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Sergeant K, Printz B, Guerriero G, Renaut J, Lutts S, Hausman JF. The Dynamics of the Cell Wall Proteome of Developing Alfalfa Stems. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E60. [PMID: 31430995 PMCID: PMC6784106 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the cell-wall-enriched subproteomes at three different heights of alfalfa stems were compared. Since these three heights correspond to different states in stem development, a view on the dynamics of the cell wall proteome during cell maturation is obtained. This study of cell wall protein-enriched fractions forms the basis for a description of the development process of the cell wall and the linking cell wall localized proteins with the evolution of cell wall composition and structure. The sequential extraction of cell wall proteins with CaCl2, EGTA, and LiCl-complemented buffers was combined with a gel-based proteome approach and multivariate analysis. Although the highest similarities were observed between the apical and intermediate stem regions, the proteome patterns are characteristic for each region. Proteins that bind carbohydrates and have proteolytic activity, as well as enzymes involved in glycan remobilization, accumulate in the basal stem region. Beta-amylase and ferritin likewise accumulate more in the basal stem segment. Therefore, remobilization of nutrients appears to be an important process in the oldest stem segment. The intermediate and apical regions are sites of cell wall polymer remodeling, as suggested by the high abundance of proteins involved in the remodeling of the cell wall, such as xyloglucan endoglucosylase, beta-galactosidase, or the BURP-domain containing polygalacturonase non-catalytic subunit. However, the most striking change between the different stem parts is the strong accumulation of a DUF642-conserved domain containing protein in the apical region of the stem, which suggests a particular role of this protein during the early development of stem tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Bruno Printz
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute Agronomy (ELI-A), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute Agronomy (ELI-A), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
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Gutsch A, Keunen E, Guerriero G, Renaut J, Cuypers A, Hausman J, Sergeant K, Luo Z. Long-term cadmium exposure influences the abundance of proteins that impact the cell wall structure in Medicago sativa stems. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:1023-1035. [PMID: 29908008 PMCID: PMC6221066 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential, toxic heavy metal that poses serious threats to both ecosystems and human health. Plants employ various cellular and molecular mechanisms to minimise the impact of Cd toxicity and cell walls function as a defensive barrier during Cd exposure. In this study, we adopted a quantitative gel-based proteomic approach (two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis) to investigate changes in the abundance of cell wall and soluble proteins in stems of Medicago sativa L. upon long-term exposure to Cd (10 mg·Cd·kg-1 soil as CdSO4 ). Obtained protein data were complemented with targeted gene expression analyses. Plants were affected by Cd exposure at an early growth stage but seemed to recover at a more mature stage as no difference in biomass was observed. The accumulation of Cd was highest in roots followed by stems and leaves. Quantitative proteomics revealed a changed abundance for 179 cell wall proteins and 30 proteins in the soluble fraction upon long-term Cd exposure. These proteins are involved in cell wall remodelling, defence response, carbohydrate metabolism and promotion of the lignification process. The data indicate that Cd exposure alters the cell wall proteome and underline the role of cell wall proteins in defence against Cd stress. The identified proteins are linked to alterations in cell wall structure and lignification process in stems of M. sativa, underpinning the function of the cell wall as an effective barrier against Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gutsch
- Environmental Research and Innovation DepartmentLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
- Centre for Environmental SciencesHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - E. Keunen
- Centre for Environmental SciencesHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - G. Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation DepartmentLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - J. Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation DepartmentLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - A. Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental SciencesHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - J.‐F. Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation DepartmentLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - K. Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation DepartmentLuxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
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Gutsch A, Zouaghi S, Renaut J, Cuypers A, Hausman JF, Sergeant K. Changes in the Proteome of Medicago sativa Leaves in Response to Long-Term Cadmium Exposure Using a Cell-Wall Targeted Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092498. [PMID: 30149497 PMCID: PMC6165176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) shows a serious problem for the environment and poses a threat to plants. Plants employing various cellular and molecular mechanisms to limit Cd toxicity and alterations of the cell wall structure were observed upon Cd exposure. This study focuses on changes in the cell wall protein-enriched subproteome of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves during long-term Cd exposure. Plants grew on Cd-contaminated soil (10 mg/kg dry weight (DW)) for an entire season. A targeted approach was used to sequentially extract cell wall protein-enriched fractions from the leaves and quantitative analyses were conducted with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) followed by protein identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight/time of flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. In 212 spots that showed a significant change in intensity upon Cd exposure a single protein was identified. Of these, 163 proteins are predicted to be secreted and involved in various physiological processes. Proteins of other subcellular localization were mainly chloroplastic and decreased in response to Cd, which confirms the Cd-induced disturbance of the photosynthesis. The observed changes indicate an active defence response against a Cd-induced oxidative burst and a restructuring of the cell wall, which is, however, different to what is observed in M. sativa stems and will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Gutsch
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
- Agoralaan building D, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Centre for Environmental Science, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Salha Zouaghi
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Agoralaan building D, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Centre for Environmental Science, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Yang Y, Yu Y, Liang Y, Anderson CT, Cao J. A Profusion of Molecular Scissors for Pectins: Classification, Expression, and Functions of Plant Polygalacturonases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1208. [PMID: 30154820 PMCID: PMC6102391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the construction, differentiation, maturation, and degradation of the cell wall are essential for development. Pectins, which are major constituents of primary cell walls in eudicots, function in multiple developmental processes through their synthesis, modification, and degradation. Several pectin modifying enzymes regulate pectin degradation via different modes of action. Polygalacturonases (PGs), which function in the last step of pectin degradation, are a crucial class of pectin-modifying enzymes. Based on differences in their hydrolyzing activities, PGs can be divided into three main types: exo-PGs, endo-PGs, and rhamno-PGs. Their functions were initially investigated based on the expression patterns of PG genes and measurements of total PG activity in organs. In most plant species, PGs are encoded by a large, multigene family. However, due to the lack of genome sequencing data in early studies, the number of identified PG genes was initially limited. Little was initially known about the evolution and expression patterns of PG family members in different species. Furthermore, the functions of PGs in cell dynamics and developmental processes, as well as the regulatory pathways that govern these functions, are far from fully understood. In this review, we focus on how recent studies have begun to fill in these blanks. On the basis of identified PG family members in multiple species, we review their structural characteristics, classification, and molecular evolution in terms of plant phylogenetics. We also highlight the diverse expression patterns and biological functions of PGs during various developmental processes, as well as their mechanisms of action in cell dynamic processes. How PG functions are potentially regulated by hormones, transcription factors, environmental factors, pH and Ca2+ is discussed, indicating directions for future research into PG function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiashu Cao,
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