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Lee YJ, Noh JK, Woo SR, Kang SW, Eun YG, Lee GJ. Determination of pepsin in human saliva using pepsin-susceptible peptide reporter and colorimetric dipstick assay: a prospective, cross-sectional study. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:117. [PMID: 38294558 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
A simple and effective pepsin detection assay is reported based on a pepsin-susceptible peptide (PSP) reporter degradation strategy. PSP, which can be specifically cleaved by pepsin, was modified with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and biotin at the N- and C-terminals to be used as a reporter for colorimetric detection of dipsticks. A universal lateral flow dipstick consisting of a streptavidin test line for biotin binding and a sample pad immobilized with a gold-labeled polyclonal (rabbit) anti-FITC antibody was used to verify PSP-based pepsin detection. When the PSP reporter reacts with pepsin in a tube, it cleaves into two fragments, and the cleaved fragments do not display any color on the test line. Therefore, the higher the concentration of pepsin is, the greater is the decrease in test line intensity (IT-line) and the higher is the control line intensity (IC-line). First, the PSP cleavage and dipstick assay conditions for pepsin detection was optimized. The ratio of color intensity (IT-line/IC-line) of PSP-based dipstick assay showed a linear relationship with log concentration of pepsin ranging between 4 and 500 ng/mL (R2 = 0.98, n = 6), with a limit of detection of 1.4 ng/mL. It also exhibited high specificity and good reproducibility. Finally, pepsin levels were quantified in saliva samples from healthy controls (n = 34) and patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR, n = 61). Salivary pepsin levels were higher in patients with LPR than in healthy controls. The salivary pepsin levels correlated with those measured using a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Therefore, this PSP-based dipstick assay is a convenient tool for assessing salivary pepsin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Kyung Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Rang Woo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woong Kang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University Graduate School, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Eun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University Graduate School, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Carrera-Alvarado G, Toldrá F, Mora L. Potential of Dry-Cured Ham Bones as a Sustainable Source to Obtain Antioxidant and DPP-IV Inhibitory Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1151. [PMID: 37371881 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of animal bones as a protein source could be used as a sustainable pathway for the production of bioactive compounds. In this study, bones were pretreated with pepsin enzyme (PEP) and then sequentially hydrolyzed with Alcalase (PA) and Alcalase, as well as Protana prime (PAPP). The degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant activity, and DPP-IV inhibitory activity were measured. All three hydrolysates showed antioxidant and DPP-IV inhibitory activity; however, the highest result in both bioactivities was obtained with the PAPP hydrolysate. The obtained free amino acid content was 54.62, 88.12, and 668.46 mg/100 mL of hydrolyzed in PEP, PA, and PAPP, respectively. Pepsin pretreatment did not significantly affect the degree of hydrolysis; however, it is suggested that it promoted the cleavage of certain bonds for subsequent protease action. Accordingly, a total of 550 peptides were identified in PEP hydrolysate, 1087 in PA hydrolysate, and 1124 in PAPP hydrolysate using an LC-MS/MS approach. Pepsin pretreatment could be an effective method in the utilization of bone sources for the production of antioxidant and hypoglycemic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Carrera-Alvarado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Leticia Mora
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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3
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Gołębiowski A, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Zuvela P, Wong MW, Pryshchepa O, Madajski P, Buszewski B. Functionalization of Alpha-Lactalbumin by Zinc Ions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38459-38474. [PMID: 36340177 PMCID: PMC9631873 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) and binding of zinc cations to protein were studied. Molecular characteristics of protein was determined by MALDI-TOF/MS and electrophoresis SDS-PAGE, and also, for complexes, it was determined by spectroscopic techniques (ATR-FT-IR and Raman) and microscopic techniques (SEM along with an EDX detector and also TEM). The pH dependence of zeta potential of α-LA was determined in saline solution. The zinc binding to the protein mechanism was investigated; zinc binding to protein kinetics, the molecular modeling by the DFT method, and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) for microstructure observation were performed. The experiments performed indicate a quick binding process (equilibrium takes place after 2 min of incubation) which occurs onto the surface of α-LA. Zinc cations change the conformation of the protein and create spherical particles from the morphological point of view. DFT studies indicate the participation of acidic functional groups of the protein (aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues), and these have a decisive influence on the interaction with zinc cations. Application studies of general toxicity and cytotoxicity and bioavailability were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gołębiowski
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Petar Zuvela
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oleksandra Pryshchepa
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Madajski
- Department
of Chemistry of Materials Adsorption and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre
for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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4
