1
|
Silva GPD, Morais SCRV, Frazão CMFDQ, Lopes CT, Mangueira SDO, Linhares FMP. Cardiovascular risk factors in people deprived of their liberty: an integrative review. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2020; 41:e20190357. [DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the scientific evidence on the most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in persons deprived of their liberty. Methods: An integrative literature review carried out in the CINAHL, Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, LILACS, CUIDEN, Web of Science and Virtual Health Library portal databases using the following keywords: cardiovascular diseases, risk factors, prisons, prisoners. Results: The final sample consisted of 17 primary articles published in English and Spanish. Overweight and obesity were the most cited cardiovascular risk factors besides diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, consumption of alcohol and other drugs, physical inactivity, metabolic syndrome, anxiety, depression and unhealthy heart diet. Conclusions: The most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in persons deprived of their liberty were those classified as modifiable. In the prison setting, these factors are enhanced due to an environment with little modification of these opportunities.
Collapse
|
2
|
Spaulding AC, Eldridge GD, Chico CE, Morisseau N, Drobeniuc A, Fils-Aime R, Day C, Hopkins R, Jin X, Chen J, Dolan KA. Smoking in Correctional Settings Worldwide: Prevalence, Bans, and Interventions. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:82-95. [PMID: 29746635 PMCID: PMC5982806 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking tobacco contributes to 11.5% of deaths worldwide and, in some countries, more hospitalizations than alcohol and drugs combined. Globally in 2015, 25% of men and 5% of women smoked. In the United States, a higher proportion of people in prison smoke than do community-dwelling individuals. To determine smoking prevalence in prisons worldwide, we systematically reviewed the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines; we also examined whether prisons banned smoking or treated smokers. We searched databases for articles published between 2012 and 2016 and located 85 relevant articles with data representing 73.5% of all incarcerated persons from 50 countries. In 35 of 36 nations (97%) with published prevalence data, smoking for the incarcerated exceeded community rates 1.04- to 62.6-fold. Taking a conservative estimate of a 2-fold increase, we estimated that, globally, 14.5 million male and 26,000 female smokers pass through prisons annually. Prison authorities’ responses include permitting, prohibiting, or treating tobacco use. Bans may temporarily improve health and reduce in-prison health care costs but have negligible effect after prison release. Evidence-based interventions for smoking cessation effective outside prisons are effective inside; effects persist after release. Because smoking prevalence is heightened in prisons, offering evidence-based interventions to nearly 15 million smokers passing through yearly would improve global health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Cynthia E Chico
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nancy Morisseau
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ana Drobeniuc
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca Fils-Aime
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carolyn Day
- Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn Hopkins
- Department of the Attorney-General and Justice, Northern Territory Correctional Services, Darwin, Australia
| | - Xingzhong Jin
- Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kate A Dolan
- Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|