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Robinson NA, Robledo D, Sveen L, Daniels RR, Krasnov A, Coates A, Jin YH, Barrett LT, Lillehammer M, Kettunen AH, Phillips BL, Dempster T, Doeschl‐Wilson A, Samsing F, Difford G, Salisbury S, Gjerde B, Haugen J, Burgerhout E, Dagnachew BS, Kurian D, Fast MD, Rye M, Salazar M, Bron JE, Monaghan SJ, Jacq C, Birkett M, Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, Fields DM, Selander E, Bui S, Sonesson A, Skugor S, Østbye TK, Houston RD. Applying genetic technologies to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2023; 15:491-535. [PMID: 38504717 PMCID: PMC10946606 DOI: 10.1111/raq.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Disease and parasitism cause major welfare, environmental and economic concerns for global aquaculture. In this review, we examine the status and potential of technologies that exploit genetic variation in host resistance to tackle this problem. We argue that there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved, leading to the development of tools that can be applied to boost host resistance and reduce the disease burden. We draw on two pressing global disease problems as case studies-sea lice infestations in salmonids and white spot syndrome in shrimp. We review how the latest genetic technologies can be capitalised upon to determine the mechanisms underlying inter- and intra-species variation in pathogen/parasite resistance, and how the derived knowledge could be applied to boost disease resistance using selective breeding, gene editing and/or with targeted feed treatments and vaccines. Gene editing brings novel opportunities, but also implementation and dissemination challenges, and necessitates new protocols to integrate the technology into aquaculture breeding programmes. There is also an ongoing need to minimise risks of disease agents evolving to overcome genetic improvements to host resistance, and insights from epidemiological and evolutionary models of pathogen infestation in wild and cultured host populations are explored. Ethical issues around the different approaches for achieving genetic resistance are discussed. Application of genetic technologies and approaches has potential to improve fundamental knowledge of mechanisms affecting genetic resistance and provide effective pathways for implementation that could lead to more resistant aquaculture stocks, transforming global aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Robinson
- Nofima ASTromsøNorway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Rose Ruiz Daniels
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Andrew Coates
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ye Hwa Jin
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Luke T. Barrett
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research StationMatredalNorway
| | | | | | - Ben L. Phillips
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrea Doeschl‐Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenAustralia
| | | | - Sarah Salisbury
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dominic Kurian
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Atlantic Veterinary CollegeThe University of Prince Edward IslandCharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | | | | | - James E. Bron
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Sean J. Monaghan
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Celeste Jacq
- Blue Analytics, Kong Christian Frederiks Plass 3BergenNorway
| | | | - Howard I. Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Ecosystem Acoustics GroupTromsøNorway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Ecosystem Acoustics GroupTromsøNorway
| | | | - Erik Selander
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Samantha Bui
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research StationMatredalNorway
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2
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Morefield RD, Hamlin HJ. Larval salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis exhibit behavioral responses to conspecific pre-adult and adult cues. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:121-132. [PMID: 35678357 DOI: 10.3354/dao03666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the larval stage of the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis, the free-living copepodid must locate and settle on a salmonid host. Chemosensory mechanisms play a role in determining whether a potential host is suitable for attachment, yet the full suite of chemical cues and resulting behavioral mechanisms used are unknown. After maturing, pre-adult female and adult male salmon lice aggregate upon salmonid hosts for reproduction. Copepodid salmon lice have been observed preferentially infesting hosts that harbor conspecific adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that salmon lice copepodids perceive and respond to cues from pre-adult female, adult-male, and/or gravid female salmon lice. Behavioral bioassays were conducted in vitro with copepodids exposed to water conditioned with 3 stages of conspecific lice (pre-adult female, adult male, or gravid female), and seawater conditioned with Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758. Experiments demonstrated that copepodids exposed to water conditioned with the salmon host, pre-adult female, or adult male salmon lice significantly altered their behavior, whereas salmon lice exposed to water conditioned with gravid females did not. These results are potentially valuable in the development of novel methods for mitigation of L. salmonis in the salmon aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Morefield
- School of Marine Sciences, Murray Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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3
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Difford GF, Haugen JE, Aslam ML, Johansen LH, Breiland MW, Hillestad B, Baranski M, Boison S, Moghadam H, Jacq C. Variation in volatile organic compounds in Atlantic salmon mucus is associated with resistance to salmon lice infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4839. [PMID: 35318390 PMCID: PMC8940922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmon lice are ectoparasites that threaten wild and farmed salmonids. Artificial selection of salmon for resistance to the infectious copepodid lice stage currently relies on in vivo challenge trials on thousands of salmon a year. We challenged 5750 salmon with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) from two distinct farmed strains of salmon in two separate trials. We found that volatile organic compounds (VOC), 1-penten-3-ol, 1-octen-3-ol and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one in the mucus of the salmon host after salmon lice infection, were significantly associated with lice infection numbers across a range of water temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 17 °C). Some VOCs (benzene, 1-octen-3-ol and 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-hexene) were significantly different between lines divergently selected for salmon lice resistance. In a combined population assessment, selected VOCs varied between families in the range of 47- 59% indicating a genetic component and were positively correlated to the salmon hosts estimated breeding values 0.59–0.74. Mucosal VOC phenotypes could supplement current breeding practices and have the potential to be a more direct and ethical proxy for salmon lice resistance provided they can be measured prior to lice infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Difford
- Breeding and Genetics Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway.