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Pryshchepa O, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Gołębiowski A, Rogowska A, Monedeiro-Milanowski M, Sagandykova G, Michalke B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Gloc M, Dobrucka R, Kurzydłowski K, Buszewski B. Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Performance of Silver—Lactoferrin Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137112. [PMID: 35806114 PMCID: PMC9266553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose one of the major threats to human health worldwide. The issue is fundamental in the case of chronic wound treatment. One of the latest trends to overcome the problem is the search for new antibacterial agents based on silver. Thus, the aim of this research was to synthesize the silver-lactoferrin complex as a new generation of substances for the treatment of infected wounds. Moreover, one of the tasks was to investigate the formation mechanisms of the respective complexes and the influence of different synthesis conditions on the features of final product. The batch-sorption study was performed by applying the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for the process description. Characterization of the complexes was carried out by spectroscopy, spectrometry, and separation techniques, as well as with electron microscopy. Additionally, the biological properties of the complex were evaluated, i.e., the antibacterial activity against selected bacteria and the impact on L929 cell-line viability. The results indicate the formation of a heterogeneous silver–lactoferrin complex that comprises silver nanoparticles. The complex has higher antibacterial strength than both native bovine lactoferrin and Ag+, while being comparable to silver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Pryshchepa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.P.); (A.G.); (A.R.); (M.M.-M.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.P.); (A.G.); (A.R.); (M.M.-M.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Adrian Gołębiowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.P.); (A.G.); (A.R.); (M.M.-M.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.P.); (A.G.); (A.R.); (M.M.-M.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Maciej Monedeiro-Milanowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.P.); (A.G.); (A.R.); (M.M.-M.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Gulyaim Sagandykova
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.P.); (A.G.); (A.R.); (M.M.-M.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (B.M.); (P.S.-K.)
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (B.M.); (P.S.-K.)
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michał Gloc
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.D.)
| | - Renata Dobrucka
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (R.D.)
- Department of Industrial Products and Packaging Quality, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, 61-875 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kurzydłowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.P.); (A.G.); (A.R.); (M.M.-M.); (G.S.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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Comparative study of the binding between chlorogenic acid and four proteins by isothermal titration calorimetry, spectroscopy and docking methods. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:523-538. [PMID: 35545727 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As a polyphenolic compound, chlorogenic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-obesity and other effects. Based on the interactions between chlorogenic acid and the proteins (human serum albumin (HSA), pepsin (Pep), trypsin (Try), fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO)), results will provide clues for screening effective inhibitors. The interaction between chlorogenic acid and the four proteins (HSA, Pep, Try, FTO) was analyzed by the aid of fluorescence quenching, synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry, and molecular docking. It can be concluded that there is no obvious interaction between chlorogenic acid and FTO. The binding affinity between chlorogenic acid and three proteins is HSA > Try > Pep. The binding process is spontaneous, and the quenching type is static quenching. Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding is observed in the binding process. This study provides valuable information for understanding the interaction mechanism between chlorogenic acid and proteins, and provides clues for screening inhibitors.
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Mullins E, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, George Firbank L, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Fernandez Dumont A, Moreno FJ. Scientific Opinion on development needs for the allergenicity and protein safety assessment of food and feed products derived from biotechnology. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07044. [PMID: 35106091 PMCID: PMC8787593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Opinion addresses the formulation of specific development needs, including research requirements for allergenicity assessment and protein safety, in general, which is urgently needed in a world that demands more sustainable food systems. Current allergenicity risk assessment strategies are based on the principles and guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius for the safety assessment of foods derived from 'modern' biotechnology initially published in 2003. The core approach for the safety assessment is based on a 'weight-of-evidence' approach because no single piece of information or experimental method provides sufficient evidence to predict allergenicity. Although the Codex Alimentarius and EFSA guidance documents successfully addressed allergenicity assessments of single/stacked event GM applications, experience gained and new developments in the field call for a modernisation of some key elements of the risk assessment. These should include the consideration of clinical relevance, route of exposure and potential threshold values of food allergens, the update of in silico tools used with more targeted databases and better integration and standardisation of test materials and in vitro/in vivo protocols. Furthermore, more complex future products will likely challenge the overall practical implementation of current guidelines, which were mainly targeted to assess a few newly expressed proteins. Therefore, it is timely to review and clarify the main purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment and the vital role it plays in protecting consumers' health. A roadmap to (re)define the allergenicity safety objectives and risk assessment needs will be required to inform a series of key questions for risk assessors and risk managers such as 'what is the purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment?' or 'what level of confidence is necessary for the predictions?'.
