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Rao C, Hu R, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Zou X, Tang H, Chen X, He X, Hu G. Theoretical exploring of potential mechanisms of antithrombotic ingredients in danshen-chishao herb-pair by network pharmacological study, molecular docking and zebrafish models. Chin Med 2024; 19:100. [PMID: 39014502 PMCID: PMC11253416 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen, DS) and Radix Paeoniae Rubra (Chishao, CS) herbal pair (DS-CS) is a famous traditional Chinese combination which has been used as antithrombotic formular for centuries. However, there is still lack of sufficient scientific evidence to illustrate its underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antithrombotic effects of DS-CS extract in zebrafish and explore its possible mechanism of action. METHODS The quality of traditional Chinese medicines DS and CS granules was evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Subsequently, the therapeutic effect of the DS-CS combination and its components, Salvianolic Acid A (SAA) and Paeoniflorin (PF), in various concentrations on thrombosis was experimentally validated. Moreover, the interaction between DS-CS and the thrombosis disease targets was analyzed through network pharmacology, predicting the potential antithrombotic mechanism of DS-CS. Molecular docking and in vivo zebrafish experiments were conducted to validate the predicted targets, with qRT-PCR utilized for target validation. RESULTS DS-CS exhibited anti-thrombotic effect in zebrafish with concentrations ranging from 25 to 300 μg/mL. The co-administration of PF and SAA at 25 μg/mL each revealed a synergistic antithrombotic effect exceeding that of individual components when contrasted with PHZ treatment. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis identified key genes, including Albumin (ALB), Proto-oncogene tyro-sine-protein kinase Src (SRC), Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), Caspase-3 (CASP3), Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR), Matrix metalloprotein-ase-2(MMP2), Thrombin (F2), and Coagulation factor Xa (F10), associated with the antithrombotic action of PF and SAA. Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis indicated involvement of lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis pathways. Molecular docking revealed strong binding of PF and SAA to pivotal hub genes, such as SRC, EGFR, and F10. The experimental findings demonstrated that DS-CS could upregulate the mRNA expression levels of EGFR while inhibiting F10 and SRC mRNA levels, thereby ameliorating thrombotic conditions. CONCLUSION This research provided valuable insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the antithrombotic activity of DS-CS. Our findings suggested that PF and SAA could be the key active ingredients responsible for this activity. The antithrombotic effects of DS-CS appeared to be mediated through the regulation of mRNA expression of SRC, EGFR, and F10. These results enhanced our understanding of DS-CS's therapeutic potential and lay the groundwork for future studies to further elucidate its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Rao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Ruixue Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Xu Zou
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Huilan Tang
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, 401121, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
- Children's Hospital of Yongchuan District, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
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Guo J, Niu Z, Lv R, Yuan J, Zhang Z, Guan X, Li D, Zhang H, Zhao A, Feng J, Liu D, Zhou X, Gong J. A novel GARP humanized mouse model for efficacy assessment of GARP-targeting therapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111782. [PMID: 38442579 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Although breakthroughs have been achieved with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy, some tumors do not respond to those therapies due to primary or acquired resistance. GARP, a type I transmembrane cell surface docking receptor mediating latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and abundantly expressed on regulatory T lymphocytes and platelets, is a potential target to render these tumors responsive to ICI therapy, and enhancing anti-tumor response especially combined with ICI. To facilitate these research efforts, we developed humanized mouse models expressing humanized GARP (hGARP) instead of their mouse counterparts, enabling in vivo assessment of GARP-targeting agents. We created GARP-humanized mice by replacing the mouse Garp gene with its human homolog. Then, comprehensive experiments, including expression analysis, immunophenotyping, functional assessments, and pharmacologic assays, were performed to characterize the mouse model accurately. The Tregs and platelets in the B-hGARP mice (The letter B is the first letter of the company's English name, Biocytogen.) expressed human GARP, without expression of mouse GARP. Similar T, B, NK, DCs, monocytes and macrophages frequencies were identified in the spleen and blood of B-hGARP and WT mice, indicating that the humanization of GARP did not change the distribution of immune cell in these compartments. When combined with anti-PD-1, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against GARP/TGF-β1 complexes demonstrated enhanced in vivo anti-tumor activity compared to monotherapy with either agent. The novel hGARP model serves as a valuable tool for evaluating human GARP-targeting antibodies in immuno-oncology, which may enable preclinical studies to assess and validate new therapeutics targeting GARP. Furthermore, intercrosses of this model with ICI humanized models could facilitate the evaluation of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zhenlan Niu
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Ruili Lv
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jiangfeng Yuan
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Xuewa Guan
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Dirui Li
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Haichao Zhang
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Ang Zhao
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing), Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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3
