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Panwar P, Jhala D, Tamrakar A, Joshi C, Patel A. Bacterially expressed full length Hemagglutinin of Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 forms oligomers and exhibits hemagglutination. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 223:106541. [PMID: 38971212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza poses a significant global health threat, with the potential for widespread pandemics and devastating consequences. Hemagglutinin (HA), a critical surface glycoprotein of influenza viruses, plays a pivotal role in viral entry and serves as a primary target for subunit vaccine development. In this study, we successfully cloned, expressed, and purified hemagglutinin from the circulating strain of H5N1 influenza virus using a robust molecular biology approach. The cloning process involved insertion of the synthetic HA gene into the pET21b vector, confirmed through double digestion and sequencing. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the presence of the expected 60 kDa protein band post-induction. Following expression, the protein was subjected to purification via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, yielding pure protein fractions. Native PAGE analysis confirmed the protein's oligomeric forms, essential for optimal antigenicity. Western blot analysis further validated protein identity using anti-His and anti-HA antibodies. MALDI-TOF analysis confirmed the protein's sequence integrity, while hemagglutination assay demonstrated its biological activity in binding to N-acetyl neuraminic acid. These findings underscore the potential of recombinant hemagglutinin as a valuable antigen for diagnosis and biochemical assays as well as for vaccine development against avian influenza. In conclusion, this study represents a critical guide for bacterial production of H5N1 HA, which can be a cost-effective and simpler strategy compared to mammalian protein expression. Further research into optimizing vaccine candidates and production methods will be essential in combating the ongoing threat of avian influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Panwar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
| | - Dhwani Jhala
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
| | - Anubhav Tamrakar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India.
| | - Amrutlal Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India.
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2
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Boruah JLH, Venkatesh G, Nagarajan S, Senthilkumar D, Bhatia S, Tosh C, Kumar M, Rai R, Tripathi S, Shukla S, Dubey CK, Singh VP. Immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy of recombinant H5HA1 protein of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus expressed in E.coli. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105605. [PMID: 35636692 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in poultry has caused great economic loss to the poultry farmers and industry with significant pandemic threat. The current study involved production of recombinant HA1 protein of clade 2.3.2.1a H5N1 HPAIV (rH5HA1) in E.coli and evaluation of its protective efficacy in chickens. Purification under denaturing conditions and refolding by dialysis against buffers containing decreasing concentrations of urea was found to preserve the biological activity of the expressed recombinant protein as assessed by hemagglutination assay, Western blot and ELISA. The Montanide ISA 71 VGA adjuvanted rH5HA1 protein was used for immunization of chickens. Humoral response was maintained at a minimum of 4log2 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre till 154 days post 2nd booster. We evaluated the protective efficacy of rH5HA1 protein in immunized chickens by challenging them with homologous (2.3.2.1a) and heterologous (2.3.2.1c) clades of H5N1 HPAIV. In both the groups, the HI titre significantly increased (P < 0.05) after challenge and the virus shedding significantly (P < 0.05) reduced between 3rd and 14th day post challenge. The virus shedding ratio in oro-pharyngeal swabs did not differ significantly between both the groups except on 7 days post challenge and during the entire experimental period in cloacal swabs. These results indicate that rH5HA1 was able to induce homologous and cross protective immune response in chickens and could be a potential vaccine candidate used for combating the global spread of H5N1 HPAIV threat. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report immunogenicity and protective efficacy of prokaryotic recombinant H5HA1 protein in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Govindarajulu Venkatesh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India.
