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Chen Y, Daly HR, Pitt MA, Van Zandt T. Assessing the distortions introduced when calculating d': A simulation approach. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:7728-7747. [PMID: 38961038 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The discriminability measure d ' is widely used in psychology to estimate sensitivity independently of response bias. The conventional approach to estimate d ' involves a transformation from the hit rate and the false-alarm rate. When performance is perfect, correction methods must be applied to calculate d ' , but these corrections distort the estimate. In three simulation studies, we show that distortion in d ' estimation can arise from other properties of the experimental design (number of trials, sample size, sample variance, task difficulty) that, when combined with application of the correction method, make d ' distortion in any specific experiment design complex and can mislead statistical inference in the worst cases (Type I and Type II errors). To address this problem, we propose that researchers simulate d ' estimation to explore the impact of design choices, given anticipated or observed data. An R Shiny application is introduced that estimates d ' distortion, providing researchers the means to identify distortion and take steps to minimize its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
| | - Heather R Daly
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark A Pitt
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Trisha Van Zandt
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Mulder MJ, Prummer F, Terburg D, Kenemans JL. Drift-diffusion modeling reveals that masked faces are preconceived as unfriendly. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16982. [PMID: 37813970 PMCID: PMC10562405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks has become a daily routine. Studies have shown that face masks increase the ambiguity of facial expressions which not only affects (the development of) emotion recognition, but also interferes with social interaction and judgement. To disambiguate facial expressions, we rely on perceptual (stimulus-driven) as well as preconceptual (top-down) processes. However, it is unknown which of these two mechanisms accounts for the misinterpretation of masked expressions. To investigate this, we asked participants (N = 136) to decide whether ambiguous (morphed) facial expressions, with or without a mask, were perceived as friendly or unfriendly. To test for the independent effects of perceptual and preconceptual biases we fitted a drift-diffusion model (DDM) to the behavioral data of each participant. Results show that face masks induce a clear loss of information leading to a slight perceptual bias towards friendly choices, but also a clear preconceptual bias towards unfriendly choices for masked faces. These results suggest that, although face masks can increase the perceptual friendliness of faces, people have the prior preconception to interpret masked faces as unfriendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Mulder
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Franziska Prummer
- School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - David Terburg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Leon Kenemans
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Halty L, Caperos JM. Anxiety as a differentiating variable in emotional recognition in juvenile offenders with high callous-unemotional traits. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2023; 33:22-32. [PMID: 36722366 PMCID: PMC10108285 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of so-called callous-unemotional (CU) traits-lack of remorse/empathy, callous use of others and shallow/deficient affect-defines an important subgroup of children and adolescents with more severe and stable antisocial behaviours over time and may be a precursor to so-called psychopathy in adults. There are two main hypotheses to account for such traits, one emphasising deficits in recognition of specific emotions-the distress specific-and the other in aspects of facial recognition-the attention to the eyes hypothesis, but it may be that the manifestation of deficits is affected by the person's own emotional state. AIMS To test the effect of anxiety scores on emotion recognition among young people high scoring for CU traits. METHODS 14- to 21-year-olds serving sentences in youth justice institutions across Spain were invited to participate. Only those scoring above the cut-off on the Kimonis Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits were included. Anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Emotion recognition was assessed using the Emotional Face and Emotional Gaze Tasks. RESULTS Of 91 (90% male) eligible participants, 53 had above threshold anxiety scores. The latter group recognised the emotional expressions of sadness, anger and fear earlier than their non-anxious peers, both when only the eye region was presented and when full faces were presented. There was less difference between groups in the case of the emotions of disgust and happiness, with both groups recognising these emotions earlier and more accurately when a full face was presented. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 14- to 21-year old who struggle with callous emotional traits should not be treated as a homogenous group but that testing for other relevant problems, including anxiety, may inform optimal routes to the emotion recognition training that is likely to help them relate to others more prosocially.
