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Mathur T, Tronolone JJ, Jain A. AngioMT: A MATLAB based 2D image-to-physics tool to predict oxygen transport in vascularized microphysiological systems. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299160. [PMID: 38748761 PMCID: PMC11095698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological models (MPS) are increasingly getting recognized as in vitro preclinical systems of pathophysiology and drug discovery. However, there is also a growing need to adapt and advance MPS to include the physiological contributions of the capillary vascular dynamics, because they undergo angiogenesis or vasculogenesis to deliver soluble oxygen and nutrients to its organs. Currently, the process of formation of microvessels in MPS is measured arbitrarily, and vascularized MPS do not include oxygen measurements in their analysis. Sensing and measuring tissue oxygen delivery is extremely difficult because it requires access to opaque and deep tissue, and/or requires extensive integration of biosensors that makes such systems impractical to use in the real world. Here, a finite element method-based oxygen transport program, called AngioMT, is built in MATLAB. AngioMT processes the routinely acquired 2D confocal images of microvascular networks in vitro and solves physical equations of diffusion-reaction dominated oxygen transport phenomena. This user-friendly image-to-physics transition in AngioMT is an enabling tool of MPS analysis because unlike the averaged morphological measures of vessels, it provides information of the spatial transport of oxygen both within the microvessels and the surrounding tissue regions. Further, it solves the more complex higher order reaction mechanisms which also improve the physiological relevance of this tool when compared directly against in vivo measurements. Finally, the program is applied in a multicellular vascularized MPS by including the ability to define additional organ/tissue subtypes in complex co-cultured systems. Therefore, AngioMT serves as an analytical tool to enhance the predictive power and performance of MPS that incorporate microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Mathur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James J. Tronolone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Tora MS, Neill SG, Lakhina Y, Assed H, Zhang M, Nagarajan PP, Federici T, Gutierrez J, Hoang KB, Du Y, Lei K, Boulis NM. Tumor microenvironment in a minipig model of spinal cord glioma. J Transl Med 2023; 21:667. [PMID: 37752585 PMCID: PMC10523785 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord glioma (SCG) is considered an orphan disease that lacks effective treatment options with margins that are surgically inaccessible and an overall paucity of literature on the topic. The tumor microenvironment is a critical factor to consider in treatment and modeling design, especially with respect to the unresectable tumor edge. Recently, our group developed a high-grade spinal cord glioma (SCG) model in Göttingen minipigs. METHODS Immunofluorescence and ELISA were performed to explore the microenvironmental features and inflammation cytokines in this minipig SCG model. Protein carbonyl assay and GSH/GSSG assay were analyzed in the core and edge lesions in the minipig SCG model. The primary core and edge cells proliferation rate were shown in vitro, and the xenograft model in vivo. RESULTS We identified an elevated Ki-67 proliferative index, vascular and pericyte markers, CD31 and desmin in the tumor edge as compared to the tumor core. In addition, we found that the tumor edge demonstrated increased pro-inflammatory and gliomagenic cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Furthermore, the mediation of oxidative stress is upregulated in the tumor edge. Hypoxic markers had statistically significant increased staining in the tumor core, but were notably still present in the tumor edge. The edge cells cultures derived from SCG biopsy also demonstrated an increased proliferative rate compared to core cell cultures in a xenotransplantation model. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates heterogeneity in microenvironmental features in our minipig model of high-grade SCG, with a phenotype at the edge showing increased oxidative stress, proliferation, inflammatory cytokines, neovascularization, and decreased but present staining for hypoxic markers. These findings support the utility of this model as a means for investigating therapeutic approaches targeting the more aggressive and surgically unresectable tumor border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhibullah S Tora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stewart G Neill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuliya Lakhina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hemza Assed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Purva P Nagarajan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thais Federici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juanmarco Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kimberly B Hoang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kecheng Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Hatlen RR, Rajagopalan P. Investigating Trans-differentiation of Glioblastoma Cells in an In Vitro 3D Model of the Perivascular Niche. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37129167 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the deadliest form of brain cancer, responsible for over 50% of adult brain tumors. A specific region within the GBM environment is known as the perivascular niche (PVN). This area is defined as within approximately 100 μm of vasculature and plays an important role in the interactions between endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes, GBM cells, and stem cells. We have designed a 3D in vitro model of the PVN comprising either collagen Type 1 or HyStem-C, human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), and LN229 (GBM) cells. HUVECs were encapsulated within the hydrogels to form vascular networks. After 7 days, LN229 cells were co-cultured to investigate changes in both cell types. Over a 14 day culture period, we measured alterations in HUVEC networks, the contraction of the hydrogels, trans-differentiation of LN229 cells, and the concentrations of two chemokines; CXCL12 and TGF-β. Increased cellular proliferation ranging from 10- to 16-fold was exhibited in co-cultures from days 8 to 14. This was accompanied with a decrease in the height of hydrogels of up to 68%. These changes in the biomaterial scaffold indicate that LN229-HUVEC interactions promote changes to the