| | - Shanmugasundaram Nagarajan
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Dhanapal Senthilkumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Chakradhar Tosh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Rupal Rai
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Sushil Tripathi
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Shweta Shukla
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Dubey
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, 462021, India
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Alqazlan N, Astill J, Raj S, Sharif S. Strategies for enhancing immunity against avian influenza virus in chickens: A review. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:211-235. [PMID: 35297706 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poultry infection with avian influenza viruses (AIV) is a continuous source of concern for poultry production and human health. Uncontrolled infection and transmission of AIV in poultry increases the potential for viral mutation and reassortment, possibly resulting in the emergence of zoonotic viruses. To this end, implementing strategies to disrupt the transmission of AIVs in poultry, including a wide array of traditional and novel methods, is much needed. Vaccination of poultry is a targeted approach to reduce clinical signs and shedding in infected birds. Strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of AIV vaccines are multi-pronged and include methods directed towards eliciting immune responses in poultry. Strategies include producing vaccines of greater immunogenicity via vaccine type and adjuvant application and increasing bird responsiveness to vaccines by modification of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome and dietary interventions. This review provides an in-depth discussion of recent findings surrounding novel AIV vaccines for poultry, including reverse genetics vaccines, vectors, protein vaccines and virus like particles, highlighting their experimental efficacy among other factors such as safety and potential for use in the field. In addition to the type of vaccine employed, vaccine adjuvants also provide an effective way to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy, therefore, research on different types of vaccine adjuvants and vaccine adjuvant delivery strategies is discussed. Finally, the poultry gastrointestinal microbiome is emerging as an important factor in the effectiveness of prophylactic treatments. In this regard, current findings on the effects of the chicken GIT microbiome on AIV vaccine efficacy are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jake Astill
- Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON, N1L 1E3, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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4
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Sączyńska V, Florys-Jankowska K, Porębska A, Cecuda-Adamczewska V. A novel epitope-blocking ELISA for specific and sensitive detection of antibodies against H5-subtype influenza virus hemagglutinin. Virol J 2021; 18:91. [PMID: 33931074 PMCID: PMC8085643 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H5-subtype highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause high mortality in domestic birds and sporadic infections in humans with a frequently fatal outcome, while H5N1 viruses have pandemic potential. Due to veterinary and public health significance, these HPAIVs, as well as low pathogenicity (LP) H5-subtype AIVs having a propensity to mutate into HP viruses, are under epidemiologic surveillance and must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Our previous work provided a unique panel of 6 different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against H5 hemagglutinin (HA), which meets the demand for high-specificity tools for monitoring AIV infection and vaccination in poultry. In this study, we selected one of these mAbs to develop an epitope-blocking (EB) ELISA for detecting H5 subtype-specific antibodies in chicken sera (H5 EB-ELISA). Methods In the H5 EB-ELISA, H5 HA protein produced in a baculovirus-expression vector system was employed as a coating antigen, and the G-7-27-18 mAb was employed as a blocking antibody. The performance characteristics of the assay were evaluated by testing 358 sera from nonimmunized chickens and chickens immunized with AIVs of the H1–H16 subtypes or recombinant H5 HA antigen to obtain the reference and experimental antisera, respectively. The samples were classified as anti-H5 HA positive or negative based on the results of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the gold standard in subtype-specific serodiagnosis. Results The H5 EB-ELISA correctly discriminated between the anti-H5 HA negative sera, including those against the non-H5 subtype AIVs, and sera positive for antibodies against the various-origin H5 HAs. Preliminary validation showed 100% analytical and 97.6% diagnostic specificities of the assay and 98.0% and 99.1% diagnostic sensitivities when applied to detect the anti-H5 HA antibodies in the reference and experimental antisera, respectively. Conclusions The H5 EB-ELISA performed well in terms of diagnostic estimates. Thus, further optimization and validation work using a larger set of chicken sera and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis are warranted. Moreover, the present assay provides a valuable basis for developing multispecies screening tests for birds or diagnostic tests for humans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01564-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Sączyńska
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8 Street, 01-793, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Florys-Jankowska
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8 Street, 01-793, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Porębska
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8 Street, 01-793, Warsaw, Poland
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Sharma J, Shepardson K, Johns LL, Wellham J, Avera J, Schwarz B, Rynda-Apple A, Douglas T. A Self-Adjuvanted, Modular, Antigenic VLP for Rapid Response to Influenza Virus Variability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:18211-18224. [PMID: 32233444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The continuous evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) requires the influenza vaccine formulations to be updated annually to provide adequate protection. Recombinant protein-based vaccines provide safer, faster, and a more scalable alternative to the conventional embryonated egg approach for developing vaccines. However, these vaccines are typically poorer in immunogenicity than the vaccines containing inactivated or attenuated influenza viruses and require administration of a large antigen dosage together with potent adjuvants. The presentation of protein antigens on the surface of virus-like particles (VLP) provides an attractive strategy to rapidly induce stronger antigen-specific immune responses. Here we have examined the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of P22 VLPs conjugated with multiple copies of the globular head domain of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein from the PR8 strain of IAV in a murine model of influenza pathogenesis. Using a covalent attachment strategy (SpyTag/SpyCatcher), we conjugated the HA globular head, which was recombinantly expressed in a genetically modified E. coli strain and found to refold as a monomer, to preassembled P22 VLPs. Immunization of