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Álvarez de Haro N, Van AP, Robb CT, Rossi AG, Desbois AP. Release of chromatin extracellular traps by phagocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Linnaeus, 1758). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:209-219. [PMID: 34438058 PMCID: PMC8653909 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release chromatin extracellular traps (ETs) as part of the fish innate immune response to counter the threats posed by microbial pathogens. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this phenomenon in many commercially farmed species, despite the importance of understanding host-pathogen interactions and the potential to influence ET release to reduce disease outbreaks. The aim of this present study was to investigate the release of ETs by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) immune cells. Extracellular structures resembling ETs of different morphology were observed by fluorescence microscopy in neutrophil suspensions in vitro, as these structures stained positively with Sytox Green and were digestible with DNase I. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed the ET structures to be decorated with histones H1 and H2A and neutrophil elastase, which are characteristic for ETs in mammals and other organisms. Although the ETs were released spontaneously, release in neutrophil suspensions was stimulated most significantly with 5 μg/ml calcium ionophore (CaI) for 1 h, whilst the fish pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida (isolates 30411 and Hooke) also exerted a stimulatory effect. Microscopic observations revealed bacteria in association with ETs, and fewer bacterial colonies of A. salmonicida Hooke were recovered at 3 h after co-incubation with neutrophils that had been induced to release ETs. Interestingly, spontaneous release of ETs was inversely associated with fish mass (p < 0.05), a surrogate for age. Moreover, suspensions enriched for macrophages and stimulated with 5 μg/ml CaI released ET-like structures that occasionally led to the formation of large clumps of cells. A deeper understanding for the roles and functions of ETs within innate immunity of fish hosts, and their interaction with microbial pathogens, may open new avenues towards protecting cultured stocks against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Álvarez de Haro
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Andre P Van
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Calum T Robb
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
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Hug S, Bernhard S, Stratmann AEP, Erber M, Wohlgemuth L, Knapp CL, Bauer JM, Vidoni L, Fauler M, Föhr KJ, Radermacher P, Hoffmann A, Huber-Lang M, Messerer DAC. Activation of Neutrophil Granulocytes by Platelet-Activating Factor Is Impaired During Experimental Sepsis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642867. [PMID: 33796110 PMCID: PMC8007865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of the systemic inflammatory response. In the case of sepsis, proper activation and function of neutrophils as the first line of cellular defense are based on a well-balanced physiological response. However, little is known about the role of PAF in cellular changes of neutrophils during sepsis. Therefore, this study investigates the reaction patterns of neutrophils induced by PAF with a focus on membrane potential (MP), intracellular pH, and cellular swelling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and hypothesizes that the PAF-mediated response of granulocytes is altered during sepsis. The cellular response of granulocytes including MP, intracellular pH, cellular swelling, and other activation markers were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry. In addition, the chemotactic activity and the formation of platelet-neutrophil complexes after exposure to PAF were investigated. The changes of the (electro-)physiological response features were translationally verified in a human ex vivo whole blood model of endotoxemia as well as during polymicrobial porcine sepsis. In neutrophils from healthy human donors, PAF elicited a rapid depolarization, an intracellular alkalization, and an increase in cell size in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the alkalization was dependent on sodium-proton exchanger 1 (NHE1) activity, while the change in cellular shape was sodium flux- but only partially NHE1-dependent. In a pathophysiological altered environment, the PAF-induced response of neutrophils was modulated. Acidifying the extracellular pH in vitro enhanced PAF-mediated depolarization, whereas the increases in cell size and intracellular pH were largely unaffected. Ex vivo exposure of human whole blood to lipopolysaccharide diminished the PAF-induced intracellular alkalization and the change in neutrophil size. During experimental porcine sepsis, depolarization of the MP was significantly impaired. Additionally, there was a trend for increased cellular swelling, whereas intracellular alkalization remained stable. Overall, an impaired (electro-)physiological response of neutrophils to PAF stimulation represents a cellular hallmark of those cells challenged during systemic inflammation. Furthermore, this altered response may be indicative of and causative for the development of neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hug
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maike Erber
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christiane Leonie Knapp
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonas Martin Bauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Vidoni
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl Josef Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Development, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Development, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Development, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Messerer DAC, Vidoni L, Erber M, Stratmann AEP, Bauer JM, Braun CK, Hug S, Adler A, Nilsson Ekdahl K, Nilsson B, Barth E, Radermacher P, Huber-Lang M. Animal-Free Human Whole Blood Sepsis Model to Study Changes in Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571992. [PMID: 33178198 PMCID: PMC7592114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying innate immunity in humans is crucial for understanding its role in the pathophysiology of systemic inflammation, particularly in the complex setting of sepsis. Therefore, we standardized a step-by-step process from the venipuncture to the transfer in a human model system, while closely monitoring the inflammatory response for up to three hours. We designed an animal-free, human whole blood sepsis model using a commercially available, simple to use, tubing system. First, we analyzed routine clinical parameters, including cell count and blood gas analysis. Second, we demonstrated that extracellular activation markers (e.g., CD11b and CD62l) as well as intracellular metabolic (intracellular pH) and functional (generation of radical oxygen species) features remained stable after incubation in the whole blood model. Third, we mimicked systemic inflammation during early sepsis by exposure of whole blood to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharide revealed the capability of the model system to evoke a sepsis-like inflammatory phenotype of innate immunity. In summary, the presented model serves as a convenient, economic, and reliable platform to study innate immunity in human whole blood, which may yield clinically important insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Vidoni
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maike Erber
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Martin Bauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Karl Braun
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Hug
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Adler
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eberhard Barth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute for Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Hardisty GR, Law SM, Carter S, Grogan B, Singh PK, McKone EF, Gray RD. Ivacaftor modifies cystic fibrosis neutrophil phenotype in subjects with R117H residual function CFTR mutations. Eur Respir J 2020; 57:13993003.02161-2020. [PMID: 32855222 PMCID: PMC7817919 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02161-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CFTR modulation leads to changes in neutrophil phenotype even in patients with residual function CFTR mutationshttps://bit.ly/2EUk7xH
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth R Hardisty
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sheonagh M Law
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Suzanne Carter
- St Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenda Grogan
- St Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Dept of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward F McKone
- St Vincent's Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert D Gray
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
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Holm LL, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Blauenfeldt T, Benfield T, Andersen P, Akbar AN, Ruhwald M. A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30148487 PMCID: PMC6126709 DOI: 10.3791/57554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ. This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. To exemplify the method, the tuberculin skin test is used for antigenic recall in individuals who, prior to this study, underwent a Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination against an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, examples of multiplex and flow cytometric analyses of SB specimens are provided, illustrating high fractions of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells available by this sampling method compared with cells isolated from the blood. The method described here is safe and minimally invasive, provides a unique opportunity to study both innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, and may be beneficial to a broad community of researchers working with cell-mediated immunity and human memory responses, in the context of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line L Holm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen;
| | | | - Thomas Blauenfeldt
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut
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