matrix. TGF-β and CXCL12 secretion increased approximately 2-2.6-fold each from day 8 to 14 in all co-cultures. The expression of CXCL12 correlated with cell colocalization, indicating a chemotactic role in enabling the migration of LN229 cells toward HUVECs in co-cultures. von Willebrand factor (vWF) was co-expressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in up to 15% of LN229 cells after 24 h in co-culture. Additionally, when LN229 cells were co-cultured with human brain microvascular ECs, the percentages of GFAP+/vWF+ cells were up to 20% higher than that in co-cultures with HUVECs in collagen (2.2 mg/mL) and HyStem-C gels on day 14. The expression of vWF indicates the early stages of trans-differentiation of LN229 cells to an EC phenotype. Designing in vitro models of trans-differentiation may provide additional insights into how vasculature and cellular phenotypes are altered in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn R Hatlen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Erices JI, Bizama C, Niechi I, Uribe D, Rosales A, Fabres K, Navarro-Martínez G, Torres Á, San Martín R, Roa JC, Quezada-Monrás C. Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Invasiveness: New Insights and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087047. [PMID: 37108208 PMCID: PMC10139189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain cancer in adults. Without treatment the mean patient survival is approximately 6 months, which can be extended to 15 months with the use of multimodal therapies. The low effectiveness of GBM therapies is mainly due to the tumor infiltration into the healthy brain tissue, which depends on GBM cells' interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The interaction of GBM cells with the TME involves cellular components such as stem-like cells, glia, endothelial cells, and non-cellular components such as the extracellular matrix, enhanced hypoxia, and soluble factors such as adenosine, which promote GBM's invasiveness. However, here we highlight the role of 3D patient-derived glioblastoma organoids cultures as a new platform for study of the modeling of TME and invasiveness. In this review, the mechanisms involved in GBM-microenvironment interaction are described and discussed, proposing potential prognosis biomarkers and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Erices
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Arnaldo Rosales
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Karen Fabres
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Giovanna Navarro-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ángelo Torres
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 8370003, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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Mathur T, Tronolone JJ, Jain A. AngioMT: An in silico platform for digital sensing of oxygen transport through heterogenous microvascular networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523275. [PMID: 36711826 PMCID: PMC9881947 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the capacity of microvascular networks in delivering soluble oxygen and nutrients to its organs is essential in health, disease, and surgical interventions. Here, a finite element method-based oxygen transport program, AngioMT, is designed and validated to predict spatial oxygen distribution and other physiologically relevant transport metrics within both the vascular network and the surrounding tissue. The software processes acquired images of microvascular networks and produces a digital mesh which is used to predict vessel and tissue oxygenation. The image-to-physics translation by AngioMT correlated with results from commercial software, however only AngioMT could provide predictions within the solid tissue in addition to vessel oxygenation. AngioMT predictions were sensitive and positively correlated to spatial heterogeneity and extent of vascularization of 500 different vascular networks formed with variable vasculogenic conditions. The predictions of AngioMT cross-correlate with experimentally-measured oxygen distributions in vivo. The computational power of the software is increased by including calculations of higher order reaction mechanisms, and the program includes defining additional organ and tissue structures for a more physiologically relevant analysis of tissue oxygenation in complex co-cultured systems, or in vivo. AngioMT may serve as a digital performance measuring tool of vascular networks in microcirculation, experimental models of vascularized tissues and organs, and in clinical applications, such as organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Mathur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell St, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - James J. Tronolone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell St, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell St, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Implications of Cellular Immaturity in Necrosis and Microvascularization in Glioblastomas IDH-Wild-Type. Clin Pract 2022; 12:1054-1068. [PMID: 36547116 PMCID: PMC9777267 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract12060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrosis and increased microvascular density in glioblastoma IDH-wild-type are the consequence of both hypoxia and cellular immaturity. Our study aimed to identify the main clinical-imaging and morphogenetic risk factors associated with tumor necrosis and microvascular in the prognosis of patient survival. We performed a retrospective study (10 years) in which we identified 39 cases. We used IDH1, Ki-67 and Nestin immunomarkers, as well as CDKN2A by FISH. The data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics. The clinical characterization identified only age over 50 years as a risk factor (HR = 3.127). The presence of the tumor residue, as well as the absence of any therapeutic element from the trimodal treatment, were predictive factors of mortality (HR = 1.024, respectively HR = 7.460). Cellular immaturity quantified by Nestin was associated with reduced overall survival (p = 0.007). Increased microvascular density was associated with an increased proliferative index (p = 0.009) as well as alterations of the CDKN2A gene (p < 0.001). CDKN2A deletions and cellular immaturity were associated with an increased percentage of necrosis (p < 0.001, respectively, p = 0.017). The main risk factors involved in the unfavorable prognosis are moderate and increased Nestin immunointensity, as well as the association of increased microvascular density with age over 50 years. Necrosis was not a risk factor.
