Low level laser (LLL) attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mesenchymal stem cells via the suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro

Nd:YAG-photobiomodulation enhanced ADSCs multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials

To investigate the effects of Nd: YAG (1064 nm) photobiomodulation on multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro experiments, cells were divided into the control group (non-irradiated control ADSCs) and photobiomodulation groups. 0.5 J/cm2, 1 J/cm2, 2 J/cm2, and 4 J/cm2 were used for proliferation assays; for ADSCs adipogenic differentiation assays, 0.5 J/cm2, 1 J/cm2 were applied; 1 J/cm2 was used for migration and immunomodulation assays. The differentiation abilities were assessed by qPCR, Oil Red O staining, and Alizarin Red staining. The immunomodulation potential was assessed by qPCR and human cytokine array. DSS-induced colitis model. was used to test the effect of photobiomodulation on ADSCs immunomodulation potentials in vivo. Nd:YAG-based photobiomodulation dose-dependently promoted ADSCs proliferation and migration; 1 J/cm2 showed the best promotion effect on proliferation. Moreover, Nd:YAG photobiomodulation promoted ADSCs osteogenic differentiation and brown adipose adipogenic differentiation. The potential immunomodulation assays showed Nd:YAG photobiomodulation improved Anti-inflammation capacity of ADSCs and photobiomodulation irradiated ADSCs effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis severity in vivo. Our study suggests Nd:YAG photobiomodulation might enhance the ADSCs multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials. These results might help to enhance ADSCs therapeutic effects for clinical application. However, further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of Nd:YAG photobiomodulation promoting multilineage differentiation and immunomodulation potentials of ADSCs.

High-frequency near-infrared semiconductor laser irradiation suppressed experimental tooth movement-induced inflammatory pain markers in the periodontal ligament tissues of rats

High-frequency near-infrared (NIR) semiconductor laser-irradiation has an unclear effect on nociception in the compressed lateral periodontal ligament region, a peripheral nerve region. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NIR semiconductor laser irradiation, with a power of 120 J, on inflammatory pain markers and neuropeptides induced in the compressed lateral periodontal ligament area during ETM. A NIR semiconductor laser [910 nm wavelength, 45 W maximum output power, 300 mW average output power, 30 kHz frequency, and 200 ns pulse width (Lumix 2; Fisioline, Verduno, Italy)] was used. A nickel-titanium closed coil that generated a 50-g force was applied to the maxillary left-side first molars and incisors in 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley (280-300 g) rats to induce experimental tooth movement (ETM) for 24 h. Ten rats were divided into two groups (ETM + laser, n = 5; ETM, n = 5). The right side of the ETM group (i.e., the side without induced ETM) was evaluated as the untreated group. We performed immunofluorescent histochemistry analysis to quantify the interleukin (IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and neuropeptide [calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] expression in the compressed region of the periodontal tissue. Post-hoc Tukey-Kramer tests were used to compare the groups. Compared with the ETM group, the ETM + laser group showed significant suppression in IL-1β (176.2 ± 12.3 vs. 310.8 ± 29.5; P < 0.01), PGE2 (104.4 ± 14.34 vs. 329.6 ± 36.52; P < 0.01), and CGRP (36.8 ± 4.88 vs. 78.0 ± 7.13; P < 0.01) expression. High-frequency NIR semiconductor laser irradiation exerts significant effects on ETM-induced inflammation. High-frequency NIR semiconductor laser irradiation can reduce periodontal inflammation during orthodontic tooth movement.

Anti-inflammatory effect of green photobiomodulation in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Photo biomodulation (PBM) as a non-invasive and safe treatment has been demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential in a variety of cell types, including stem cells. However, further investigations using different laser parameters combined with more accurate methods such as quantitative measurement of inflammatory gene expression at the mRNA level are still necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 532 nm green laser on cell proliferation as well as expression of inflammatory genes in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technique and confirmatory RT-PCR. hADMSCs were cultured in DMEM low glocuse medium with 10% fetal bovine serum until the fourth passage. Cultured cells were divided in two groups: control group (no laser irradiation) and laser group, irradiated with 532 nm laser at 44 m J/cm² with an output power of 50 mW and a density of 6 mW/cm², every other day, 7 s each time. The cell viability was assessed using MTT assay 24 h after each irradiation on days 3, 5, and 7 after cell seeding, followed by performing RNA-seq and RT-PCR. The MTT assay showed that PBM increased cell proliferation on day 5 after irradiation compared to day 3 and decreased on day 7 compared to day 5. In addition, gene expression analysis in hADMSCs using RNA-seq revealed down-regulation of inflammatory genes including CSF2, CXCL2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and CCL2, 7. These results indicate that 532 nm PBM with the parameters used in this study has a time-dependent effect on hADMSCs proliferation as well as anti-inflammatory potential.

