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Neonatal Porcine Germ Cells Dedifferentiate and Display Osteogenic and Pluripotency Properties. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112816. [PMID: 34831039 PMCID: PMC8616047 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonocytes are progenitors of spermatogonial stem cells in the neonatal testis. We have previously shown that upon culturing, neonatal porcine gonocytes and their colonies express germ cell and pluripotency markers. The objectives of present study were to investigate in vitro trans-differentiation potential of porcine gonocytes and their colonies into cells from three germinal layers, and to assess pluripotency of cultured gonocytes/colonies in vivo. For osteogenic and tri-lineage differentiation, cells were incubated in regular culture media for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Cells were cultured for an additional 14 days for osteogenic differentiation or 7 days for differentiation into derivates of the three germinal layers. Osteogenic differentiation of cells and colonies was verified by Alizarin Red S staining and tri-lineage differentiation was confirmed using immunofluorescence and gene expression analyses. Furthermore, upon implantation into recipient mice, the cultured cells/colonies developed teratomas expressing markers of all three germinal layers. Successful osteogenic differentiation from porcine germ cells has important implications for bone regeneration and matrix formation studies. Hence, gonocytes emerge as a promising source of adult pluripotent stem cells due to the ability to differentiate into all germinal layers without typical biosafety risks associated with viral vectors or ethical implications.
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Zhu Z, Wu X, Li Q, Zhang J, Yu S, Shen Q, Zhou Z, Pan Q, Yue W, Qin D, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhang R, Peng S, Li N, Zhang S, Lei A, Miao YL, Liu Z, Chen X, Wang H, Liao M, Hua J. Histone demethylase complexes KDM3A and KDM3B cooperate with OCT4/SOX2 to define a pluripotency gene regulatory network. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21664. [PMID: 34042215 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100230r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotency gene regulatory network of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells(piPSCs), especially in epigenetics, remains elusive. To determine the biological function of epigenetics, we cultured piPSCs in different culture conditions. We found that activation of pluripotent gene- and pluripotency-related pathways requires the erasure of H3K9 methylation modification which was further influenced by mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) served feeder. By dissecting the dynamic change of H3K9 methylation during loss of pluripotency, we demonstrated that the H3K9 demethylases KDM3A and KDM3B regulated global H3K9me2/me3 level and that their co-depletion led to the collapse of the pluripotency gene regulatory network. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) provided evidence that KDM3A and KDM3B formed a complex to perform H3K9 demethylation. The genome-wide regulation analysis revealed that OCT4 (O) and SOX2 (S), the core pluripotency transcriptional activators, maintained the pluripotent state of piPSCs depending on the H3K9 hypomethylation. Further investigation revealed that O/S cooperating with histone demethylase complex containing KDM3A and KDM3B promoted pluripotency genes expression to maintain the pluripotent state of piPSCs. Together, these data offer a unique insight into the epigenetic pluripotency network of piPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshuo Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiaoyan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dezhe Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Anmin Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, North-East Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xingqi Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Huayan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Setthawong P, Phakdeedindan P, Techakumphu M, Tharasanit T. Molecular signature and colony morphology affect in vitro pluripotency of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1104-1116. [PMID: 34013645 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Overall efficiency of cell reprogramming for porcine fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is currently poor, and few cell lines have been established. This study examined gene expression during early phase of cellular reprogramming in the relationship to the iPSC colony morphology and in vitro pluripotent characteristics. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed with OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. Two different colony morphologies referred to either compact (n = 10) or loose (n = 10) colonies were further examined for proliferative activity, gene expression and in vitro pluripotency. A total of 1,697 iPSC-like colonies (2.34%) were observed after gene transduction. The compact colonies contained with tightly packed cells with a distinct-clear border between the colony and feeder cells, while loose colonies demonstrated irregular colony boundary. For quantitative expression of genes responsible for early phase cell reprogramming, the Dppa2 and EpCAM were significantly upregulated while NR0B1 was downregulated in compact colonies compared with loose phenotype (p < .05). Higher proportion of compact iPSC phenotype (5 of 10, 50%) could be maintained in undifferentiated state for more than 50 passages compared unfavourably with loose morphology (3 of 10, 30%). All iPS cell lines obtained from these two types of colony morphologies expressed pluripotent genes and proteins (OCT4, NANOG and E-cadherin). In addition, they could aggregate and form three-dimensional structure of embryoid bodies. However, only compact iPSC colonies differentiated into three germ layers. Molecular signature of early phase of cell reprogramming coupled with primary colony morphology reflected the in vitro pluripotency of porcine iPSCs. These findings can be simply applied for pre-screening selection of the porcine iPSC cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyathip Setthawong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praopilas Phakdeedindan
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Techakumphu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,CU-Animal Fertility Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhu Z, Pan Q, Zhao W, Wu X, Yu S, Shen Q, Zhang J, Yue W, Peng S, Li N, Zhang S, Lei A, Hua J. BCL2 enhances survival of porcine pluripotent stem cells through promoting FGFR2. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12932. [PMID: 33107129 PMCID: PMC7791183 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The establishment of porcine pluripotent stem cells (pPSCs) is still a critical topic. However, all pPSCs were failed to contribute to efficient chimeric pig and were extremely sensitive to changes of culture conditions. This study aimed to investigate the role of BCL2 in pPSCs and further explain the mechanism. Materials and Methods Porcine BCL2 gene was cloned and overexpressed in porcine induce pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs). Digital RNA‐seq was performed to explain the mechanism of anti‐apoptosis. Finally, the cells carrying BCL2 were injected into mouse early embryo to evaluate its chimeric ability. Results Here, we found that overexpression of porcine BCL2 gene significantly improved the survivability of piPSCs and the efficiency of embryonic chimerism, and did not wreck the pluripotency of piPSCs. Furthermore, the Digital RNA‐seq analysis revealed that BCL2, as a downstream gene of the PI3K signal pathway, enhanced the expression of PI3K signal pathway receptors, such as FGFR2, and further promoted oxidoreductases activity and lipid metabolism, thus maintaining the survival and pluripotency of piPSCs. Conclusion Our data not only suggested that porcine BCL2 gene could enhance the survivability and chimeric ability of pPSCs, but also explained the positive feedback mechanism in this process, providing strong support for the chimeric experiment of pPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshuo Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiaoyan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Anmin Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Xu W, Li H, Zhang M, Shi J, Wang Z. Locus-specific analysis of DNA methylation patterns in cloned and in vitro fertilized porcine embryos. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:505-514. [PMID: 32908081 PMCID: PMC7768172 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is currently inefficient, as 1–3.95% of reconstructed embryos survive to term; inadequate or erroneous epigenetic
reprogramming of the specialized donor somatic nucleus could be a primary reason. Therefore, a locus-specific analysis of DNA methylation dynamics in
embryogenesis and the DNA methylation status of gametes and donor cells used for SCNT were conducted in the following developmentally important gene loci:
POU5F1, NANOG, SOX2, H19, IGF2, IGF2R,
XIST; and the retrotransposon LINE-1. There were significant epigenetic differences between the gametes and the somatic
donor cells. Three gamete-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in POU5F1, XIST, and LINE-1 were
identified. A delayed demethylation process at POU5F1 and LINE-1 loci occurred after three successive cleavages, compared to
the in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. Although cloned embryos could undergo de-methylation and re-methylation dynamics at the DMRs of
imprinted genes (H19,IGF2R, and XIST), the re-methylation process was compromised, unlike in fertilized
embryos. LINE-1 loci are widely dispersed across the whole genome, and LINE-1 DMR might be a potential porcine nuclear
reprogramming epi-marker. Data from observations in our present and previous studies, and two published articles were pooled to produce a schematic diagram of
locus-specific, DNA methylation dynamics of cloned and IVF embryos during porcine early embryogenesis. This also indicated aberrant DNA methylation
reprogramming events, including inadequate DNA demethylation and insufficient re-methylation in cloned embryos. Further research should focus on mechanisms
underlying demethylation during the early cleavage of embryos and de novo DNA methylation at the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China
| | - Junsong Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu 527400, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
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Kong Q, Yang X, Zhang H, Liu S, Zhao J, Zhang J, Weng X, Jin J, Liu Z. Lineage specification and pluripotency revealed by transcriptome analysis from oocyte to blastocyst in pig. FASEB J 2019; 34:691-705. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901818rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingran Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
- Institute of Biology Westlake University Hangzhou China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Junxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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Stelcer E, Kulcenty K, Suchorska WM. Chondrocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells: Response to ionizing radiation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205691. [PMID: 30352062 PMCID: PMC6198947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Data on the response of chondrocytes differentiated from hiPSCs (hiPSC-DCHs) to ionizing radiation (IR) are lacking. The aim of present study was to assess DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms of IR-treated hiPSC-DCHs. Methods and materials The following IR-response characteristics in irradiated hiPSC-DCHs were assessed: 1) the kinetics of DNA DSB formation; 2) activation of major DNA repair mechanisms; 3) cell cycle changes and 4) reactive oxygen species (ROS), level of key markers of apoptosis and senescence. Results DNA DSBs were observed in 30% of the hiPSC-DCHs overall, and in 60% after high-dose (> 2 Gy) IR. Nevertheless, these cells displayed efficient DNA repair mechanisms, which reduced the DSBs over time until it reached 30% by activating key genes involved in homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining mechanisms. As similar to mature chondrocytes, irradiated hiPSC-DCH cells revealed accumulation of cells in G2 phase. Overall, the hiPSC-DCH cells were characterized by low levels of ROS, cPARP and high levels of senescence. Conclusions The chondrocyte-like cells derived from hiPSC demonstrated features characteristic of both mature chondrocytes and “parental” hiPSCs. The main difference between hiPSC-derived chondrocytes and hiPSCs and mature chondrocytes appears to be the more efficient DDR mechanism of hiPSC-DCHs. The unique properties of these cells suggest that they could potentially be used safely in regenerative medicine if these preliminary findings are confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Stelcer
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- The Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail: (ES); (WMS)
| | - Katarzyna Kulcenty
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Maria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail: (ES); (WMS)
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Tang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Shen B, Luo M, Gu P. Progress of stem/progenitor cell-based therapy for retinal degeneration. J Transl Med 2017; 15:99. [PMID: 28486987 PMCID: PMC5424366 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD), such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa, is one of the leading causes of blindness. Presently, no satisfactory therapeutic options are available for these diseases principally because the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) do not regenerate, although wet AMD can be prevented from further progression by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Nevertheless, stem/progenitor cell approaches exhibit enormous potential for RD treatment using strategies mainly aimed at the rescue and replacement of photoreceptors and RPE. The sources of stem/progenitor cells are classified into two broad categories in this review, which are (1) ocular-derived progenitor cells, such as retinal progenitor cells, and (2) non-ocular-derived stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells. Here, we discuss in detail the progress in the study of four predominant stem/progenitor cell types used in animal models of RD. A short overview of clinical trials involving the stem/progenitor cells is also presented. Currently, stem/progenitor cell therapies for RD still have some drawbacks such as inhibited proliferation and/or differentiation in vitro (with the exception of the RPE) and limited long-term survival and function of grafts in vivo. Despite these challenges, stem/progenitor cells represent the most promising strategy for RD treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqiao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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