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O’Neill KC, Liapis E, Harris BT, Perlin DS, Carter CL. Mass spectrometry imaging discriminates glioblastoma tumor cell subpopulations and different microvascular formations based on their lipid profiles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17069. [PMID: 36224354 PMCID: PMC9556690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a prevalent malignant brain tumor and despite clinical intervention, tumor recurrence is frequent and usually fatal. Genomic investigations have provided a greater understanding of molecular heterogeneity in glioblastoma, yet there are still no curative treatments, and the prognosis has remained unchanged. The aggressive nature of glioblastoma is attributed to the heterogeneity in tumor cell subpopulations and aberrant microvascular proliferation. Ganglioside-directed immunotherapy and membrane lipid therapy have shown efficacy in the treatment of glioblastoma. To truly harness these novel therapeutics and develop a regimen that improves clinical outcome, a greater understanding of the altered lipidomic profiles within the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment is urgently needed. In this work, high resolution mass spectrometry imaging was utilized to investigate lipid heterogeneity in human glioblastoma samples. Data presented offers the first insight into the histology-specific accumulation of lipids involved in cell metabolism and signaling. Cardiolipins, phosphatidylinositol, ceramide-1-phosphate, and gangliosides, including the glioblastoma stem cell marker, GD3, were shown to differentially accumulate in tumor and endothelial cell subpopulations. Conversely, a reduction in sphingomyelins and sulfatides were detected in tumor cell regions. Cellular accumulation for each lipid class was dependent upon their fatty acid residue composition, highlighting the importance of understanding lipid structure-function relationships. Discriminating ions were identified and correlated to histopathology and Ki67 proliferation index. These results identified multiple lipids within the glioblastoma microenvironment that warrant further investigation for the development of predictive biomarkers and lipid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. O’Neill
- grid.429392.70000 0004 6010 5947Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | - Evangelos Liapis
- grid.429392.70000 0004 6010 5947Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | - Brent T. Harris
- grid.411667.30000 0001 2186 0438Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- grid.429392.70000 0004 6010 5947Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA ,grid.429392.70000 0004 6010 5947Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | - Claire L. Carter
- grid.429392.70000 0004 6010 5947Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA ,grid.429392.70000 0004 6010 5947Department of Pathology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
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Ramírez E, Jara N, Ferrada L, Salazar K, Martínez F, Oviedo MJ, Tereszczuk J, Ramírez-Carbonell S, Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Hau P, Nualart F. Glioblastoma Invasiveness and Collagen Secretion Are Enhanced by Vitamin C. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:538-559. [PMID: 35166128 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most aggressive brain tumors. These tumors modify their metabolism, increasing the expression of glucose transporters, GLUTs, which incorporate glucose and the oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). We hypothesized that GB cells preferentially take up DHA, which is intracellularly reduced and compartmentalized into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), promoting collagen biosynthesis and an aggressive phenotype. Results: Our results showed that GB cells take up DHA using GLUT1, while GLUT3 and sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) are preferably intracellular. Using a baculoviral system and reticulum-enriched extracts, we determined that SVCT2 is mainly located in the ER and corresponds to a short isoform. Ascorbic acid (AA) was compartmentalized, stimulating collagen IV secretion and increasing in vitro and in situ cell migration. Finally, orthotopic xenografts induced in immunocompetent guinea pigs showed that vitamin C deficiency retained collagen, reduced blood vessel invasion, and affected glomeruloid vasculature formation, all pathological conditions associated with malignancy. Innovation and Conclusion: We propose a functional role for vitamin C in GB development and progression. Vitamin C is incorporated into the ER of GB cells, where it favors the synthesis of collagen, thus impacting tumor development. Collagen secreted by tumor cells favors the formation of the glomeruloid vasculature and enhances perivascular invasion. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 538-559.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Nery Jara
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Luciano Ferrada
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - María José Oviedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Joanna Tereszczuk
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Sebastián Ramírez-Carbonell
