CRF, explaining the unique and shared contributions of genetic predisposition, physiology, and behavior. These findings have implications for assessment, selection, and training of specialized military members, and may also impact mission success and survivability. Future studies are needed to better characterize additive, interactive, and mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus K Taylor
- Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA
| | - Lisa M Hernández
- Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA
- Leidos, Inc., 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA
| | - Matthew R Schoenherr
- Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA
- Leidos, Inc., 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA
| | - Jeremiah Stump
- Explosive Ordnance Disposal Training and Evaluation Unit One, NAS North Island, San Diego, CA
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