Changes in Cell Biology under the Influence of Low-Level Laser Therapy

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has become an important part of the therapeutic process in various diseases. However, despite the broad use of LLLT in everyday clinical practice, the full impact of LLLT on cell life processes has not been fully understood. This paper presents the current state of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of action of LLLT on cells. A better understanding of the molecular processes occurring within the cell after laser irradiation may result in introducing numerous novel clinical applications of LLLT and potentially increases the safety profile of this therapy.

Incorporation of Zinc into Binary SiO2-CaO Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles Enhances Anti-Inflammatory and Osteogenic Activities

During the healing and repair of bone defects, uncontrolled inflammatory responses can compromise bone regeneration. Biomaterials with anti-inflammatory activity are favorable for bone tissue regeneration processes. In this work, multifunctional Zn-containing mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (Zn-MBGs) exhibiting favorable osteogenic and anti-inflammatory activities were produced employing a sol-gel method. Zn-MBGs exhibited a mesoporous spherical shape and nanoscale particle size (100 ± 20 nm). They were degradable in cell culture medium, and could release Si, Ca, and Zn in a sustained manner. Zn-MBGs also exhibited a concentration-dependent cellular response. The extract of Zn-MBGs obtained by incubation at 0.1 mg/mL (in culture medium) for 24 h could enhance in vitro mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, and the production of intracellular protein osteocalcin of rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Moreover, the extract of Zn-MBGs at 0.1 mg/mL could significantly downregulate the expression of inflammatory genes and the production of inducible nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells, particularly under stimulation of inflammatory signals interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Zn-MBGs also inhibited the pro-inflammatory M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS and IFN-γ. In summary, we successfully synthesized Zn-MBGs with concentration-dependent osteogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Zn-MBGs show their great potential in immunomodulation strategies for bone regeneration, representing a multifunctional biomaterial that can be applied to regenerate bone defects under inflammatory conditions.

Modulation of T-Cell Activation Markers Expression by the Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases

Background:

Activated T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases (RD). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunoregulatory activities but such functions of MSCs from bone marrow of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients are impaired. Adipose tissue–derived MSCs (ASCs) are an optional pool of therapeutically useful MSCs, but biology of these cells in RD is poorly known. This study aimed at investigating the effect of ASCs from RD patients and healthy donors (HD) on the expression of the key T-cell activation markers.

Methods:

ASCs were isolated from subcutaneous abdominal fat from SLE (n = 16), SSc (n = 18), and AS (n = 16) patients, while five human ASCs lines from HD were used as a control. Untreated and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor α + interferon γ)-treated ASCs were co-cultured with allogenic, mitogen (phytohemagglutinin)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or purified anti-CD3/CD28-activated CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. Contacting and noncontacting ASCs-PBMCs co-cultures were performed. RD/ASCs were analyzed in co-cultures with both allogeneic and autologous PBMCs. Flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate expression of CD25, HLA-DR, and CD69 molecules on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells.

Results:

In co-cultures with allogeneic, activated CD4⁺ T cells and PBMCs, HD/ASCs and RD/ASCs downregulated CD25 and HLA-DR, while upregulated CD69 molecules expression on both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells with comparable potency. This modulatory effect was similar in contacting and noncontacting co-cultures. RD/ASCs exerted weaker inhibitory effect on CD25 expression on autologous than allogeneic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells.

Conclusion:

RD/ASCs retain normal capability to regulate expression of activation markers on allogeneic T cells. Both HD/ASCs and RD/ASCs exert this effect independently of their activation status, mostly through the indirect pathway and soluble factors. However, autologous CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells are partially resistant to RD/ASCs inhibition of CD25 expression, suggesting weaker control of T-cell activation in vivo.

High-Frequency Near-Infrared Diode Laser Irradiation Attenuates IL-1β-Induced Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Human Primary Chondrocytes

High-frequency near-infrared diode laser provides a high-peak output, low-heat accumulation, and efficient biostimulation. Although these characteristics are considered suitable for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment, the effect of high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation in in vitro or in vivo OA models has not yet been reported. Therefore, we aimed to assess the biological effects of high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte inflammation in an in vitro OA model. Normal Human Articular Chondrocyte-Knee (NHAC-Kn) cells were stimulated with human recombinant IL-1β and irradiated with a high-frequency near-infrared diode laser (910 nm, 4 or 8 J/cm²). The mRNA and protein expression of relevant inflammation- and cartilage destruction-related proteins was analyzed. Interleukin (IL) -1β treatment significantly increased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -1, MMP-3, and MMP-13. High-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation significantly reduced the IL-1β-induced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Similarly, high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation decreased the IL-1β-induced increase in protein expression and secreted levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of high-frequency near-infrared diode laser irradiation in OA.