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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Akindona FA, Frederico SC, Hancock JC, Gilbert MR. Exploring the origin of the cancer stem cell niche and its role in anti-angiogenic treatment for glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:947634. [PMID: 36091174 PMCID: PMC9454306 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are thought to be the main drivers of tumorigenesis for malignancies such as glioblastoma (GBM). They are maintained through a close relationship with the tumor vasculature. Previous literature has well-characterized the components and signaling pathways for maintenance of this stem cell niche, but details on how the niche initially forms are limited. This review discusses development of the nonmalignant neural and hematopoietic stem cell niches in order to draw important parallels to the malignant environment. We then discuss what is known about the cancer stem cell niche, its relationship with angiogenesis, and provide a hypothesis for its development in GBM. A better understanding of the mechanisms of development of the tumor stem cell niche may provide new insights to potentially therapeutically exploit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funto A. Akindona
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen C. Frederico
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John C. Hancock
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark R. Gilbert,
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Mosteiro A, Pedrosa L, Ferrés A, Diao D, Sierra À, González JJ. The Vascular Microenvironment in Glioblastoma: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061285. [PMID: 35740307 PMCID: PMC9219822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme, the deadliest primary brain tumor, is characterized by an excessive and aberrant neovascularization. The initial expectations raised by anti-angiogenic drugs were soon tempered due to their limited efficacy in improving the overall survival. Intrinsic resistance and escape mechanisms against anti-VEGF therapies evidenced that tumor angiogenesis is an intricate multifaceted phenomenon and that vessels not only support the tumor but exert indispensable interactions for resistance and spreading. This holistic review covers the essentials of the vascular microenvironment of glioblastoma, including the perivascular niche components, the vascular generation patterns and the implicated signaling pathways, the endothelial–tumor interrelation, and the interconnection between vessel aberrancies and immune disarrangement. The revised concepts provide novel insights into the preclinical models and the potential explanations for the failure of conventional anti-angiogenic therapies, leading to an era of new and combined anti-angiogenic-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mosteiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leire Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
| | - Abel Ferrés
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.)
| | - Diouldé Diao
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
| | - Àngels Sierra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Juan González
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
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Rodriguez SMB, Staicu GA, Sevastre AS, Baloi C, Ciubotaru V, Dricu A, Tataranu LG. Glioblastoma Stem Cells-Useful Tools in the Battle against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094602. [PMID: 35562993 PMCID: PMC9100635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are cells with a self-renewal ability and capacity to initiate tumors upon serial transplantation that have been linked to tumor cell heterogeneity. Most standard treatments fail to completely eradicate GSCs, causing the recurrence of the disease. GSCs could represent one reason for the low efficacy of cancer therapy and for the short relapse time. Nonetheless, experimental data suggest that the presence of therapy-resistant GSCs could explain tumor recurrence. Therefore, to effectively target GSCs, a comprehensive understanding of their biology and the survival and developing mechanisms during treatment is mandatory. This review provides an overview of the molecular features, microenvironment, detection, and targeting strategies of GSCs, an essential information required for an efficient therapy. Despite the outstanding results in oncology, researchers are still developing novel strategies, of which one could be targeting the GSCs present in the hypoxic regions and invasive edge of the glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mara Baez Rodriguez
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Georgiana-Adeline Staicu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ani-Simona Sevastre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Carina Baloi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Vasile Ciubotaru
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
- Department 6—Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, González-Gómez M, García MDP, Díaz-Flores L, González-Marrero I, Ávila J, Martín-Vasallo P. Disproportion in Pericyte/Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Mechanisms of Intussusceptive Angiogenesis Participate in Bizarre Vessel Formation in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102625. [PMID: 34685606 PMCID: PMC8534221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant tumor in the brain. In addition to the vascular pattern with thin-walled vessels and findings of sprouting angiogenesis, GBM presents a bizarre microvasculature (BM) formed by vascular clusters, vascular garlands, and glomeruloid bodies. The mechanisms in BM morphogenesis are not well known. Our objective was to assess the role of pericyte/endothelial proliferation and intussusceptive angiogenic mechanisms in the formation of the BM. For this