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Moon JS, Ho CC, Park JH, Park K, Shin BY, Lee SH, Sequeira I, Mun CH, Shin JS, Kim JH, Kim BS, Noh JW, Lee ES, Son JY, Kim Y, Lee Y, Cho H, So S, Park J, Choi E, Oh JW, Lee SW, Morio T, Watt FM, Seong RH, Lee SK. Lrig1-expression confers suppressive function to CD4 + cells and is essential for averting autoimmunity via the Smad2/3/Foxp3 axis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5382. [PMID: 37666819 PMCID: PMC10477202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are CD4+ T cells with immune-suppressive function, which is defined by Foxp3 expression. However, the molecular determinants defining the suppressive population of T cells have yet to be discovered. Here we report that the cell surface protein Lrig1 is enriched in suppressive T cells and controls their suppressive behaviors. Within CD4+ T cells, Treg cells express the highest levels of Lrig1, and the expression level is further increasing with activation. The Lrig1+ subpopulation from T helper (Th) 17 cells showed higher suppressive activity than the Lrig1- subpopulation. Lrig1-deficiency impairs the suppressive function of Treg cells, while Lrig1-deficient naïve T cells normally differentiate into other T cell subsets. Adoptive transfer of CD4+Lrig1+ T cells alleviates autoimmune symptoms in colitis and lupus nephritis mouse models. A monoclonal anti-Lrig1 antibody significantly improves the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In conclusion, Lrig1 is an important regulator of suppressive T cell function and an exploitable target for treating autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Chang Ho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ines Sequeira
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chin Hee Mun
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Su Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SunHyeon So
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Choi
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rho Hyun Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyou Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Good T cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Li Y, Wang H, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Meng Z, Qin L. Effects of the interactions between platelets with other cells in tumor growth and progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165989. [PMID: 37153586 PMCID: PMC10158495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that platelets play a key role in tumorigenesis. Tumor-activated platelets can recruit blood cells and immune cells to migrate, establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment at the sites of primary and metastatic tumors. On the other hand, they can also promote the differentiation of mesenchymal cells, which can accelerate the proliferation, genesis and migration of blood vessels. The role of platelets in tumors has been well studied. However, a growing number of studies suggest that interactions between platelets and immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and red blood cells) also play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor development. In this review, we summarize the major cells that are closely associated with platelets and discuss the essential role of the interaction between platelets with these cells in tumorigenesis and tumor development.
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5
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Lahimchi MR, Eslami M, Yousefi B. New insight into GARP striking role in cancer progression: application for cancer therapy. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:33. [PMID: 36460874 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory cells play a crucial role in antitumor immunity suppression. Glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant (GARP), transmembrane cell surface marker, is mostly expressed on Tregs and mediates intracellular organization of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). The physiological role of GARP is immune system homeostasis, while it may cause tumor development by upregulating TGF-β secretion. Despite the vast application of anti- programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies in immunotherapy, anti-GARP antibodies have the advantage of better response in patients who has resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Furthermore, simultaneous administration of anti-GARP antibody and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody is much more effective than anti-PD-1/PD-L1 alone. It is worth mentioning that the GARP-mTGF-β complex is more potent than secretory TGF-β to induce T helper 17 cells differentiation in HIV + patients. On the other hand, TGF-β is an effective cytokine in cancer development, and some microRNAs could control its secretion by regulating GARP. In the present review, some information is provided about the undeniable role of GARP in cancer progression and its probable importance as a novel prognostic biomarker. Anti-GARP antibodies are also suggested for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Eslami
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. .,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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6
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Zimmer N, Trzeciak ER, Graefen B, Satoh K, Tuettenberg A. GARP as a Therapeutic Target for the Modulation of Regulatory T Cells in Cancer and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928450. [PMID: 35898500 PMCID: PMC9309211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a critical role in immune homeostasis by suppressing several aspects of the immune response. Herein, Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), the docking receptor for latent transforming growth factor (LTGF-β), which promotes its activation, plays a crucial role in maintaining Treg mediated immune tolerance. After activation, Treg uniquely express GARP on their surfaces. Due to its location and function, GARP may represent an important target for immunotherapeutic approaches, including the inhibition of Treg suppression in cancer or the enhancement of suppression in autoimmunity. In the present review, we will clarify the cellular and molecular regulation of GARP expression not only in human Treg but also in other cells present in the tumor microenvironment. We will also examine the overall roles of GARP in the regulation of the immune system. Furthermore, we will explore potential applications of GARP as a predictive and therapeutic biomarker as well as the targeting of GARP itself in immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Emily R. Trzeciak
