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Prasanth MI, Sivamaruthi BS, Cheong CSY, Verma K, Tencomnao T, Brimson JM, Prasansuklab A. Role of Epigenetic Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications of Phytochemical Interventions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:606. [PMID: 38790711 PMCID: PMC11118909 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics defines changes in cell function without involving alterations in DNA sequence. Neuroepigenetics bridges neuroscience and epigenetics by regulating gene expression in the nervous system and its impact on brain function. With the increase in research in recent years, it was observed that alterations in the gene expression did not always originate from changes in the genetic sequence, which has led to understanding the role of epigenetics in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Epigenetic alterations contribute to the aberrant expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation, protein aggregation, and neuronal death. Natural phytochemicals have shown promise as potential therapeutic agents against NDDs because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models. For instance, resveratrol (grapes), curcumin (turmeric), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; green tea) exhibit neuroprotective effects through their influence on DNA methylation patterns, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNA expression profiles. Phytochemicals also aid in slowing disease progression, preserving neuronal function, and enhancing cognitive and motor abilities. The present review focuses on various epigenetic modifications involved in the pathology of NDDs, including AD and PD, gene expression regulation related to epigenetic alterations, and the role of specific polyphenols in influencing epigenetic modifications in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Clerance Su Yee Cheong
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanika Verma
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - James Michael Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Research, Innovation and International Affairs, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Prasansuklab
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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2
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Çamoğlu T, Yurttaş Z, Kına ÜY, Akkuş Süt P, Sahin F, Dursun E, Gezen-Ak D. Fibrillar Alpha-Synuclein Alters the Intracellular Chaperone Levels within Hours of Its Internalization. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:17185-17194. [PMID: 38645348 PMCID: PMC11025075 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. According to the Braak hypothesis, the disease spreads along specific neuroanatomical pathways. Studies indicate that fibrillar alpha-synuclein (F-αSyn) can propagate from cell-to-cell by following intercellular connections, leading to the selective death of certain cell groups like substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and advancing the pathology. Internalized F-αSyn can be eliminated by lysosomes, proteasomes, or chaperones before it replicates inside the cell. Research has shown that F-αSyn can somehow escape from endosomes, lysosomes, and proteasomes and replicate itself. However, the impact of chaperones on intracellular levels during the initial hours of their internalization remains unknown. The present study investigates the effect of F-αSyn on chaperone levels within the first 6 and 12 h after internalization. Our findings showed that within the first 6 h, Hsc70 and Hsp90 levels were increased, while within 12 h, F-αSyn leads to a decrease or suppression of numerous intracellular chaperone levels. Exploring the pathological effects of PD on cells will contribute to identifying more targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugay Çamoğlu
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yurttaş
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ümit Yaşar Kına
- Beykoz
Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Pınar Akkuş Süt
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Brain
and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department
of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
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3
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Pareek A, Pareek A, Jain V, Sonia S, Farooqui Z, Kaur R, Singh G. Advancements in Genetic and Biochemical Insights: Unraveling the Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:73. [PMID: 38254673 PMCID: PMC10813470 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, with a particular emphasis on the roles played by gene-based factors in the disease's development and progression. This study includes an extensive discussion of the proteins and mutations of primary genes that are linked to PD, including α-synuclein, GBA1, LRRK2, VPS35, PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin. Further, this review explores plausible mechanisms for DAergic neural loss, non-motor and non-dopaminergic pathologies, and the risk factors associated with PD. The present study will encourage the related research fields to understand better and analyze the current status of the biochemical mechanisms of PD, which might contribute to the design and development of efficacious and safe treatment strategies for PD in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Sonia Sonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Zeba Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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4