| | - J-E Haugen
- Food and Health Nofima, Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - M L Aslam
- Breeding and Genetics Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - L H Johansen
- Fish Health Nofima, Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - M W Breiland
- Fish Health Nofima, Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Hillestad
- Benchmark Genetics Norway AS, Sandviksboder 3A, Bergen, Norway.,Viking Aqua AS, Sandevegen 631, 5997, Ånneland, Norway
| | - M Baranski
- Mowi Genetics AS, Sandviksboder 77AB, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Boison
- Mowi Genetics AS, Sandviksboder 77AB, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Moghadam
- Benchmark Genetics Norway AS, Sandviksboder 3A, Bergen, Norway
| | - C Jacq
- Breeding and Genetics Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway.,Blue Analytics AS, Kong Christian Frederiks plass 3, 5006, Bergen, Norway
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4
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Skern-Mauritzen R, Malde K, Eichner C, Dondrup M, Furmanek T, Besnier F, Komisarczuk AZ, Nuhn M, Dalvin S, Edvardsen RB, Klages S, Huettel B, Stueber K, Grotmol S, Karlsbakk E, Kersey P, Leong JS, Glover KA, Reinhardt R, Lien S, Jonassen I, Koop BF, Nilsen F. The salmon louse genome: Copepod features and parasitic adaptations. Genomics 2021; 113:3666-3680. [PMID: 34403763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copepods encompass numerous ecological roles including parasites, detrivores and phytoplankton grazers. Nonetheless, copepod genome assemblies remain scarce. Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an economically and ecologically important ectoparasitic copepod found on salmonid fish. We present the 695.4 Mbp L. salmonis genome assembly containing ≈60% repetitive regions and 13,081 annotated protein-coding genes. The genome comprises 14 autosomes and a ZZ-ZW sex chromosome system. Assembly assessment identified 92.4% of the expected arthropod genes. Transcriptomics supported annotation and indicated a marked shift in gene expression after host attachment, including apparent downregulation of genes related to circadian rhythm coinciding with abandoning diurnal migration. The genome shows evolutionary signatures including loss of genes needed for peroxisome biogenesis, presence of numerous FNII domains, and an incomplete heme homeostasis pathway suggesting heme proteins to be obtained from the host. Despite repeated development of resistance against chemical treatments L. salmonis exhibits low numbers of many genes involved in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ketil Malde
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomasz Furmanek
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Francois Besnier
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Zofia Komisarczuk
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Nuhn
- EMBL-The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf B Edvardsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sven Klages
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Kurt Stueber
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul Kersey
- EMBL-The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Jong S Leong
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Kevin A Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 6, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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5
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Abo-Al-Ela HG. RNA Interference in Aquaculture: A Small Tool for Big Potential. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4343-4355. [PMID: 33835783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the tight regulatory functions of DNA and RNA have been the focus of extensive research with the goal of harnessing RNA molecules (e.g., microRNA and small interfering RNA) to control gene expression and to study biological functions. RNA interference (RNAi) has shown evidence of mediating gene expression, has been utilized to study functional genomics, and recently has potential in therapeutic agents. RNAi is a natural mechanism and a well-studied tool that can be used to silence specific genes. This method is also used in aquaculture as a research tool and to enhance immune responses. RNAi methods do have their limitations (e.g., immune triggering); efficient and easy-to-use RNAi methods for large-scale applications need further development. Despite these limitations, RNAi methods have been successfully used in aquaculture, in particular shrimp. This review discusses the uses of RNAi in aquaculture, such as immune- and production-related issues and the possible limitations that may hinder the application of RNAi in the aquaculture industry. Our challenge is to develop a highly potent in vivo RNAi delivery platform that could complete the desired action with minimal side effects and which can be applied on a large-scale with relatively little expense in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt
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6