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Graefen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kazuki Satoh
- Early Clinical Development Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrea Tuettenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andrea Tuettenberg,
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7
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Tang H, Qin N, Rao C, Zhu J, Wang H, Hu G. Screening of Potential Anti-Thrombotic Ingredients from Salvia miltiorrhiza in Zebrafish and by Molecular Docking. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226807. [PMID: 34833900 PMCID: PMC8621365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Danshen (DS), the dry root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for many years to promote blood circulation and to inhibit thrombosis. However, the active ingredients responsible for the anti-thrombotic effect and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: Molecular docking was used to predict the active ingredients in DS and their potential targets by calculating the scores of docking between DS ingredients and thrombosis-related proteins. Then, a chemical-induced zebrafish thrombosis model was applied to confirm their anti-thrombotic effects. Result: The molecular docking results indicated that compared to the control ligand, higher docking scores were observed for several compounds in DS, among which salvianolic acid B (SAB), lithospermic acid (LA), rosmarinic acid (MA), and luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (LG) could attenuate zebrafish caudal vein thrombosis and recover the decrease in heart red blood cells (RBCs) in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: Our study showed that it is possible to screen the potential active components in natural products by combining the molecular docking method and zebrafish in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (H.T.); (C.R.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Ningyi Qin
- Chongqing Pharmaceutical Group Huamosheng Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400050, China;
| | - Chang Rao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (H.T.); (C.R.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (H.T.); (C.R.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Haiqiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (H.T.); (C.R.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (H.T.); (C.R.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-2308-8936
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8
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Bertrand C, Van Meerbeeck P, de Streel G, Vaherto-Bleeckx N, Benhaddi F, Rouaud L, Noël A, Coulie PG, van Baren N, Lucas S. Combined Blockade of GARP:TGF-β1 and PD-1 Increases Infiltration of T Cells and Density of Pericyte-Covered GARP + Blood Vessels in Mouse MC38 Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704050. [PMID: 34386010 PMCID: PMC8353334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When combined with anti-PD-1, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against GARP:TGF-β1 complexes induced more frequent immune-mediated rejections of CT26 and MC38 murine tumors than anti-PD-1 alone. In both types of tumors, the activity of anti-GARP:TGF-β1 mAbs resulted from blocking active TGF-β1 production and immunosuppression by GARP-expressing regulatory T cells. In CT26 tumors, combined GARP:TGF-β1/PD-1 blockade did not augment the infiltration of T cells, but did increase the effector functions of already present anti-tumor T cells. Here we show that, in contrast, in MC38, combined GARP:TGF-β1/PD-1 blockade increased infiltration of T cells, as a result of increased extravasation of T cells from blood vessels. Unexpectedly, combined GARP:TGF-β1/PD-1 blockade also increased the density of GARP+ blood vessels covered by pericytes in MC38, but not in CT26 tumors. This appears to occur because anti-GARP:TGF-β1, by blocking TGF-β1 signals, favors the proliferation of and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin by blood endothelial cells. The resulting densification of intratumoral blood vasculature probably contributes to increased T cell infiltration and to the therapeutic efficacy of GARP:TGF-β1/PD-1 blockade in MC38. We conclude from these distinct observations in MC38 and CT26, that the combined blockades of GARP:TGF-β1 and PD-1 can exert anti-tumor activity via multiple mechanisms, including the densification and normalization of intratumoral blood vasculature, the increase of T cell infiltration into the tumor and the increase of the effector functions of intratumoral tumor-specific T cells. This may prove important for the selection of cancer patients who could benefit from combined GARP:TGF-β1/PD-1 blockade in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fatima Benhaddi
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Loïc Rouaud
- GIGA-Cancer Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noël
- GIGA-Cancer Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre G Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas van Baren
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lucas
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavre, Belgium
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9