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Jastrzębski MK, Wójcik P, Stępnicki P, Kaczor AA. Effects of small molecules on neurogenesis: Neuronal proliferation and differentiation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:20-37. [PMID: 38239239 PMCID: PMC10793103 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons are believed to be non-proliferating cells. However, neuronal stem cells are still present in certain areas of the adult brain, although their proliferation diminishes with age. Just as with other cells, their proliferation and differentiation are modulated by various mechanisms. These mechanisms are foundational to the strategies developed to induce neuronal proliferation and differentiation, with potential therapeutic applications for neurodegenerative diseases. The most common among these diseases are Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, associated with the formation of β -amyloid (Aβ ) aggregates which cause a reduction in the number of neurons. Compounds such as LiCl, 4-aminothiazoles, Pregnenolone, ACEA, harmine, D2AAK1, methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, and shikonin may induce neuronal proliferation/differentiation through the activation of pathways: MAPK ERK, PI3K/AKT, NFκ B, Wnt, BDNF, and NPAS3. Moreover, combinations of these compounds can potentially transform somatic cells into neurons. This transformation process involves the activation of neuron-specific transcription factors such as NEUROD1, NGN2, ASCL1, and SOX2, which subsequently leads to the transcription of downstream genes, culminating in the transformation of somatic cells into neurons. Neurodegenerative diseases are not the only conditions where inducing neuronal proliferation could be beneficial. Consequently, the impact of pro-proliferative compounds on neurons has also been researched in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K. Jastrzębski
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lublin PL-20093, Poland
| | - Piotr Wójcik
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lublin PL-20093, Poland
| | - Piotr Stępnicki
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lublin PL-20093, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lublin PL-20093, Poland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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5
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Saramowicz K, Siwecka N, Galita G, Kucharska-Lusina A, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Alpha-Synuclein Contribution to Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:360. [PMID: 38203531 PMCID: PMC10778752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the widespread accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein aggregates. αSyn aggregation disrupts critical cellular processes, including synaptic function, mitochondrial integrity, and proteostasis, which culminate in neuronal cell death. Importantly, αSyn pathology extends beyond neurons-it also encompasses spreading throughout the neuronal environment and internalization by microglia and astrocytes. Once internalized, glia can act as neuroprotective scavengers, which limit the spread of αSyn. However, they can also become reactive, thereby contributing to neuroinflammation and the progression of PD. Recent advances in αSyn research have enabled the molecular diagnosis of PD and accelerated the development of targeted therapies. Nevertheless, despite more than two decades of research, the cellular function, aggregation mechanisms, and induction of cellular damage by αSyn remain incompletely understood. Unraveling the interplay between αSyn, neurons, and glia may provide insights into disease initiation and progression, which may bring us closer to exploring new effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, we provide an overview of recent studies emphasizing the multifaceted nature of αSyn and its impact on both neuron and glial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.); (N.S.); (G.G.); (A.K.-L.); (W.R.-K.)
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6
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Pan Z, Yu CW, Zhao C, Shao M, Yang X, Liang X, Li H, Lu Y, Ye Q, Chern JW, Lu J, Zhou H, Lee SMY. Antagonizing pathological α-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration by J24335 via the activation of immunoproteasome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 480:116745. [PMID: 37931757 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease (PD), occurs intracellularly or extracellularly in the majority of neurodegenerative diseases. The immunoproteasome has more potent chymotrypsin-like activity than normal proteasome. Thus, degradation of α-synuclein aggregation via immunoproteasome is an attractive approach for PD drug development. Herein, we aimed to determine if novel compound, 11-Hydroxy-1-(8-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-2-yl)undecan-1-one oxime (named as J24335), is a promising candidate for disease-modifying therapy to prevent the pathological progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. The effects of J24335 on inducible PC12/A53T-α-syn cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated by MTT assay and LDH assay, respectively. Evaluation of various proteasome activities was done by measuring the luminescence of enzymatic activity after the addition of different amounts of aminoluciferin. Immunoblotting and real-time PCR were employed to detect the expression of various proteins and genes, respectively. We also used a transgenic mouse model for behavioral testing and immunochemical analysis, to assess the neuroprotective effects of J24335. J24335 inhibited wild-type and mutant α-synuclein aggregation without affecting the growth or death of neuronal cells. The inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation by J24335 was caused by activation of immunoproteasome, as mediated by upregulation of LMP7, and increased cellular chymotrypsin-like activity in 20S proteasome. J24335-enhanced immunoproteasome activity was mediated by PKA/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. Moreover, animal studies revealed that J24335 treatment markedly mitigated both the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH-) neurons and impaired motor skill development. This is the first report to use J24335 as an immunoproteasome enhancing agent to antagonize pathological α-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao-Wu Yu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Min Shao
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yucong Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan, China
| | - Ji-Wang Chern
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hefeng Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao.