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7
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Wicke N, Bedford MR, Howarth M. Gastrobodies are engineered antibody mimetics resilient to pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Commun Biol 2021; 4:960. [PMID: 34381153 PMCID: PMC8358037 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeting reagents, such as antibodies and non-antibody scaffold proteins, are rapidly inactivated in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice denatures proteins and activates pepsin, concentrations of which reach 1 mg/mL in the mammalian stomach. Two stable scaffold proteins (nanobody and nanofitin), previously developed to be protease-resistant, were completely digested in less than 10 min at 100-fold lower concentration of pepsin than found in the stomach. Here we present gastrobodies, a protein scaffold derived from Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). SBTI is highly resistant to the challenges of the upper GI tract, including digestive proteases, pH 2 and bile acids. Computational prediction of SBTI's evolvability identified two nearby loops for randomization, to create a potential recognition surface which was experimentally validated by alanine scanning. We established display of SBTI on full-length pIII of M13 phage. Phage selection of gastrobody libraries against the glucosyltransferase domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B (GTD) identified hits with nanomolar affinity and enzyme inhibitory activity. Anti-GTD binders retained high stability to acid, digestive proteases and heat. Gastrobodies show resilience to exceptionally harsh conditions, which should provide a foundation for targeting and modulating function within the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Wicke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Mintoo M, Chakravarty A, Tilvawala R. N-Terminomics Strategies for Protease Substrates Profiling. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154699. [PMID: 34361849 PMCID: PMC8348681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases play a central role in various biochemical pathways catalyzing and regulating key biological events. Proteases catalyze an irreversible post-translational modification called proteolysis by hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. Given the destructive potential of proteolysis, protease activity is tightly regulated. Dysregulation of protease activity has been reported in numerous disease conditions, including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections. The proteolytic profile of a cell, tissue, or organ is governed by protease activation, activity, and substrate specificity. Thus, identifying protease substrates and proteolytic events under physiological conditions can provide crucial information about how the change in protease regulation can alter the cellular proteolytic landscape. In recent years, mass spectrometry-based techniques called N-terminomics have become instrumental in identifying protease substrates from complex biological mixtures. N-terminomics employs the labeling and enrichment of native and neo-N-termini peptides, generated upon proteolysis followed by mass spectrometry analysis allowing protease substrate profiling directly from biological samples. In this review, we provide a brief overview of N-terminomics techniques, focusing on their strengths, weaknesses, limitations, and providing specific examples where they were successfully employed to identify protease substrates in vivo and under physiological conditions. In addition, we explore the current trends in the protease field and the potential for future developments.
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9
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Sitanggang AB, Putri JE, Palupi NS, Hatzakis E, Syamsir E, Budijanto S. Enzymatic Preparation of Bioactive Peptides Exhibiting ACE Inhibitory Activity from Soybean and Velvet Bean: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:3822. [PMID: 34201554 PMCID: PMC8270263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a peptidase with a significant role in the regulation of blood pressure. Within this work, a systematic review on the enzymatic preparation of Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides is presented. The systematic review is conducted by following PRISMA guidelines. Soybeans and velvet beans are known to have high protein contents that make them suitable as sources of parent proteins for the production of ACEi peptides. Endopeptidase is commonly used in the preparation of soybean-based ACEi peptides, whereas for velvet bean, a combination of both endo- and exopeptidase is frequently used. Soybean glycinin is the preferred substrate for the preparation of ACEi peptides. It contains proline as one of its major amino acids, which exhibits a potent significance in inhibiting ACE. The best enzymatic treatments for producing ACEi peptides from soybean are as follows: proteolytic activity by Protease P (Amano-P from Aspergillus sp.), a temperature of 37 °C, a reaction time of 18 h, pH 8.2, and an E/S ratio of 2%. On the other hand, the best enzymatic conditions for producing peptide hydrolysates with high ACEi activity are through sequential hydrolytic activity by the combination of pepsin-pancreatic, an E/S ratio for each enzyme is 10%, the temperature and reaction time for each proteolysis are 37 °C and 0.74 h, respectively, pH for pepsin is 2.0, whereas for pancreatin it is 7.0. As an underutilized pulse, the studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of velvet bean proteins in producing ACEi peptides are limited. Conclusively, the activity of soybean-based ACEi peptides is found to depend on their molecular sizes, the amino acid residues, and positions. Hydrophobic amino acids with nonpolar side chains, positively charged, branched, and cyclic or aromatic residues are generally preferred for ACEi peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azis Boing Sitanggang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Jessica Eka Putri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Nurheni Sri Palupi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Elvira Syamsir
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Slamet Budijanto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kampus IPB Darmaga, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (J.E.P.); (N.S.P.); (E.S.); (S.B.)