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Xiao F, Liu X, Guo SW. Platelets and Regulatory T Cells May Induce a Type 2 Immunity That Is Conducive to the Progression and Fibrogenesis of Endometriosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610963. [PMID: 33381124 PMCID: PMC7767909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a hormonal disease, as well as a chronic inflammatory disease. While various immune cells are documented to be involved in endometriosis, there is a wanton lack of a bigger picture on how these cells are coordinated to work concertedly. Since endometriotic lesions experience cyclical bleeding, they are fundamentally wounds that undergo repeated tissue injury and repair (ReTIAR). In this study, we attempted to characterize the role of platelets and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in modulating the lesional immune microenvironment and its subsequent effects on lesional progression and fibrogenesis. Through two mouse experiments, we show that, by disrupting predominantly a type 2 immune response in lesional microenvironment, both platelets and Tregs depletion decelerated lesional progression and fibrogenesis, likely through the suppression of the TGF-β1/Smad3 and PDGFR-β/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. In particular, platelet depletion resulted in significantly reduced lesional expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), leading to reduced aggregation of macrophages and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, and of Tregs, T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 cells but increased aggregation of Th1 cells, in lesions, which, in turn, yields retarded fibrogenesis. Similarly, Tregs depletion resulted in suppression of platelet aggregation, and reduced aggregation of M2 macrophages, Th2 and Th17 cells but increased aggregation of Th1 cells, in lesions. Thus, both platelet and Tregs depletion decelerated lesional progression and fibrogenesis by disrupting predominantly a type 2 immunity in lesional microenvironment. Taken together, this suggests that both platelets and Tregs may induce a type 2 immunity in lesional microenvironment that is conducive to lesional progression and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Xiao
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Zimmer N, Krebs FK, Zimmer S, Mitzel-Rink H, Kumm EJ, Jurk K, Grabbe S, Loquai C, Tuettenberg A. Platelet-Derived GARP Induces Peripheral Regulatory T Cells-Potential Impact on T Cell Suppression in Patients with Melanoma-Associated Thrombocytosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123653. [PMID: 33291452 PMCID: PMC7762193 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been recently described as an important component of the innate and adaptive immunity through their interaction with immune cells. However, information on the platelet-T cell interaction in immune-mediated diseases remains limited. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) expressed on platelets and on activated regulatory T cells (Treg) is involved in the regulation of peripheral immune responses by modulating the bioavailability of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Soluble GARP (sGARP) exhibits strong regulatory and anti-inflammatory capacities both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the induction of peripheral Treg. Herein, we investigated the effect of platelet-derived GARP on the differentiation, phenotype, and function of T effector cells. CD4+CD25- T cells cocultured with platelets upregulated FoxP3, the master transcription factor for Treg, were anergic, and were strongly suppressive. These effects were reversed by using a blocking anti-GARP antibody, indicating a dependency on GARP. Importantly, melanoma patients in different stages of disease showed a significant upregulation of GARP on the platelet surface, correlating to a reduced responsiveness to immunotherapy. In conclusion, our data indicate that platelets induce peripheral Treg via GARP. These findings might contribute to diseases such as cancer-associated thrombocytosis, wherein poor prognosis and metastasis are associated with high counts of circulating platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.Z.); (F.K.K.); (S.Z.); (H.M.-R.); (S.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Franziska K. Krebs
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.Z.); (F.K.K.); (S.Z.); (H.M.-R.); (S.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Sophia Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.Z.); (F.K.K.); (S.Z.); (H.M.-R.); (S.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Heidrun Mitzel-Rink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.Z.); (F.K.K.); (S.Z.); (H.M.-R.); (S.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Elena J. Kumm
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.K.); (K.J.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.K.); (K.J.)
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.Z.); (F.K.K.); (S.Z.); (H.M.-R.); (S.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Carmen Loquai
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.Z.); (F.K.K.); (S.Z.); (H.M.-R.); (S.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Andrea Tuettenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.Z.); (F.K.K.); (S.Z.); (H.M.-R.); (S.G.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Nasrallah R, Imianowski CJ, Bossini-Castillo L, Grant FM, Dogan M, Placek L, Kozhaya L, Kuo P, Sadiyah F, Whiteside SK, Mumbach MR, Glinos D, Vardaka P, Whyte CE, Lozano T, Fujita T, Fujii H, Liston A, Andrews S, Cozzani A, Yang J, Mitra S, Lugli E, Chang HY, Unutmaz D, Trynka G, Roychoudhuri R. A distal enhancer at risk locus 11q13.5 promotes suppression of colitis by T reg cells. Nature 2020; 583:447-452. [PMID: 32499651 PMCID: PMC7116706 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations underlying susceptibility to complex autoimmune and allergic diseases are concentrated within noncoding regulatory elements termed enhancers1. The functions of a large majority of disease-associated enhancers are unknown, in part owing to their distance from the genes they regulate, a lack of understanding of the cell types in which they operate, and our inability to recapitulate the biology of immune diseases in vitro. Here, using shared synteny to guide loss-of-function analysis of homologues of human enhancers in mice, we show that the prominent autoimmune and allergic disease risk locus at chromosome 11q13.52-7 contains a distal enhancer that is functional in CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and required for Treg-mediated suppression of colitis. The enhancer recruits the transcription factors STAT5 and NF-κB to mediate signal-driven expression of Lrrc32, which encodes the protein glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP). Whereas disruption of the Lrrc32 gene results in early lethality, mice lacking the enhancer are viable but lack GARP expression in Foxp3+ Treg cells, which are unable to control colitis in a cell-transfer model of the disease. In human Treg cells, the enhancer forms conformational interactions with the promoter of LRRC32 and enhancer risk variants are associated with reduced histone acetylation and GARP expression. Finally, functional fine-mapping of 11q13.5 using CRISPR-activation (CRISPRa) identifies a CRISPRa-responsive element in the vicinity of risk variant rs11236797 capable of driving GARP expression. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for association of the 11q13.5 risk locus with immune-mediated diseases and identify GARP as a potential target in their therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Nasrallah