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7
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Andersen CB, Lausdahl AK, Nielsen J, Clausen MP, Mulder FAA, Otzen DE, Arnspang EC. 4-Oxo-2-nonenal-Induced α-Synuclein Oligomers Interact with Membranes in the Cell, Leading to Mitochondrial Fragmentation. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2417-2425. [PMID: 37487228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and formation of cytotoxic oligomers by the natively unfolded protein α-synuclein (α-syn) are both connected to the development of Parkinson's disease. This effect has been linked to lipid peroxidation and membrane disruption, but the specific mechanisms behind these phenomena remain unclear. To address this, we have prepared α-syn oligomers (αSOs) in vitro in the presence of the lipid peroxidation product 4-oxo-2-nonenal and investigated their interaction with live cells using in-cell NMR as well as stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution and confocal microscopy. We find that the αSOs interact strongly with organellar components, leading to strong immobilization of the protein's otherwise flexible C-terminus. STED microscopy reveals that the oligomers localize to small circular structures inside the cell, while confocal microscopy shows mitochondrial fragmentation and association with both late endosome and retromer complex before the SOs interact with mitochondria. Our study provides direct evidence for close contact between cytotoxic α-syn aggregates and membraneous compartments in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla B Andersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Green Technology, SDU-Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Astrid K Lausdahl
- Department of Green Technology, SDU-Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mathias P Clausen
- Department of Green Technology, SDU-Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Frans A A Mulder
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Eva C Arnspang
- Department of Green Technology, SDU-Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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8
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Moyano P, Sola E, Naval MV, Guerra-Menéndez L, Fernández MDLC, del Pino J. Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies Induced by Environmental Pollutants: Heat Shock Proteins and Proteasome as Promising Therapeutic Tools. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2048. [PMID: 37631262 PMCID: PMC10458078 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants' (EPs) amount and diversity have increased in recent years due to anthropogenic activity. Several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are theorized to be related to EPs, as their incidence has increased in a similar way to human EPs exposure and they reproduce the main ND hallmarks. EPs induce several neurotoxic effects, including accumulation and gradual deposition of misfolded toxic proteins, producing neuronal malfunction and cell death. Cells possess different mechanisms to eliminate these toxic proteins, including heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the proteasome system. The accumulation and deleterious effects of toxic proteins are induced through HSPs and disruption of proteasome proteins' homeostatic function by exposure to EPs. A therapeutic approach has been proposed to reduce accumulation of toxic proteins through treatment with recombinant HSPs/proteasome or the use of compounds that increase their expression or activity. Our aim is to review the current literature on NDs related to EP exposure and their relationship with the disruption of the proteasome system and HSPs, as well as to discuss the toxic effects of dysfunction of HSPs and proteasome and the contradictory effects described in the literature. Lastly, we cover the therapeutic use of developed drugs and recombinant proteasome/HSPs to eliminate toxic proteins and prevent/treat EP-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Emma Sola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Victoria Naval
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Bothanic, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Guerra-Menéndez
- Department of Physiology, Medicine School, San Pablo CEU University, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria De la Cabeza Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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9
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Rosado-Ramos R, Poças GM, Marques D, Foito A, M Sevillano D, Lopes-da-Silva M, Gonçalves LG, Menezes R, Ottens M, Stewart D, Ibáñez de Opakua A, Zweckstetter M, Seabra MC, Mendes CS, Outeiro TF, Domingos PM, Santos CN. Genipin prevents alpha-synuclein aggregation and toxicity by affecting endocytosis, metabolism and lipid storage. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1918. [PMID: 37024503 PMCID: PMC10079842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide for which there are only symptomatic therapies. Small molecules able to target key pathological processes in PD have emerged as interesting options for modifying disease progression. We have previously shown that a (poly)phenol-enriched fraction (PEF) of Corema album L. leaf extract modulates central events in PD pathogenesis, namely α-synuclein (αSyn) toxicity, aggregation and clearance. PEF was now subjected to a bio-guided fractionation with the aim of identifying the critical bioactive compound. We identified genipin, an iridoid, which relieves αSyn toxicity and aggregation. Furthermore, genipin promotes metabolic alterations and modulates lipid storage and endocytosis. Importantly, genipin was able to prevent the motor deficits caused by the overexpression of αSyn in a Drosophila melanogaster model of PD. These findings widens the possibility for the exploitation of genipin for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rosado-Ramos
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo M Poças
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniela Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Foito
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, DD2 5DA, Dundee, Scotland
| | - David M Sevillano
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Mafalda Lopes-da-Silva
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís G Gonçalves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Regina Menezes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CBIOS - Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marcel Ottens
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, DD2 5DA, Dundee, Scotland
| | | | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - César S Mendes
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific employee with an honorary contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pedro M Domingos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudia N Santos
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal.