mice with this P22-HAhead conjugate provided full protection from morbidity and mortality following infection with a homologous IAV strain. Moreover, the P22-HAhead conjugate also elicited an accelerated and enhanced HA head specific IgG response, which was significantly higher than the soluble HA head, or the admixture of P22 and HA head without the need for adjuvants. Thus, our results show that the HA head can be easily prepared by in vitro refolding in a modified E. coli strain, maintaining its intact structure and enabling the induction of a strong immune response when conjugated to P22 VLPs, even when presented as a monomer. These results also demonstrate that the P22 VLPs can be rapidly modified in a modular fashion, resulting in an effective vaccine construct that can generate protective immunity without the need for additional adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhanvi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly Shepardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Laura L Johns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Julia Wellham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - John Avera
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Matrivax Research and Development Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United Sates
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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6
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Sączyńska V, Romanik-Chruścielewska A, Florys K, Cecuda-Adamczewska V, Łukasiewicz N, Sokołowska I, Kęsik-Brodacka M, Płucienniczak G. Prime-Boost Vaccination With a Novel Hemagglutinin Protein Produced in Bacteria Induces Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against H5-Subtype Influenza Viruses in Commercial Chickens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2006. [PMID: 31552018 PMCID: PMC6736996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV), H5N1 and reassortant H5-subtype HPAIVs, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, cause high mortality in domestic birds, resulting in economic losses in the poultry industry. H5N1 and H5N6 also pose significant public health risks and H5N1 viruses are a permanent pandemic threat. To control HPAIVs, eukaryotic expression systems have traditionally been exploited to produce vaccines based on hemagglutinin (HA), a protective viral antigen. In contrast, we used a bacterial expression system to produce vaccine targeting the HA protein. A fragment of the HA ectodomain from H5N1, with a multibasic cleavage site deletion, was expressed in Escherichia coli, refolded, and chromatographically purified from inclusion bodies. The resulting antigen, rH5-E. coli, was validated in terms of conformational integrity and oligomerization status. Previously, the protective efficacy of rH5-E. coli adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide, has been positively verified by challenging the specific pathogen-free layer chickens with homologous and heterologous H5N1 HPAIVs. Protection was provided primarily by the H5 subtype-specific antibodies, as detected in the FluAC H5 test. The present studies were conducted to assess the performance of alum-adjuvanted rH5-E. coli in commercial birds. Broiler chickens were vaccinated twice with 25 μg of rH5-E. coli at 2- and 4-week intervals, while the layer chickens were vaccinated with 5- to 25-μg antigen doses at 4- and 6-week intervals. Post-vaccination sera were analyzed for anti-H5 HA antibodies, using homologous ELISA and heterologous FluAC H5 and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Prime-boost immunizations with rH5-E. coli elicited H5 HA-specific antibodies in all the chickens tested. Two antigen doses administered at 4- or 6-week intervals were sufficient to induce neutralizing antibodies against H5-subtype HAs; however, they were ineffective when applied with a 2-week delay. In the layers, 80% to 100% of individuals developed antibodies that were active in the FluAC H5 and/or HI tests. A dose-sparing effect was seen when using the longer prime-boost interval. In the broiler chickens, 62.5% positivity was achieved in the FluAC H5 and/or HI tests. The trials confirmed the vaccine potential of rH5-E. coli and provided indications for anti-influenza vaccination with respect to the chicken type and immunization scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Sączyńska
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Florys
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Łukasiewicz
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Sokołowska
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Płucienniczak
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Layton DS, Choudhary A, Bean AGD. Breaking the chain of zoonoses through biosecurity in livestock. Vaccine 2017; 35:5967-5973. [PMID: 28826750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increases in global travel, trade and urbanisation are leading to greater incidence of zoonotic disease, and livestock are often a key link in the spread of disease to humans. As such, livestock vaccination strategies, as a part of broader biosecurity solutions, are critical to both animal and human health. Importantly, approaches that restrict infectious agents in livestock, not only protects their economic value but should reduce the potential for spill over infections in humans. Biosecurity solutions to livestock health can take a number of different forms and are generally heavily weighted towards prevention of infection rather than treatment. Therefore, vaccination can provide an effective component of a strategic approach, particularly as production economics dictate the use of cost effective solutions. Furthermore, in an evolving global environment there is a need for vaccines that accommodate for lower socioeconomic and rapidly emerging zoonotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Layton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anupma Choudhary
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, Australia.
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8
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Kim HK, Jeong DG, Yoon SW. Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in South Korea. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:95-103. [PMID: 28775973 PMCID: PMC5540969 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused economic loss for the poultry industry and posed a threat to public health. In South Korea, novel reassortants of HPAIVs such as H5N6 and H5N8 had been circulating in poultry. Here, we will discuss the identity of recent novel reassortants of Korean H5 HPAIVs and the recent advances in vaccine development, which will be useful for controlling HPAIV transmission in poultry and for effectively preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kwon Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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9
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Sączyńska V, Romanik A, Florys K, Cecuda-Adamczewska V, Kęsik-Brodacka M, Śmietanka K, Olszewska M, Domańska-Blicharz K, Minta Z, Szewczyk B, Płucienniczak G, Płucienniczak A. Correction: A novel hemagglutinin protein produced in bacteria protects chickens against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses by inducing H5 subtype-specific neutralizing antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176249. [PMID: 28414778 PMCID: PMC5393861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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