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charlotte J Imianowski
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Francis M Grant
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paula Kuo
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Firas Sadiyah
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah K Whiteside
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maxwell R Mumbach
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dafni Glinos
- Immune Genomics Group, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Panagiota Vardaka
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carly E Whyte
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toshitsugu Fujita
- Chromatin Biochemistry Research Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hodaka Fujii
- Chromatin Biochemistry Research Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adeline Cozzani
- Inserm UMR1277/CNRS9020, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jie Yang
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suman Mitra
- Inserm UMR1277/CNRS9020, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Gosia Trynka
- Immune Genomics Group, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Yin SJ, Luo YQ, Zhao CP, Chen H, Zhong ZF, Wang S, Wang YT, Yang FQ. Antithrombotic effect and action mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng herbal pair on the zebrafish. Chin Med 2020; 15:35. [PMID: 32322295 PMCID: PMC7164150 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen, DS) and Panax notoginseng (Sanqi, SQ) are famous traditional Chinese herbs, and their herbal pair (DS–SQ) has been popular used as anti-thrombotic medicines. However, there is still a lack of sufficient scientific evidence to illustrate the optimum combination ratio of these two herbs as well as its action mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-thrombotic effects of DS–SQ on zebrafish and explore its possible action mechanism. Methods Firstly, the chemical components in DS–SQ extract were analyzed by LC–ESI–MS/MS. Then, a phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced zebrafish thrombosis model was developed for evaluating the anti-thrombotic effects of DS–SQ extracts with different combination ratios and their nine pure compounds. Followed, Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays were performed to investigate the potential antithrombotic mechanisms of DS–SQ. Results Thirty-three components were tentatively identified by LC–MS analysis. DS–SQ at the ratio of 10:1 presented the best anti-thrombotic effect, and rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B of DS showed good anti-thrombotic activity on zebrafish thrombosis model. The RT-qPCR assays indicated that DS–SQ (10:1) could cure the PHZ-induced thrombosis by downregulating the expression of PKCα, PKCβ, fga, fgb, fgg and vWF in zebrafish. Conclusions DS–SQ with the combination ratio of 10:1 showed optimum anti-thrombotic effect on PHZ-induced zebrafish thrombosis model, which provided a reference for reasonable clinical applications of DS–SQ herbal pair.
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13
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Lodyga M, Hinz B. TGF-β1 - A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:123-139. [PMID: 31879265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
'Jack of all trades, master of everything' is a fair label for transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β) - a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is critical for the development and maturation of immune cells, maintains immune tolerance and homeostasis, and regulates various aspects of immune responses. Following acute tissue damages, TGF-β1 becomes a master regulator of the healing process with impacts on about every cell type involved. Divergence from the tight control of TGF-β1 actions, for instance caused by chronic injury, severe trauma, or infection can tip the balance from regulated physiological to excessive pathological repair. This condition of fibrosis is characterized by accumulation and stiffening of collagenous scar tissue which impairs organ functions to the point of failure. Fibrosis and dysregulated immune responses are also a feature of cancer, in which tumor cells escape immune control partly by manipulating TGF-β1 regulation and where immune cells are excluded from the tumor by fibrotic matrix created during the stroma 'healing' response. Despite the obvious potential of TGF-β-signalling therapies, globally targeting TGF-β1 receptor, downstream pathways, or the active growth factor have proven to be extremely difficult if not impossible in systemic treatment regimes. However, TGF-β1 binding to cell receptors requires prior activation from latent complexes that are extracellularly presented on the surface of immune cells or within the extracellular matrix. These different locations have led to some divergence in the field which is often either seen from the perspective of an immunologists or a fibrosis/matrix researcher. Despite these human boundaries, there is considerable overlap between immune and tissue repair cells with respect to latent TGF-β1 presentation and activation. Moreover, the mechanisms and proteins employed by different cells and spatiotemporal control of latent TGF-β1 activation provide specificity that is amenable to drug development. This review aims at synthesizing the knowledge on TGF-β1 extracellular activation in the immune system and in fibrosis to further stimulate cross talk between the two research communities in solving the TGF-β conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada.