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Gallardo-Escárate C, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Nuñez-Acuña G, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Gonçalves AT, Escobar-Sepulveda H, Liachko I, Nelson B, Roberts S, Warren W. Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi by SMRT sequencing and Hi-C analysis. Sci Data 2021; 8:60. [PMID: 33574331 PMCID: PMC7878743 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caligus rogercresseyi, commonly known as sea louse, is an ectoparasite copepod that impacts the salmon aquaculture in Chile, causing losses of hundreds of million dollars per year. In this study, we report a chromosome-scale assembly of the sea louse (C. rogercresseyi) genome based on single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) and proximity ligation (Hi-C) analysis. Coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs, and specifically long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified through whole transcriptome sequencing from different life stages. A total of 23,686 protein-coding genes and 12,558 non-coding RNAs were annotated. In addition, 6,308 lncRNAs and 5,774 miRNAs were found to be transcriptionally active from larvae to adult stages. Taken together, this genomic resource for C. rogercresseyi represents a valuable tool to develop sustainable control strategies in the salmon aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Nuñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Hugo Escobar-Sepulveda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Steven Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (SAFS), University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wesley Warren
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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7
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Kozma MT, Ngo-Vu H, Rump MT, Bobkov YV, Ache BW, Derby CD. Single cell transcriptomes reveal expression patterns of chemoreceptor genes in olfactory sensory neurons of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:649. [PMID: 32962631 PMCID: PMC7510291 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crustaceans express several classes of receptor genes in their antennules, which house olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and non-olfactory chemosensory neurons. Transcriptomics studies reveal that candidate chemoreceptor proteins include variant Ionotropic Receptors (IRs) including both co-receptor IRs and tuning IRs, Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, Gustatory Receptors, epithelial sodium channels, and class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, expresses in its antennules nearly 600 IRs, 17 TRP channels, 1 Gustatory Receptor, 7 epithelial sodium channels, 81 GPCRs, 6 G proteins, and dozens of enzymes in signaling pathways. However, the specific combinatorial expression patterns of these proteins in single sensory neurons are not known for any crustacean, limiting our understanding of how their chemosensory systems encode chemical quality. RESULTS The goal of this study was to use transcriptomics to describe expression patterns of chemoreceptor genes in OSNs of P. argus. We generated and analyzed transcriptomes from 7 single OSNs, some of which were shown to respond to a food odor, as well as an additional 7 multicell transcriptomes from preparations containing few (2-4), several (ca. 15), or many (ca. 400) OSNs. We found that each OSN expressed the same 2 co-receptor IRs (IR25a, IR93a) but not the other 2 antennular coIRs (IR8a, IR76b), 9-53 tuning IRs but only one to a few in high abundance, the same 5 TRP channels plus up to 5 additional TRPs, 12-17 GPCRs including the same 5 expressed in every single cell transcriptome, the same 3 G proteins plus others, many enzymes in the signaling pathways, but no Gustatory Receptors or epithelial sodium channels. The greatest difference in receptor expression among the OSNs was the identity of the tuning IRs. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide an initial view of the combinatorial expression patterns of receptor molecules in single OSNs in one species of decapod crustacean, including receptors directly involved in olfactory transduction and others likely involved in modulation. Our results also suggest differences in receptor expression in OSNs vs. other chemosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihika T Kozma
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hanh Ngo-Vu
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Matthew T Rump
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yuriy V Bobkov
- Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, 32084, USA
| | - Barry W Ache
- Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, 32084, USA
| | - Charles D Derby
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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8
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Braden LM, Monaghan SJ, Fast MD. Salmon immunological defence and interplay with the modulatory capabilities of its ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12731. [PMID: 32403169 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Lsal) is an ectoparasitic copepod that exerts immunomodulatory and physiological effects on its host Atlantic salmon. Over 30 years of research on louse biology, control, host responses and the host-parasite relationship has provided a plethora of information on the intricacies of host resistance and parasite adaptation. Atlantic salmon exhibit temporal and spatial impairment of the immune system and wound healing ability during infection. This immunosuppression may render Atlantic salmon less tolerant to stress and other confounders associated with current management strategies. Contrasting susceptibility of salmonid hosts exists, and early pro-inflammatory Th1 type responses are associated with resistance. Rapid cellular responses to larvae appear to tip the balance of the host-parasite relationship in favour of the host, preventing severe immune-physiological impacts of the more invasive adults. Immunological, transcriptomic, genomic and proteomic evidence suggests pathological impacts occur in susceptible hosts through modulation of host immunity and physiology via pharmacologically active molecules. Co-evolutionary and farming selection pressures may have incurred preference of Atlantic salmon as a host for Lsal reflected in their interactome. Here, we review host-parasite interactions at the primary attachment/feeding site, and the complex life stage-dependent molecular mechanisms employed to subvert host physiology and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Braden
