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Stemler T, Hoffmann C, Hierlmeier IM, Maus S, Krause E, Ezziddin S, Jung G, Bartholomä MD. A Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Bimodal BODIPY-Labeled PSMA-Targeting Bioconjugates. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2535-2545. [PMID: 33905162 PMCID: PMC8453963 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify a high-affinity BODIPY peptidomimetic that targets the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a potential bimodal imaging probe for prostate cancer. For the structure-activity study, several BODIPY (difluoroboron dipyrromethene) derivatives with varying spacers between the BODIPY dye and the PSMA Glu-CO-Lys binding motif were prepared. Corresponding affinities were determined by competitive binding assays in PSMA-positive LNCaP cells. One compound was identified with comparable affinity (IC50 =21.5±0.1 nM) to Glu-CO-Lys-Ahx-HBED-CC (PSMA-11) (IC50 =18.4±0.2 nM). Radiolabeling was achieved by Lewis-acid-mediated 19 F/18 F exchange in moderate molar activities (∼0.7 MBq nmol-1 ) and high radiochemical purities (>99 %) with mean radiochemical yields of 20-30 %. Cell internalization of the 18 F-labeled high-affinity conjugate was demonstrated in LNCaP cells showing gradual increasing PSMA-mediated internalization over time. By fluorescence microscopy, localization of the high-affinity BODIPY-PSMA conjugate was found in the cell membrane at early time points and also in subcellular compartments at later time points. In summary, a high-affinity BODIPY-PSMA conjugate has been identified as a suitable candidate for the development of PSMA-specific dual-imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stemler
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSaarland University – Medical CenterKirrbergerstrasse66421HomburgGermany
| | - Caroline Hoffmann
- Department of Biophysical ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus B2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Ina M. Hierlmeier
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSaarland University – Medical CenterKirrbergerstrasse66421HomburgGermany
| | - Stephan Maus
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSaarland University – Medical CenterKirrbergerstrasse66421HomburgGermany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Department of Cellular NeurophysiologyCenter for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM)Saarland UniversityKirrbergerstrasse66421HomburgGermany
| | - Samer Ezziddin
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSaarland University – Medical CenterKirrbergerstrasse66421HomburgGermany
| | - Gregor Jung
- Department of Biophysical ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus B2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Mark D. Bartholomä
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSaarland University – Medical CenterKirrbergerstrasse66421HomburgGermany
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Munch M, Rotstein BH, Ulrich G. Fluorine-18-Labeled Fluorescent Dyes for Dual-Mode Molecular Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:E6042. [PMID: 33371284 PMCID: PMC7766373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress realized in the development of optical imaging (OPI) probes and devices has made this technique more and more affordable for imaging studies and fluorescence-guided surgery procedures. However, this imaging modality still suffers from a low depth of penetration, thus limiting its use to shallow tissues or endoscopy-based procedures. In contrast, positron emission tomography (PET) presents a high depth of penetration and the resulting signal is less attenuated, allowing for imaging in-depth tissues. Thus, association of these imaging techniques has the potential to push back the limits of each single modality. Recently, several research groups have been involved in the development of radiolabeled fluorophores with the aim of affording dual-mode PET/OPI probes used in preclinical imaging studies of diverse pathological conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or cardiovascular diseases. Among all the available PET-active radionuclides, 18F stands out as the most widely used for clinical imaging thanks to its advantageous characteristics (t1/2 = 109.77 min; 97% β+ emitter). This review focuses on the recent efforts in the synthesis and radiofluorination of fluorescent scaffolds such as 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-diazaindacenes (BODIPYs), cyanines, and xanthene derivatives and their use in preclinical imaging studies using both PET and OPI technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Munch
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, CEDEX 02, 67087 Strasbourg, France;
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Kwon YD, Byun Y, Kim HK. 18F-labelled BODIPY dye as a dual imaging agent: Radiofluorination and applications in PET and optical imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 93:22-36. [PMID: 33276283 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dual Positron emission tomography (PET)/optical imaging techniques have captured scientific interest for clinical applications due to their potential as an effective tool for visualizing in vivo information such as disease processes. 4,4'-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) dye has been considered an ideal platform strategy to achieve dual PET/optical imaging due to its photochemical nature and chemical structure. Various radiofluorination methods to prepare [18F]BODIPY dye have been developed and established, ranging from nucleophilic substitution reactions to isotope exchange reactions. In addition, 18F-labelled BODIPY dyes for biologically important targets have been used for in vivo and ex vivo studies. These studies proved the practicality of [18F]BODIPY dyes as a hybrid PET/optical imaging probe. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis and biological evaluation of 18F-labelled BODIPY dyes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Do Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea.
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Klenner MA, Pascali G, Massi M, Fraser BH. Fluorine‐18 Radiolabelling and Photophysical Characteristics of Multimodal PET–Fluorescence Molecular Probes. Chemistry 2020; 27:861-876. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Klenner
- Human Health and National Deuteration Facility (NDF) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Giancarlo Pascali
- Human Health and National Deuteration Facility (NDF) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Barker St Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
- University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW) Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Benjamin H. Fraser
- Human Health and National Deuteration Facility (NDF) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
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Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism. Biochem J 2020; 477:1261-1286. [PMID: 32271883 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.