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14
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Riesenberg BP, Ansa-Addo EA, Gutierrez J, Timmers CD, Liu B, Li Z. Cutting Edge: Targeting Thrombocytes to Rewire Anticancer Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment and Potentiate Efficacy of PD-1 Blockade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1105-1110. [PMID: 31358658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aside from their roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, thrombocytes or platelets also promote tumor growth via immune suppression. However, the extent to which platelet activation shapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and whether platelet inhibition can be leveraged to improve checkpoint blockade are unknown. We show in this study that platelet function in mice mediates suppression of CD8+ T cell function within the TME but not in the draining lymph nodes. Tempering platelet activation genetically reduced TGF-β signaling in both immune and nonimmune cells in the TME, enhanced T cell frequency and function, and decreased CD11b+ myeloid cell infiltration in the tumor. Targeting platelet function pharmacologically in tumor-bearing mice with aspirin and clopidogrel in combination with PD-1 blockade improved tumor control. These results suggest that platelet function represents a continuous, supplemental mechanism of immune evasion co-opted by tumors to evade antitumor immunity and offers an attractive target for combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Riesenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Ephraim A Ansa-Addo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Jennifer Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Cynthia D Timmers
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; .,Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
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15
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GARP as an Immune Regulatory Molecule in the Tumor Microenvironment of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153676. [PMID: 31357555 PMCID: PMC6695992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein A repetition predominant (GARP), a specific surface molecule of activated regulatory T cells, has been demonstrated to significantly contribute to tolerance in humans by induction of peripheral Treg and regulatory M2-macrophages and by inhibition of (tumorantigen-specific) T effector cells. Previous work identified GARP on Treg, and also GARP on the surface of several malignant tumors, as well as in a soluble form being shedded from their surface, contributing to tumor immune escape. Preliminary results also showed GARP expression on brain metastases of malignant melanoma. On the basis of these findings, we investigated whether GARP is also expressed on primary brain tumors. We showed GARP expression on glioblastoma (GB) cell lines and primary GB tissue, as well as on low-grade glioma, suggesting an important influence on the tumor micromilieu and the regulation of immune responses also in primary cerebral tumors. This was supported by the finding that GB cells led to a reduced, in part GARP-dependent effector T cell function (reduced proliferation and reduced cytokine secretion) in coculture experiments. Interestingly, GARP was localized not only on the cell surface but also in the cytoplasmatic, as well as nuclear compartments in tumor cells. Our findings reveal that GARP, as an immunoregulatory molecule, is located on, as well as in, tumor cells of GB and low-grade glioma, inhibiting effector T cell function, and thus contributing to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of primary brain tumors. As GARP is expressed on activated Treg, as well as on brain tumors, it may be an interesting target for new immunotherapeutic approaches using antibody-based strategies as this indication.
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16
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Vermeersch E, Nuyttens BP, Tersteeg C, Broos K, De Meyer SF, Vanhoorelbeke K, Deckmyn H. Functional Genomics for the Identification of Modulators of Platelet-Dependent Thrombus Formation. TH OPEN 2019; 2:e272-e279. [PMID: 31249951 PMCID: PMC6524883 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the absence of the genome in platelets, transcription profiling provides important insights into platelet function and can help clarify abnormalities in platelet disorders. The Bloodomics Consortium performed whole-genome expression analysis comparing in vitro–differentiated megakaryocytes (MKs) with in vitro–differentiated erythroblasts and different blood cell types. This allowed the identification of genes with upregulated expression in MKs compared with all other cell lineages, among the receptors BAMBI, LRRC32, ESAM, and DCBLD2. In a later correlative analysis of genome-wide platelet RNA expression with interindividual human platelet reactivity, LLRFIP and COMMD7 were additionally identified. A functional genomics approach using morpholino-based silencing in zebrafish identified various roles for all of these selected genes in thrombus formation. In this review, we summarize the role of the six identified genes in zebrafish and discuss how they correlate with subsequently performed mouse experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Vermeersch
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katleen Broos
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Simon F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
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17