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Nakanishi K, Mogi N, Kikuchi Y, Matsuda M, Matsuoka T, Shiina K, Morikane S, Kurohane K, Niwa Y, Kobayashi H, Imai Y. Plant-derived secretory component gives protease-resistance to Shiga toxin 1-specific dimeric IgA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:297-308. [PMID: 33871797 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Noriko Mogi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuki Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Minami Matsuda
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kotome Shiina
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shota Morikane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kohta Kurohane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuo Niwa
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Improvement, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Improvement, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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11
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Dumont AF. Statement on in vitro protein digestibility tests in allergenicity and protein safety assessment of genetically modified plants. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06350. [PMID: 33473251 PMCID: PMC7801955 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This statement supplements and updates the GMO Panel guidance document on allergenicity of genetically modified (GM) plants published in 2017. In that guidance document, the GMO Panel considered that additional investigations on in vitro protein digestibility were needed before providing any additional recommendations in the form of guidance to applicants. Thus, an interim phase was proposed to assess the utility of an enhanced in vitro digestion test, as compared to the classical pepsin resistance test. Historically, resistance to degradation by pepsin using the classical pepsin resistance test has been considered as additional information, in a weight-of-evidence approach, for the assessment of allergenicity and toxicity of newly expressed proteins in GM plants. However, more recent evidence does not support this test as a good predictor of allergenic potential for hazard. Furthermore, there is a need for more reliable systems to predict the fate of the proteins in the gastrointestinal tract and how they interact with the relevant human cells. Nevertheless, the classical pepsin resistance test can still provide some information on the physicochemical properties of novel proteins relating to their stability under acidic conditions. But other methods can be used to obtain data on protein's structural and/or functional integrity. It is acknowledged that the classical pepsin resistance test is embedded into international guidelines, e.g. Codex Alimentarius and Regulation (EU) No 503/2013. For future development, a deeper understanding of protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract could enable the framing of more robust strategies for the safety assessment of proteins. Given the high complexity of the digestion and absorption process of dietary proteins, it is needed to clarify and identify the aspects that could be relevant to assess potential risks of allergenicity and toxicity of proteins. To this end, a series of research questions to be addressed are also formulated in this statement.
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Wang R, Wang Y, Edrington TC, Liu Z, Lee TC, Silvanovich A, Moon HS, Liu ZL, Li B. Presence of small resistant peptides from new in vitro digestion assays detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: An implication of allergenicity prediction of novel proteins? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233745. [PMID: 32542029 PMCID: PMC7295189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of newly expressed proteins to digestion by gastrointestinal proteases (e.g., pepsin) has long been regarded as one of the important endpoints in the weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach to assess the allergenic risk of genetically modified (GM) crops. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has suggested that current digestion study protocols used for this assessment should be modified to more accurately reflect the diverse physiological conditions encountered in human populations and that the post-digestion analysis should include analytical methods to detect small peptide digestion products.The susceptibility of two allergens (beta-lactoglobin (β-Lg) and alpha-lactalbumin (α-La)) and two non-allergens (hemoglobin (Hb) and phosphofructokinase (PFK)) to proteolytic degradation was investigated under two pepsin digestion conditions (optimal pepsin digestion condition: pH 1.2, 10 U pepsin/μg test protein; sub-optimal pepsin digestion condition: pH 5.0, 1 U pepsin/10 mg test protein), followed by 34.5 U trypsin/mg test protein and 0.4 U chymotrypsin/mg test protein digestion in the absence or presence of bile salts. All samples were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in conjunction with Coomassie Blue staining and, in parallel, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection. The results provide following insights: 1) LC-MS methodology does provide the detection of small peptides; 2) Peptides are detected in both allergens and non-allergens from all digestion conditions; 3) No clear differences among the peptides detected from allergen and non-allergens; 4) The differences observed in SDS-PAGE between the optimal and sub-optimal pepsin digestion conditions are expected and align with kinetics and properties of the specific enzymes; 5) The new methodology with new digestion conditions and LC-MS detection does not provide any differentiating information for prediction whether a protein is an allergen. The classic pepsin resistance assay remains the most useful assessment of the potential exposure of an intact newly expressed protein as part of product safety assessment within a WOE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Zhenjiu Liu
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Lee
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Hong S. Moon
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zi L. Liu
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