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Paulus A, Drude N, van Marken Lichtenbelt W, Mottaghy FM, Bauwens M. Brown adipose tissue uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-derived fatty acids in diabetic or obese mice under different temperature conditions. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:127. [PMID: 33085016 PMCID: PMC7578207 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vivo imaging of glucose analogue 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) via positron emission tomography (PET) is the current gold standard to visualize and assess brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. However, glucose metabolism is only a part of the metabolic activity of BAT. [18F]FDG-PET has been shown in clinical trials to often fail to visualize BAT under insulin-resistant conditions associated with aging and weight gain. We employed a novel developed triglyceride-based tracer to visualize BATs metabolic activity under different temperature conditions as well as under diabetic and obese conditions in preclinical models. Results [18F]BDP-TG-chylomicron-like particles visualized BAT in control, streptozocin-induced diabetes and obese mice. Increased BAT tracer uptake was found in control mice acutely exposed to cold but not in cold-acclimated animals. Diabetes did not remove BAT tracer uptake, but did limit BAT tracer uptake to levels of control mice housed at 21 °C. In obese animals, BAT tracer uptake was significantly reduced, although the stimulating effect of cold exposure could still be noted. Conclusion BAT was visualized in control, diabetic and obese conditions. Streptozocin-induced diabetes, but not obesity, inhibited the stimulatory effect of cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Paulus
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha Drude
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Research School NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Bodio E, Denat F, Goze C. BODIPYS and aza-BODIPY derivatives as promising fluorophores for in vivo molecular imaging and theranostic applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1968, the BODIPYs dyes (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a diaza-s-indacene) have found an exponentially increasing number of applications in a large variety of scientific fields. In particular, studies reporting bioapplications of BODIPYs have increased dramatically. However, most of the time, only in vitro investigations have been reported. The in vivo potential of BODIPYs and aza-BODIPYs is more recent, but considering the number of in vivo studies with BODIPY and aza-BODIPY which have been reported in the last five years, we can now affirm that this family of fluorophores can be considered important as cyanine dyes for future in vivo and even clinical applications. This review aims to present representative examples of recent in vivo applications of BODIPYs or aza-BODIPYs, and to highlight the potential of these dyes for optical molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen Bodio
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue A. Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue A. Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Christine Goze
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue A. Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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[ 18F]BODIPY-triglyceride-containing chylomicron-like particles as an imaging agent for brown adipose tissue in vivo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2706. [PMID: 30804455 PMCID: PMC6389948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is present in human adults and the current gold standard to visualize and quantify BAT is [18F]FDG PET-CT. However, this method fails to detect BAT under insulin-resistant conditions associated with ageing and weight gain, such as type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to develop a novel triglyceride-based tracer for BAT. For this purpose we designed a dual-modal fluorescent/PET fatty acid tracer based on commercially available BODIPY-FL-C16, which can be esterified to its correspondent triglyceride, radiolabeled and incorporated into pre-synthesized chylomicron-like particles. BODIPY-FL-C16 was coupled to 1,2-diolein with a subsequent radiolabeling step resulting in [18F]BODIPY-C16-triglyceride that was incorporated into chylomicron-like particles. Various quality control steps using fluorescent and radioactive methods were conducted before BAT visualization was tested in mice. Triglyceride synthesis, radiolabeling and subsequent incorporation into chylomicron-like particles was carried out in decent yields. This radiotracer appeared able to visualize BAT in vivo, and the uptake of the radiotracer was stimulated by cold exposure. The here reported method can be used to incorporate radiolabeled triglycerides into pre-synthesized chylomicron-like particles. Our approach is feasible to visualize and quantify the uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty acids by BAT.
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Nascimento EBM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. In Vivo Detection of Human Brown Adipose Tissue During Cold and Exercise by PET/CT. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:283-298. [PMID: 29725775 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in non-shivering thermogenesis is well established in animals. BAT is activated following cold exposure, resulting in non-shivering thermogenesis, to ensure a constant body temperature. In mitochondria of brown adipocytes, glucose and fatty acids are used as substrate for uncoupling resulting in heat production. Activated BAT functions as a sink for glucose and fatty acids and this hallmark has designated BAT a target in the fight against metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. In order to make valid claims regarding BAT activity in humans, BAT activity needs to be quantified. The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and computer tomography (CT) analysis is currently the most frequently used imaging technique to determine BAT activity in humans. Here, we will discuss the history of PET/CT and radioisotopes used to determine BAT activity in humans. Moreover, we will assess how PET/CT is used to determine BAT activity following cold and exercise.
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Zhao J, Chen J, Ma S, Liu Q, Huang L, Chen X, Lou K, Wang W. Recent developments in multimodality fluorescence imaging probes. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:320-338. [PMID: 29881672 PMCID: PMC5989919 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodality optical imaging probes have emerged as powerful tools that improve detection sensitivity and accuracy, important in disease diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focus on recent developments of optical fluorescence imaging (OFI) probe integration with other imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). The imaging technologies are briefly described in order to introduce the strengths and limitations of each techniques and the need for further multimodality optical imaging probe development. The emphasis of this account is placed on how design strategies are currently implemented to afford physicochemically and biologically compatible multimodality optical fluorescence imaging probes. We also present studies that overcame intrinsic disadvantages of each imaging technique by multimodality approach with improved detection sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengnan Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lixian Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiani Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kaiyan Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Mottaghy
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany; Dept. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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