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Li Z, Riesenberg B, Metelli A, Li A, Wu BX. The Role of Platelets in Tumor Growth, Metastasis, and Immune Evasion. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Zhang Z, Meng Z, Wang Y. Correlations of inhaled NO with the cTnI levels and the plasma clotting factor in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism. Acta Cir Bras 2018; 33:664-672. [PMID: 30208128 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180080000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the correlation of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) on plasma levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140) in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS Thirty apanese white rabbits were divided into 3 groups, thrombus were injected in model group (n = 10), NO were inhalated for 24 h after massive PE in NO group (n = 10), saline were injected in control group (n = 10). The concentrations of vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, GMP-140 and cTnI were tested at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h, Correlation analyses were conducted between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 by Pearson's correlation. RESULTS The concentration of cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 was increased in the model group, compared to control group. In the inhaled group, the concentrations of cTnI, vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 were reduced compared to model group. There was a positive correlation between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140. CONCLUSION Inhaled nitric oxide can lead to a decrease in levels of cardiac troponin I, von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein, and granule membrane protein 140, after an established myocardial damage, provoked by acute massive pulmonary embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Zhang
- PhD, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhou Pu Hospital, Shanghai Health Medical College, China. Design of the study, acquisition of data, technical procedures, statistical analysis, manuscript preparation
| | - Zibo Meng
- Master, Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University, Baoding, China. Acquisition of data, technical procedures, manuscript preparation
| | - Yancun Wang
- Bachelor, Department of Nerve, Affiliated Zhou Pu Hospital, Shanghai Health Medical College, China. Acquisition of data, technical procedures
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19
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Vermeersch E, Liénart S, Collignon A, Lucas S, Gallimore A, Gysemans C, Unutmaz D, Vanhoorelbeke K, De Meyer SF, Maes W, Deckmyn H. Deletion of GARP on mouse regulatory T cells is not sufficient to inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors. Cell Immunol 2018; 332:129-133. [PMID: 30093071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GARP is a transmembrane protein that presents latent TGF-β1 on the surface of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Neutralizing anti-GARP monoclonal antibodies that prevent the release of active TGF-β1, inhibit the immunosuppressive activity of human Tregs in vivo. In this study, we investigated the contribution of GARP on mouse Tregs to immunosuppression in experimental tumors. Unexpectedly, Foxp3 conditional garp knockout (KO) mice challenged orthotopically with GL261 tumor cells or subcutaneously with MC38 colon carcinoma cells did not show prolonged survival or delayed tumor growth. Also, the suppressive function of KO Tregs was similar to that of wild type Tregs in the T cell transfer model in allogeneic, immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, garp deletion in mouse Tregs is not sufficient to impair their immunosuppressive activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vermeersch
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S Liénart
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Collignon
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Lucas
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Gallimore
- Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - C Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Unutmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - K Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - W Maes
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - H Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium.
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20
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Stockis J, Dedobbeleer O, Lucas S. Role of GARP in the activation of latent TGF-β1. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:1925-1935. [PMID: 28795730 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β1, 2 and 3 cytokines are involved in many cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Whereas TGF-β2 and 3 play important roles in embryonic development, TGF-β1 is mostly implicated in controlling immune responses after birth. The production of TGF-β1 is a tightly regulated process, occurring mostly at a post-translational level. Virtually all cells produce the latent, inactive form of TGF-β1. In latent TGF-β1, the mature TGF-β1 dimer is non-covalently associated to the Latency Associated Peptide, or LAP, which prevents binding to the TGF-β1 receptor. Activation of the cytokine implies release of mature TGF-β1 from LAP. Only a few cell types activate latent TGF-β1, via mechanisms that are cell type specific. Proteins such as integrins, proteases and thrombospondin-1 activate TGF-β1 in epithelial cells, fibroblasts and dendritic cells. More recently, the protein GARP was shown to be involved in TGF-β1 activation by regulatory T cells (Treg), a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes specialized in suppression of immune responses. GARP is a transmembrane protein that binds latent-TGF-β1 and tethers it on the Treg surface. The role of GARP was studied mostly in Tregs, and this was recently reviewed in L. Sun, H. Jin and H. Li, Oncotarget, 2016, 7, 42826-42836. However, GARP is also expressed in non-immune cells. This review focuses on the roles of GARP in latent TGF-β1 activation by immune and non-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stockis
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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López E, Gómez-Gordo L, Cantonero C, Bermejo N, Pérez-Gómez J, Granados MP, Salido GM, Rosado Dionisio JA, Redondo Liberal PC. Stanniocalcin 2 Regulates Non-capacitative Ca 2+ Entry and Aggregation in Mouse Platelets. Front Physiol 2018; 9:266. [PMID: 29628897 PMCID: PMC5876523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) is a fish protein that controls body Ca2+ and phosphate metabolism. STC2 has also been described in mammals, and as platelet function highly depends on both extracellular and intracellular Ca2+, we have explored its expression and function in these cells. STC2−/− mice exhibit shorter tail bleeding time than WT mice. Platelets from STC2-deficient mice showed enhanced aggregation, as well as enhanced Ca2+ mobilization in response to the physiological agonist thrombin (Thr) and the diacylglycerol analog, OAG, a selective activator of the non-capacitative Ca2+ entry channels. Interestingly, platelets from STC2−/− mice exhibit attenuated interaction between STIM1 and Orai1 in response to Thr, thus suggesting that STC2 is required for Thr-evoked STIM1-Orai1 interaction and the subsequent store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). We have further assessed possible changes in the expression of the most relevant channels involved in non-capacitative Ca2+ entry in platelets. Then, protein expression of Orai3, TRPC3 and TRPC6 were evaluated by Western blotting, and the results revealed that while the expression of Orai3 was enhanced in the STC2-deficient mice, others like TRPC3 and TRPC6 remains almost unaltered. Summarizing, our results provide for the first time evidence for a role of STC2 in platelet physiology through the regulation of agonist-induced Ca2+ entry, which might be mediated by the regulation of Orai3 channel expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther López