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Zahir M, Fogliano V, Capuano E. Effect of soybean processing on cell wall porosity and protein digestibility. Food Funct 2020; 11:285-296. [PMID: 31825419 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Apart from the presence of antinutritional factors, digestibility of soybean proteins is limited in intact cells by cell wall permeability to proteolitic enzymes. Food processing may modulate cell wall permeability and hence the accessibility of protease enzymes to intracellular proteins. In this study, soybeans were processed in various ways, e.g. cooking applied alone or with either germination or fermentation processes, and the modification in cell wall permeability was investigated using confocal microscopy to visualize the penetration of FITC-dextran probes into isolated cells/cell clusters. Diffusion of fluorescently labelled trypsin into cells and cell clusters was also monitored. Microscopy observations showed that fermentation and germination as well as proteolitic enzymes increase the permeability of boiled soybean cotyledon cells. The diffusion of trypsin into all the isolated cells was observed at an early stage of simulated in vitro digestion, whereas diffusion into cell clusters was delayed due to a bigger size and limited permeability of cell clusters. A modest, although significant, increase in protein digestibility was observed when boiling was combined with fermentation or germination likely due to pre-digestion of storage proteins and inactivation of trypsin inhibitors. This study highlights the positive role of fermentation and germination in improving protein digestibility in soybeans but overall suggests that cell wall permeability to trypsin plays a minor role in the extent of protein digestion of intact soybean cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Zahir
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Protease resistance of food proteins: a mixed picture for predicting allergenicity but a useful tool for assessing exposure. Clin Transl Allergy 2018; 8:30. [PMID: 30116520 PMCID: PMC6085708 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-018-0216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Susceptibility to pepsin digestion of candidate transgene products is regarded an important parameter in the weight-of-evidence approach for allergenicity risk assessment of genetically modified crops. It has been argued that protocols used for this assessment should better reflect physiological conditions encountered in representative food consumption scenarios. Aim To evaluate whether inclusion of more physiological conditions, such as sub-optimal and lower pepsin concentrations, in combination with pancreatin digestion, improved the performance of digestibility protocols used in characterization of protein stability. Methods Four pairs of established allergens and their related non/weakly-allergenic counterparts (seed albumins, muscle tropomyosins, plant lipid transfer proteins [LTP] and collagens) plus fish parvalbumin, were subjected to nine combinations of pH (1.2-2.5-4.0) and pepsin-to-protein ratio (PPR: 10-1-0.1 U/µg) for pepsin digestion, followed by pancreatin digestion in the presence of bile salts. Digestion was monitored by SDS-PAGE in conjunction with Coomassie staining and immunoblotting using rabbit antisera and human IgE. Results At pH 4.0 and at PPR 0.1 most proteins, both allergen and non-allergen, were highly resistant to pepsin. Under conditions known to favor pepsin proteolysis, the established major allergens Ara h 2, Pru p 3 and Pen a 1 were highly resistant to proteolysis, while the allergen Cyp c 1 was not. However, this resistance to pepsin digestion only made Ara h 2 and to a lesser extent Pen a 1 and Pru p 3 stand out compared to their non-allergenic counterparts. Largely irrespective of preceding pepsin digestion conditions, pancreatin digestion was very effective for all tested proteins, allergens and non-allergens, except for Cyp c 1 and bovine collagen. Conclusions Sub-optimal pH, low pepsin-to protein ratio, and sequential pepsin and pancreatin digestion protocols do not improve the predictive value in distinguish allergens from non-allergens. Digestion conditions facilitating such distinction differ per protein pair.
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Imai K, Shimizu K, Kamimura M, Honda H. Interaction between porous silica gel microcarriers and peptides for oral administration of functional peptides. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10971. [PMID: 30030485 PMCID: PMC6054636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional peptides, peptides that have biological activities, have attracted attention as active ingredients of functional foods and health foods. In particular, for food applications, because orally ingested peptides are degraded by digestive enzymes in the stomach, novel oral administration methods that can prevent peptide degradation and successfully deliver them intestinally are desired. In the present study, we focused on porous silica gel, which has many useful characteristics, such as large surface area, pH responsive functional groups, size controllable pores, and approval as food additives. We investigated the possibility of using porous silica gel as a peptide degradation protective microcarrier. As a result, we found that heat treatment of the silica gel at 600 °C for 2 h remarkably enhanced the adsorbed amount of many peptides under acidic conditions, and negatively charged and highly hydrophobic peptides had suitable characteristics for oral intestinal delivery with silica gel. Finally, we demonstrated the degree of protection from pepsin degradation and found that the protection of DFELEDD peptide was 57.1 ± 3.9% when DFELEDD was mixed with the heat-treated silica gel. These results indicated that the heat-treated silica gel is promising for efficient oral intestinal delivery of hydrophobic negatively charged peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Imai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kamimura
- Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd., 1846, 2-Chome, Kozoji-Cho, Kasugai-Shi, Aichi, 487-0013, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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