- AquaBounty Canada, Bay Fortune, PEI, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College-UPEI, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Sean J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College-UPEI, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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9
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Gallardo-Escárate C, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Núñez-Acuña G, Carrera C, Gonçalves AT, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Benavente BP, Roberts S. Catching the complexity of salmon-louse interactions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:199-209. [PMID: 31048036 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of host-parasite relationships is an integral part of the immunology of aquatic species, where the complexity of both organisms has to be overlayed with the lifecycle stages of the parasite and immunological status of the host. A deep understanding of how the parasite survives in its host and how they display molecular mechanisms to face the immune system can be applied for novel parasite control strategies. This review highlights current knowledge about salmon and sea louse, two key aquatic animals for aquaculture research worldwide. With the aim to catch the complexity of the salmon-louse interactions, molecular information gleaned through genomic studies are presented. The host recognition system and the chemosensory receptors found in sea lice reveal complex molecular components, that in turn, can be disrupted through specific molecules such as non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Núñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Crisleri Carrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bárbara P Benavente
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Steven Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (SAFS), University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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10
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Komisarczuk AZ, Kongshaug H, Li M, Nilsen F. RNAi mediated myosuppressin deficiency affects muscle development and survival in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6944. [PMID: 31061463 PMCID: PMC6502818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle activity is regulated by stimulatory and inhibitory neuropeptides allowing for contraction and relaxation. In Arthropods, one of the important myoinhibitors is Myosuppressin, belonging to FMRFamide-like peptides, that was shown to have inhibitory effects on visceral muscle contraction and to regulate vital physiological processes including reproduction or feeding. We have identified myosuppressin in salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (LsalMS) and systematically characterised its function and complex abnormalities emerging after LsalMS knockdown by RNAi in all developmental stages in this species. Immunohistochemistry analysis localized the LsalMS mainly to the central nervous system, but also to the vital organs within the alimentary tract and the reproductive system. The most striking feature of LsalMS deficiency during lice development was severe reduction of the muscle content, with abnormalities detected in both the visceral and skeletal muscles. Moreover, down-regulation of LsalMS affects moulting, spermatophore deposition and feeding by affecting development of the intestinal wall and increasing its contraction frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Komisarczuk
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53 A/B, 5008, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Heidi Kongshaug
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53 A/B, 5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53 A/B, 5008, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Abramova A, Alm Rosenblad M, Blomberg A, Larsson TA. Sensory receptor repertoire in cyprid antennules of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216294. [PMID: 31048879 PMCID: PMC6497305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacle settlement involves sensing of a variety of exogenous cues. A pair of antennules is the main sensory organ that the cyprid larva uses to explore the surface. Antennules are equipped with a number of setae that have both chemo- and mechanosensing function. The current study explores the repertoire of sensory receptors in Balanus improvisus cyprid antennules with the goal to better understand sensory systems involved in the settling behavior of this species. We carried out transcriptome sequencing of dissected B. improvisus cyprid antennules. The generated transcriptome assembly was used to search for sensory receptors using HMM models. Among potential chemosensory genes, we identified the ionotropic receptors IR25a, IR8a and IR93a, and several divergent IR candidates to be expressed in the cyprid antennules. We found one gustatory-like receptor but no odorant receptors, chemosensory or odorant-binding proteins. Apart from chemosensory receptors, we also identified 13 potential mechanosensory genes represented by several transient receptor potential channels (TRP) subfamilies. Furthermore, we analyzed changes in expression profiles of IRs and TRPs during the B. improvisus settling process. Several of the sensory genes were differentially expressed during the course of larval settlement. This study gives expanded knowledge about the sensory systems present in barnacles, a taxonomic group for which only limited information about receptors is currently available. It furthermore serves as a starting point for more in depth studies of how sensory signaling affects settling behavior in barnacles with implications for preventing biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abramova