- Department of Physiology (PHYCELL) of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - L Gómez-Gordo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carlos Cantonero
- Department of Physiology (PHYCELL) of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nuria Bermejo
- Hematology Unit, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María P Granados
- Aldea Moret Health Center, Extremadura Health Service, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Gines M Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan A Rosado Dionisio
- Department of Physiology (PHYCELL) of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pedro C Redondo Liberal
- Department of Physiology (PHYCELL) of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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22
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Metelli A, Salem M, Wallace CH, Wu BX, Li A, Li X, Li Z. Immunoregulatory functions and the therapeutic implications of GARP-TGF-β in inflammation and cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:24. [PMID: 29458436 PMCID: PMC5819195 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GARP (glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant) is a type I transmembrane cell surface docking receptor for latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that is abundantly expressed on regulatory T lymphocytes and platelets. GARP regulates the availability of membrane-bound latent TGF-β and modulates its activation. For this reason, GARP expression on immune and non-immune cells is involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance. It plays an important role in preventing inflammatory diseases such as allergy and graft versus host disease (GvHD). GARP is also frequently hijacked by cancer cells to promote oncogenesis. This review summarizes the most important features of GARP biology described to date including gene regulation, protein expression and mechanism in activating latent TGF-β, and the function of GARP in regulatory T cell biology and peripheral tolerance, as well as GARP’s increasingly recognized roles in platelet-mediated cancer immune evasion. The promise for GARP-targeted strategy as a novel immunotherapy of cancer is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Metelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Mohammad Salem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Caroline H Wallace
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Bill X Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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23
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Wu BX, Li A, Lei L, Kaneko S, Wallace C, Li X, Li Z. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) positively regulates transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 and is essential for mouse palatogenesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18091-18097. [PMID: 28912269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) (encoded by the Lrrc32 gene) plays important roles in cell-surface docking and activation of TGFβ. However, GARP's role in organ development in mammalian systems is unclear. To determine the function of GARP in vivo, we generated a GARP KO mouse model. Unexpectedly, the GARP KO mice died within 24 h after birth and exhibited defective palatogenesis without apparent abnormalities in other major organs. Furthermore, we observed decreased apoptosis and SMAD2 phosphorylation in the medial edge epithelial cells of the palatal shelf of GARP KO embryos at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), indicating a defect in the TGFβ signaling pathway in the GARP-null developing palates. Of note, the failure to develop the secondary palate and concurrent reduction of SMAD phosphorylation without other defects in GARP KO mice phenocopied TGFβ3 KO mice, although GARP has not been suggested previously to interact with TGFβ3. We found that GARP and TGFβ3 co-localize in medial edge epithelial cells at E14.5. In vitro studies confirmed that GARP and TGFβ3 directly interact and that GARP is indispensable for the surface expression of membrane-associated latent TGFβ3. Our findings indicate that GARP is essential for normal morphogenesis of the palate and demonstrate that GARP plays a crucial role in regulating TGFβ3 signaling during embryogenesis. In conclusion, we have uncovered a novel function of GARP in positively regulating TGFβ3 activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill X Wu
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Anqi Li
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Liming Lei
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Caroline Wallace
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Xue Li
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Zihai Li
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, .,the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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24
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Movafaghi S, Leszczak V, Wang W, Sorkin JA, Dasi LP, Popat KC, Kota AK. Response to "Correspondence Concerning Hemocompatibility of Superhemophobic Titania Surfaces". Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28703490 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Movafaghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - V. Leszczak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - W. Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - J. A. Sorkin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - L. P. Dasi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Dorothy Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - K. C. Popat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - A. K. Kota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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