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Elsherif M, Catling J. Age of acquisition effects on the decomposition of compound words. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.2013246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dimitrova M, Wagatsuma H, Krastev A, Vrochidou E, Nunez-Gonzalez JD. A Review of Possible EEG Markers of Abstraction, Attentiveness, and Memorisation in Cyber-Physical Systems for Special Education. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:715962. [PMID: 34532347 PMCID: PMC8439420 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.715962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) for special education rely on effective mental and brain processing during the lesson, performed with the assistance of humanoid robots. The improved diagnostic ability of the CPS is a prerogative of the system for efficient technological support of the pedagogical process. The article focuses on the available knowledge of possible EEG markers of abstraction, attentiveness, and memorisation (in some cases combined with eye tracking) related to predicting effective mental and brain processing during the lesson. The role of processing abstraction is emphasised as the learning mechanism, which is given priority over the other mechanisms by the cognitive system. The main markers in focus are P1, N170, Novelty P3, RewP, N400, and P600. The description of the effects is accompanied by the analysis of some implications for the design of novel educational scenarios in inclusive classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dimitrova
- Department of Interactive Robotics and Control Systems, Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hiroaki Wagatsuma
- Department of Human Intelligence Systems, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology (KYUTECH), Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Aleksandar Krastev
- Department of Interactive Robotics and Control Systems, Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Eleni Vrochidou
- Human-Machines Interaction (HUMAIN) Lab, Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University (IHU), Kavala, Greece
| | - J. David Nunez-Gonzalez
- Engineering School of Gipuzkoa—Eibar Section, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Żochowska A, Nowicka MM, Wójcik MJ, Nowicka A. Self-face and emotional faces-are they alike? Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:593-607. [PMID: 33595078 PMCID: PMC8218856 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The image of one’s own face is a particularly distinctive feature of the self. The
self-face differs from other faces not only in respect of its familiarity but also in
respect of its subjective emotional significance and saliency. The current study aimed at
elucidating similarities/dissimilarities between processing of one’s own face and
emotional faces: happy faces (based on the self-positive bias) and fearful faces (because
of their high perceptual saliency, a feature shared with self-face). Electroencephalogram
data were collected in the group of 30 participants who performed a simple detection task.
Event-related potential analyses indicated significantly increased P3 and late positive
potential amplitudes to the self-face in comparison to all other faces: fearful, happy and
neutral. Permutation tests confirmed the differences between the self-face and all three
types of other faces for numerous electrode sites and in broad time windows.
Representational similarity analysis, in turn, revealed distinct processing of the
self-face and did not provide any evidence in favour of similarities between the self-face
and emotional (either negative or positive) faces. These findings strongly suggest that
the self-face processing do not resemble those of emotional faces, thus implying that
prioritized self-referential processing is driven by the subjective relevance of one’s own
face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żochowska
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences,voivodeship mazowieckie,Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Maria M Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences,voivodeship mazowieckie,Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Michał J Wójcik
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford,Oxfordshire, Oxford OX2 6GG,UK
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences,voivodeship mazowieckie,Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Catling JC, Elsherif MM. The hunt for the age of acquisition effect: It's in the links! Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 209:103138. [PMID: 32805435 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Age of Acquisition (AoA) effect is such that words acquired early in life are processed more quickly than later-acquired words. One explanation for the AoA effects is the arbitrary mapping hypothesis (Ellis & Lambon-Ralph, 2000), stating that the AoA effects are more likely to occur in items that have an arbitrary, rather than a systematic, nature between input and output. Previous behavioural findings have shown that the AoA effects are larger in pictorial than word items. However, no behavioural studies have attempted to directly assess the AoA effects in relation to the connections between representations. In the first two experiments, 48 participants completed a word-picture verification task (Experiments 1A and 2A), together with a spoken (Experiment 1B) or written (Experiment 2B) picture naming task. In the third and fourth experiments, 48 participants complete a picture-word verification task (Experiments 3A and 4A), together with a spoken (Experiment 3B) or written (Experiment 4B) word naming task. For each pair of experiments the subtraction of the naming latencies from the verification tasks for each item per participant was calculated (Experiments 1-4C; e.g. Santiago, Mackay, Palma & Rho, 2000). Results showed that early-acquired items were responded to more quickly than late-acquired ones for all experiments, except for Experiment 3B (spoken word naming) where the AoA effect was shown for only low-frequency words. In addition, the subtraction results for pictorial stimuli demonstrated strong AoA effects. This strengthens the case for the AM hypothesis, also suggesting the AoA effect resides in the connections between representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Catling