Cerebrospinal Fluid and Photobiomodulation Effects on Neural Gene Expression in Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Introduction: Dental pulp cells, a unique source of ectomesenchymal pluripotent stem cells, are originated from the skull neural crest. They are considered as one ideal source of cells for the regenerative medicine applications. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a transparent fluid found in the brain and spinal cord, is enriched with electrolytes, proteins, and growth factors such as EGF, bFGF, BDNF, GDNF, and neuropeptides and can be utilized as a trigger in order to induce the neural differentiation. On the other hand, photobiomodulation (PBM), with the ability to prevent cell apoptosis, can induce cell proliferation by means of increasing the ATP synthesis in mitochondria and facilitating the secretion of the growth factors. In this research, we first aimed to isolate and culture the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and subsequently to investigate their potential for neural differentiation. Methods: Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were isolated from the pulp tissues using an outgrowth method and subsequently cultured. In order to access the cells' differentiation potential, cells were firstly classified into four groups which were treated with CSF, gallium aluminum arsenide diode laser irradiation (808 nm; 30 mW power output) and a combination of both, while the fourth group was considered as the control. MTT assay was then used to examine the viability of cells following the treatments. After 4, 7, and 14 days the cell morphology in the treated groups was evaluated while RT-PCR was used in order to evaluate the Nestin and β-tubulinIII neural gene marker expressions. Results: It was shown that PBM has the ability to elevate the proliferation of DPSCs. Also, the differentiated morphology was obvious in the CSF treated group, especially on day 14 with the formation of three-dimensional (3D) structures. The results of gene expression analysis showed that on the fourth day of post-treatment, Nestin and β-tubulinIII gene expressions were reduced in all groups while a rising trend in their expression was observed subsequently on days 7 and 14. Conclusion: In accordance with previous studies, including functional and protein base researches, it has been demonstrated that CSF has a direct role in neural induction. Although past works have been significant, none of them shows a 3D structure. In this article, we investigated the dual effect of PBM and CSF. Initial results confirmed the upregulation of neural-related transcription factors. The 3D organization of the formed tissue could imply the initiation of organogenesis which has not been reported before. In sum, the dual effect of CSF and PBM has been shown to have the potential for contributing to the initiation of neurogenesis and organogenesis.

Polymorphism eNOS Glu298Asp modulates the inflammatory response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

INTRODUCTION

Nitric oxide is a gaseous radical produced by the nitric oxide endothelial synthase (eNOS) whose most studied physiological action is the vasodilation. However, it also acts in the defense of the organism through the formation of cytotoxic radicals, which can potentiate the inflammatory lesion of the cells. The Glu298Asp is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the eNOS gene related to the risk of cardiovascular disease. Blacks present a higher prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular mortality. Then, we aimed to evaluate the influence of Glu298Asp polymorphism on inflammatory response in vitro and gene expression in blacks.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from blacks with different Glu298Asp genotypes were treated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a mitogen and activator of T cells. Oxidative, inflammatory markers, and expression of inflammation genes were evaluated.

RESULTS

The genotype frequencies were TT 6.7%; TG 29.3% and GG 64.0%. Activation of PBMCs with 125 μg of PHA modulated the expression of inflammatory genes and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. The T allele showed increased susceptibility to inflammation (higher levels of interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha; p < 0.001). The G allele exhibited protection through higher levels of nitric oxide (p < 0.001) and fewer inflammatory cytokines.

CONCLUSION

Despite methodological limitations related to in vitro assays, the whole of results suggested that Glu298Asp modulates inflammatory genes, the T allele is more susceptible to inflammation and the G allele is protective.

Characterization of metabolic profiles and lipopolysaccharide effects on porcine vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells

The link between metabolic remodeling and stem cell fate is still unclear. To explore this topic, the metabolic profile of porcine vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells (pVW-MSCs) was investigated. At the first and second cell passages, pVW-MSCs exploit both glycolysis and cellular respiration to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but in the subsequent (third to eighth) passages they do not show any mitochondrial ATP turnover. Interestingly, when the first passage pVW-MSCs are exposed to 0.1 or 10 μg/ml lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) for 4 hr, even if ATP synthesis is prevented, the spare respiratory capacity is retained and the glycolytic capacity is unaffected. In contrast, the exposure of pVW-MSCs at the fifth passage to 10 μg/ml LPS stimulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Flow cytometry rules out any reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement in the LPS effects, thus suggesting that the pVW-MSC metabolic pattern is modulated by culture conditions via ROS-independent mechanisms.

Magnesium enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting activated macrophage-induced inflammation

Magnesium deficiency increases the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is consistently accompanied by the sensitization of cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and endothelial cells. We investigated the potential of magnesium to regulate macrophage polarization and macrophage-induced inflammation with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activation and further elucidated whether these effects impact the inhibitory functions of activated macrophage-induced inflammation on cartilage regeneration. The results showed that magnesium inhibited the activation of macrophages, as indicated by a significant reduction in the percentage of CCR7-positive cells, while the percentage of CD206-positive cells decreased to a lesser degree. After activation, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were down-regulated at the mRNA level and certain cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) were decreased in the cell supernatant with the addition of magnesium. Moreover, magnesium decreased the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to impede its activation. A modified micromass culture system was applied to assess the effects of activated macrophage-conditioned medium with or without magnesium treatment on the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Magnesium enhanced the chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by reversing the adverse effects of activated macrophage-induced inflammation.