purpose, we studied specimens of 66 GBM cases using immunochemistry and confocal microscopy. In the BM, the results showed (a) transitional forms between the BM patterns, mostly with prominent pericytes covering all the abluminal endothelial cell (EC) surface of the vessels, (b) a proliferation index high in the prominent pericytes and low in ECs (47.85 times higher in pericytes than in ECs), (c) intravascular pillars (hallmark of intussusceptive angiogenesis) formed by transcapillary interendothelial bridges, endothelial contacts of opposite vessel walls, and vessel loops, and (d) the persistence of these findings in complex glomeruloid bodies. In conclusion, disproportion in pericyte/EC proliferation and mechanisms of intussusceptive angiogenesis participate in BM formation. The contributions have morphogenic and clinical interest since pericytes and intussusceptive angiogenesis can condition antiangiogenic therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Miriam González-Gómez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - María-del-Pino García
- Department of Pathology, Eurofins Megalab–Hospiten Hospitals, 38100 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Ibrahim González-Marrero
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (L.D.-F.J.); (I.G.-M.)
| | - Julio Ávila
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
- Department of Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, University of La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
- Department of Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, University of La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-318358; Fax: +34-922-319279
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Recent Advances in Glioma Therapy: Combining Vascular Normalization and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153686. [PMID: 34359588 PMCID: PMC8345045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for more than 50% of all primary malignancies of the brain. Current standard treatment regimen for GBM includes maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, due to the heterogeneity of the tumor cells, tumor recurrence is often inevitable. The prognosis of patients with glioma is, thus, dismal. Glioma is a highly angiogenic tumor yet immunologically cold. As such, evolving studies have focused on designing strategies that specifically target the tyrosine kinase receptors of angiokines and encourage immune infiltration. Recent promising results from immunotherapies on other cancer types have prompted further investigations of this therapy in GBM. In this article, we reviewed the pathological angiogenesis and immune reactivity in glioma, as well as its target for drug development, and we discussed future directions in glioma therapy.
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Zheng ZQ, Chen JT, Zheng MC, Yang LJ, Wang JM, Liu QL, Chen LF, Ye ZC, Lin JM, Lin ZX. Nestin+/CD31+ cells in the hypoxic perivascular niche regulate glioblastoma chemoresistance by upregulating JAG1 and DLL4. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:905-919. [PMID: 33249476 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of glioblastoma (GBM) therapy is often ascribed to different types of glioblastoma stem-like cell (GSLC) niche; in particular, a hypoxic perivascular niche (HPVN) is involved in GBM progression. However, the cells responsible for HPVNs remain unclear. METHODS Immunostaining was performed to determine the cells involved in HPVNs. A hypoxic chamber and 3-dimensional (3D) microfluidic chips were designed to simulate a HPVN based on the pathological features of GBM. The phenotype of GSLCs was evaluated by fluorescence scanning in real time and proliferation and apoptotic assays. The expression of JAG1, DLL4, and Hes1 was determined by immunostaining, ELISA, Western blotting, and quantitative PCR. Their clinical prognostic significance in GBM HPVNs and total tumor tissues were verified by clinical data and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases. RESULTS Nestin+/CD31+ cells and pericytes constitute the major part of microvessels in the HPVN, and the high ratio of nestin+/CD31+ cells rather than pericytes are responsible for the poor prognosis of GBM. A more real HPVN was simulated by a hypoxic coculture system in vitro, which consisted of 3D microfluidic chips and a hypoxic chamber. Nestin+/CD31+ cells in the HPVN were derived from GSLC transdifferentiation and promoted GSLC chemoresistance by providing more JAG1 and DLL4 to induce downstream Hes1 overexpression. Poor GBM prognosis correlated with Hes1 expression of tumor cells in the GBM HPVN, and not with total Hes1 expression in GBM tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the critical role of nestin+/CD31+ cells in HPVNs that acts in GBM chemoresistance and reveal the distinctive prognostic value of these molecular markers in HPVNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Sanbo Funeng Brain Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fifth Hospital of Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Li Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Fei Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Zu-Cheng Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Tumor cell plasticity, heterogeneity, and resistance in crucial microenvironmental niches in glioma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1014. [PMID: 33579922 PMCID: PMC7881116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the perivascular niche (PVN) and the integration into multicellular networks by tumor microtubes (TMs) have been associated with