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Alm Rosenblad
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Axel Larsson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Silencing of ionotropic receptor 25a decreases chemosensory activity in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis during the infective stage. Gene 2019; 697:35-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Liu H, Zhang X, Liu C, Liu Y, Mei X, Zhang T. Identification and expression of candidate chemosensory receptors in the white-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3339. [PMID: 30833589 PMCID: PMC6399352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection and recognition of chemical signals play extremely important roles for insects in their survival and reproduction. Chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs) and gustatory receptors (GRs), are involved in detection of volatile signals. In the present study, we aimed to identify candidate chemosensory receptors, and RNA-seq technology was employed to sequence the antennal transcriptome of Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), a native agricultural and horticultural pest in East-Asia. According to the sequence similarity analysis, we identified 72 PbreORs, 11 PbreGRs and eight PbreIRs. Among PbreORs, PbreOR2, PbreOR33 and PbreOR53 were preliminarily classified into pheromone receptors. Further qRT-PCR analysis indicated that 11 PbreORs were specifically expressed in the antennae of male P. brevitarsis, whereas 23 PbreORs were specifically expressed in the female antennae. Our results laid a solid foundation for further functional elucidations of insect chemoreceptors, which could be used as the potential targets of pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Liu
- Agriculture College, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, 071000, P. R. China
| | - Chunqin Liu
- Cangzhou Technical College, Cangzhou, 061001, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, 071000, P. R. China.
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14
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The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 is a molecular host-associated cue for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Sci Rep 2018; 8:13738. [PMID: 30213966 PMCID: PMC6137231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical signals are a key element of host-parasite interactions. In marine ecosystems, obligate ectoparasites, such as sea lice, use chemical cues and other sensory signals to increase the probability of encountering a host and to identify appropriate hosts on which they depend to complete their life cycle. The chemical compounds that underlie host identification by the sea lice are not fully described or characterized. Here, we report a novel compound - the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2 (Cath-2) – that acts as an activation cue for the marine parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis. L. salmonis were exposed to 0, 7, 70 and 700 ppb of Cath-2 and neural activity, swimming behaviour and gene expression profiles of animals in response to the peptide were evaluated. The neurophysiological, behavioural and transcriptomic results were consistent: L. salmonis detects Cath-2 as a water-soluble peptide released from the skin of salmon, triggering chemosensory neural activity associated with altered swimming behaviour of copepodids exposed to the peptide, and chemosensory-related genes were up-regulated in copepodids exposed to the peptide. L. salmonis are activated by Cath-2, indicating a tight link between this peptide and the salmon louse chemosensory system.
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Gene silencing reveals multiple functions of Na +/K +-ATPase in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:79-91. [PMID: 29339143 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase has a key function in a variety of physiological processes including membrane excitability, osmoregulation, regulation of cell volume, and transport of nutrients. While knowledge about Na+/K+-ATPase function in osmoregulation in crustaceans is extensive, the role of this enzyme in other physiological and developmental processes is scarce. Here, we report characterization, transcriptional distribution and likely functions of the newly identified L. salmonis Na+/K+-ATPase (LsalNa+/K+-ATPase) α subunit in various developmental stages. The complete mRNA sequence was identified, with 3003 bp open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 1001 amino acids. Putative protein sequence of LsalNa+/K+-ATPase revealed all typical features of Na+/K+-ATPase and demonstrated high sequence identity to other invertebrate and vertebrate species. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed higher LsalNa+/K+-ATPase transcript level in free-living stages in comparison to parasitic stages. In situ hybridization analysis of copepodids and adult lice revealed LsalNa+/K+-ATPase transcript localization in a wide variety of tissues such as nervous system, intestine, reproductive system, and subcuticular and glandular tissue. RNAi mediated knock-down of LsalNa+/K+-ATPase caused locomotion impairment, and affected reproduction and feeding. Morphological analysis of dsRNA treated animals revealed muscle degeneration in larval stages, severe changes in the oocyte formation and maturation in females and abnormalities in tegmental glands. Thus, the study represents an important foundation for further functional investigation and identification of physiological pathways in which Na+/K+-ATPase is directly or indirectly involved.
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