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - M M Elsherif
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Two words as one: A multi-naming investigation of the age-of-acquisition effect in compound-word processing. Mem Cognit 2019; 48:511-525. [PMID: 31755026 PMCID: PMC7242258 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-019-00986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that early-acquired words are produced faster than late-acquired words. Juhasz and colleagues (Juhasz, Lai & Woodcock, Behavior Research Methods, 47 (4), 1004-1019, 2015; Juhasz, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1-10, 2018) argue that the Age-of-Acquisition (AoA) loci for complex words, specifically compound words, are found at the lexical/semantic level. In the current study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate this claim and investigate the influence of AoA in reading compound words aloud. In Experiment 1, 48 participants completed a word naming task. Using general linear mixed modelling, we found that the age at which the compound word was learned significantly affected the naming latencies beyond the other psycholinguistic properties measured. The second experiment required 48 participants to name the compound word when the two morphemes were presented with a space in-between (combinatorial naming, e.g. air plane). We found that the age at which the compound word was learned, as well as the AoA of the individual morphemes that formed the compound word, significantly influenced combinatorial naming latency. These findings are discussed in relation to theories of the AoA in language processing.
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Ardizzi M, Evangelista V, Ferroni F, Umiltà MA, Ravera R, Gallese V. Evidence for Anger Saliency during the Recognition of Chimeric Facial Expressions of Emotions in Underage Ebola Survivors. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1026. [PMID: 28690565 PMCID: PMC5482096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the crucial features defining basic emotions and their prototypical facial expressions is their value for survival. Childhood traumatic experiences affect the effective recognition of facial expressions of negative emotions, normally allowing the recruitment of adequate behavioral responses to environmental threats. Specifically, anger becomes an extraordinarily salient stimulus unbalancing victims' recognition of negative emotions. Despite the plethora of studies on this topic, to date, it is not clear whether this phenomenon reflects an overall response tendency toward anger recognition or a selective proneness to the salience of specific facial expressive cues of anger after trauma exposure. To address this issue, a group of underage Sierra Leonean Ebola virus disease survivors (mean age 15.40 years, SE 0.35; years of schooling 8.8 years, SE 0.46; 14 males) and a control group (mean age 14.55, SE 0.30; years of schooling 8.07 years, SE 0.30, 15 males) performed a forced-choice chimeric facial expressions recognition task. The chimeric facial expressions were obtained pairing upper and lower half faces of two different negative emotions (selected from anger, fear and sadness for a total of six different combinations). Overall, results showed that upper facial expressive cues were more salient than lower facial expressive cues. This priority was lost among Ebola virus disease survivors for the chimeric facial expressions of anger. In this case, differently from controls, Ebola virus disease survivors recognized anger regardless of the upper or lower position of the facial expressive cues of this emotion. The present results demonstrate that victims' performance in the recognition of the facial expression of anger does not reflect an overall response tendency toward anger recognition, but rather the specific greater salience of facial expressive cues of anger. Furthermore, the present results show that traumatic experiences deeply modify the perceptual analysis of philogenetically old behavioral patterns like the facial expressions of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ardizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of ParmaParma, Italy
- Ravera Children Rehabilitation CentreFreetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Francesca Ferroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | - Maria A. Umiltà
- Department of Food and Drug Sciences, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravera
- Ravera Children Rehabilitation CentreFreetown, Sierra Leone
- Department of Health Psychology, ASL 1 (Azienda Sanitaria Locale) ImperieseSanremo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of ParmaParma, Italy
- Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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Elsherif MM, Sahan MI, Rotshtein P. Correction: The perceptual saliency of fearful eyes and smiles: A signal detection study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179149. [PMID: 28570679 PMCID: PMC5453601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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