progression and resistance to therapies in glioblastoma, but their specific contribution remained unknown. By long-term tracking of tumor cell fate and dynamics in the live mouse brain, differential therapeutic responses in both niches are determined. Both the PVN, a preferential location of long-term quiescent glioma cells, and network integration facilitate resistance against cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy—independently of each other, but with additive effects. Perivascular glioblastoma cells are particularly able to actively repair damage to tumor regions. Population of the PVN and resistance in it depend on proficient NOTCH1 expression. In turn, NOTCH1 downregulation induces resistant multicellular networks by TM extension. Our findings identify NOTCH1 as a central switch between the PVN and network niche in glioma, and demonstrate robust cross-compensation when only one niche is targeted. Whether the perivascular niche (PVN) and the integration into multicellular networks by tumor microtubes (TMs) have a different role in glioblastoma progression and resistance to therapies is currently unclear. Here, the authors, by long-term tracking of individual glioma, demonstrate that both niches can partially compensate for each other and that glioma cells localized in both niches are resistant to radio- and chemotherapy.
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Gudbergsson JM, Christensen E, Kostrikov S, Moos T, Duroux M, Kjær A, Johnsen KB, Andresen TL. Conventional Treatment of Glioblastoma Reveals Persistent CD44 + Subpopulations. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3943-3955. [PMID: 32632605 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and devastating primary tumor of the central nervous system with a median survival of 12 to 15 months after diagnosis. GBM is highly difficult to treat due to its delicate location, inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity, and high plasticity in response to treatment. In this study, we intracranially implanted primary GBM cells into mice which underwent conventional GBM treatments, including irradiation, temozolomide, and a combination. We obtained single cell suspensions through a combination of mechanical and enzymatic dissociation of brain tissue and investigated in detail the changes in GBM cells in response to conventional treatments in vivo using multi-color flow cytometry and cluster analysis. CD44 expression was elevated in all treatment groups, which was confirmed by subsequent immunohistochemistry. High CD44 expression was furthermore shown to correlate with poor prognosis of GBM and low-grade glioma (LGG) patients. Together, these results indicate a key role for CD44 in glioma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mar Gudbergsson
- Neurobiology Research & Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark. .,Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 423, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Esben Christensen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 423, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Serhii Kostrikov
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 423, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research & Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Meg Duroux
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Bendix Johnsen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 423, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 423, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Yekula A, Yekula A, Muralidharan K, Kang K, Carter BS, Balaj L. Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3137. [PMID: 32038644 PMCID: PMC6990128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are highly aggressive primary brain tumors. Complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the sustained growth, proliferation, and invasion of GBM. Several means of intercellular communication have been documented between glioma cells and the TME, including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines as well as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs carry functional genomic and proteomic cargo from their parental cells and deliver that information to surrounding and distant recipient cells to modulate their behavior. EVs are emerging as crucial mediators of establishment and maintenance of the tumor by modulating the TME into a tumor promoting system. Herein we review recent literature in the context of GBM TME and the means by which EVs modulate tumor proliferation, reprogram metabolic activity, induce angiogenesis, escape immune surveillance, acquire drug resistance and undergo invasion. Understanding the multifaceted roles of EVs in the niche of GBM TME will provide invaluable insights into understanding the biology of GBM and provide functional insights into the dynamic EV-mediated intercellular communication during gliomagenesis, creating new opportunities for GBM diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuroop Yekula
- Government General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, India
| | - Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Koushik Muralidharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Keiko Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Chekhonin IV, Chistiakov DA, Grinenko NF, Gurina OI. Glioma Cell and Astrocyte Co-cultures As a Model to Study Tumor–Tissue Interactions: A Review of Methods. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1179-1195. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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