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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10
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Meshkini F, Moradi A, Hosseinkhani S. Upregulation of RIPK1 implicates in HEK 293T cell death upon transient transfection of A53T-α-synuclein. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123216. [PMID: 36634793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (α-SN) is the central protein in synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms through which α-SN leads to neuronal death remain unclear. METHODS To elucidate the relationship between α-SN and apoptosis, some indicators of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cell death were assessed in normal and a stable HEK293T cell line expressing firefly luciferase after transfection with the wild-type (WT) and A53T mutant α-SN. RESULTS Opposite to WT-α-SN, overexpression of A53T-α-SN resulted in enhanced expression of almost two fold for RIPK1 (93.0 %), FADD (45 %), Caspase-8, and Casp-9 activity (52.0 %) in measured time. Transfection of both WT-α-SN and A53T-α-SN showed an increase in the Casp-3/Procasp-3 ratio (WT: 60.5 %; A53T: 41.0 %), Casp-3 activity (WT: 65.0 %; A53T: 20.5 %), and a decrease in luciferase activity (WT: 50 %; A53T: 34.8 %). Overexpression of A53T-α-SN brought about with more cell death percentage compared to WT-α-SN within 36 h. No significant alteration in cytochrome c and reactive oxygen species release into cytosol were observed for both WT-α-SN and A53T-α-SN. CONCLUSION Altogether, these findings highlight the link between disease related mutants of α-SN (like A53T-α-SN) in triggering of RIPK1-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway in cell death during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Meshkini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Targeting immunoproteasome in neurodegeneration: A glance to the future. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108329. [PMID: 36526014 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a specialized form of proteasome equipped with modified catalytic subunits that was initially discovered to play a pivotal role in MHC class I antigen processing and immune system modulation. However, over the last years, this proteolytic complex has been uncovered to serve additional functions unrelated to antigen presentation. Accordingly, it has been proposed that immunoproteasome synergizes with canonical proteasome in different cell types of the nervous system, regulating neurotransmission, metabolic pathways and adaptation of the cells to redox or inflammatory insults. Hence, studying the alterations of immunoproteasome expression and activity is gaining research interest to define the dynamics of neuroinflammation as well as the early and late molecular events that are likely involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders. Furthermore, these novel functions foster the perspective of immunoproteasome as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide a brain and retina-wide overview, trying to correlate present knowledge on structure-function relationships of immunoproteasome with the variety of observed neuro-modulatory functions.
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12
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Ardianto C, Shen R, Barus JF, Sasmita PK, Turana Y, Lilis L, Sidharta VM. Secretome as neuropathology-targeted intervention of Parkinson’s disease. Regen Ther 2022; 21:288-293. [PMID: 36092507 PMCID: PMC9441294 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in substansia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) caused by ⍺-synuclein aggregation. The use of secretomes released by medicinal signaling cells (MSCs) is one the promising preventive approaches that target several mechanisms in the neuropathology of PD. Its components target the lack of neurotrophin factors, proteasome dysfunction, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and at last neuroinflammation via several pathways. The complex and obscure pathology of PD induce the difficulty of the search of potential preventive approach for this disease. We described the potential of secretome of MSC as the novel preventive approach for PD, especially by targeting the said major pathogenesis of PD. Secretome targets the major pathogenesis of PD. Secretome regulates inflammation by balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Secretome induces autophagy providing cytoprotective effects. Secretome has anti-oxidative, neuroprotective, and neurotrophic due to neurotrophic factors as its component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ardianto
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Robert Shen
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Jimmy F.A. Barus
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Poppy Kristina Sasmita
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Yuda Turana
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Lilis Lilis
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Veronika Maria Sidharta
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. Jalan Pluit Raya No. 2, Pluit, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia,
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13
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Kawahata I, Fukunaga K. Impact of fatty acid-binding proteins and dopamine receptors on α-synucleinopathy. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:248-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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14
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Ramirez AE, Fernández-Pérez EJ, Olivos N, Burgos CF, Boopathi S, Armijo-Weingart L, Pacheco CR, González W, Aguayo LG. The Stimulatory Effects of Intracellular α-Synuclein on Synaptic Transmission Are Attenuated by 2-Octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylethanamine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413253. [PMID: 34948050 PMCID: PMC8705949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) species can be detected in synaptic boutons, where they play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, the effects of intracellular αSyn species on synaptic transmission have not been thoroughly studied. Here, using patch-clamp recordings in hippocampal neurons, we report that αSyn oligomers (αSynO), intracellularly delivered through the patch electrode, produced a fast and potent effect on synaptic transmission, causing a substantial increase in the frequency, amplitude and transferred charge of spontaneous synaptic currents. We also found an increase in the frequency of miniature synaptic currents, suggesting an effect located at the presynaptic site of the synapsis. Furthermore, our in silico approximation using docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations showed an interaction between a previously described small anti-amyloid beta (Aβ) molecule, termed M30 (2-octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylethanamine), with a central hydrophobic region of αSyn. In line with this finding, our empirical data aimed to obtain oligomerization states with thioflavin T (ThT) and Western blot (WB) indicated that M30 interfered with αSyn aggregation and decreased the formation of higher-molecular-weight species. Furthermore, the effect of αSynO on synaptic physiology was also antagonized by M30, resulting in a decrease in the frequency, amplitude, and charge transferred of synaptic currents. Overall, the present results show an excitatory effect of intracellular αSyn low molecular-weight species, not previously described, that are able to affect synaptic transmission, and the potential of a small neuroactive molecule to interfere with the aggregation process and the synaptic effect of αSyn, suggesting that M30 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra E. Ramirez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (A.E.R.); (N.O.); (C.F.B.); (L.A.-W.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Eduardo J. Fernández-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (A.E.R.); (N.O.); (C.F.B.); (L.A.-W.); (C.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.F.-P.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Nicol Olivos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (A.E.R.); (N.O.); (C.F.B.); (L.A.-W.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Carlos F. Burgos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (A.E.R.); (N.O.); (C.F.B.); (L.A.-W.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Subramanian Boopathi
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
- Center for Bioinformatics, Simulations and Modeling, The Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), University of Talca, Talca 3530000, Chile;
| | - Lorena Armijo-Weingart
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (A.E.R.); (N.O.); (C.F.B.); (L.A.-W.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Carla R. Pacheco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (A.E.R.); (N.O.); (C.F.B.); (L.A.-W.); (C.R.P.)
| | - Wendy González
- Center for Bioinformatics, Simulations and Modeling, The Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), University of Talca, Talca 3530000, Chile;
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases, The Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), University of Talca, Talca 3530000, Chile
| | - Luis G. Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (A.E.R.); (N.O.); (C.F.B.); (L.A.-W.); (C.R.P.)
- Programa de Neurociencia, Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Anatomy Building,
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Correspondence: (E.J.F.-P.); (L.G.A.)
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15
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Upcott M, Chaprov KD, Buchman VL. Toward a Disease-Modifying Therapy of Alpha-Synucleinopathies: New Molecules and New Approaches Came into the Limelight. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237351. [PMID: 34885933 PMCID: PMC8658846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the various products of alpha-synuclein aggregation has been associated with the etiology and pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative conditions, including both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). It is now well established that the aggregation and spread of alpha-synuclein aggregation pathology activate numerous pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to neurodegeneration and, ultimately, to disease progression. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective disease-modifying therapy that limits or prevents the accumulation of the toxic intermediate products of alpha-synuclein aggregation and the spread of alpha-synuclein aggregation pathology could provide significant positive clinical outcomes in PD/DLB cohorts. It has been suggested that this goal can be achieved by reducing the intracellular and/or extracellular levels of monomeric and already aggregated alpha-synuclein. The principal aim of this review is to critically evaluate the potential of therapeutic strategies that target the post-transcriptional steps of alpha-synuclein production and immunotherapy-based approaches to alpha-synuclein degradation in PD/DLB patients. Strategies aimed at the downregulation of alpha-synuclein production are at an early preclinical stage of drug development and, although they have shown promise in animal models of alpha-synuclein aggregation, many limitations need to be resolved before in-human clinical trials can be seriously considered. In contrast, many strategies aimed at the degradation of alpha-synuclein using immunotherapeutic approaches are at a more advanced stage of development, with some in-human Phase II clinical trials currently in progress. Translational barriers for both strategies include the limitations of alpha-synuclein aggregation models, poor understanding of the therapeutic window for the alpha-synuclein knockdown, and variability in alpha-synuclein pathology across patient cohorts. Overcoming such barriers should be the main focus of further studies. However, it is already clear that these strategies do have the potential to achieve a disease-modifying effect in PD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Upcott
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Kirill D. Chaprov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), 1 Severniy Proezd, Chernogolovk, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
- Belgorod State National Research University, 85 Pobedy Street, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir L. Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), 1 Severniy Proezd, Chernogolovk, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
- Belgorod State National Research University, 85 Pobedy Street, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
- Correspondence:
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16
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George DE, Tepe JJ. Advances in Proteasome Enhancement by Small Molecules. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1789. [PMID: 34944433 PMCID: PMC8699248 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome system is a large and complex molecular machinery responsible for the degradation of misfolded, damaged, and redundant cellular proteins. When proteasome function is impaired, unwanted proteins accumulate, which can lead to several diseases including age-related and neurodegenerative diseases. Enhancing proteasome-mediated substrate degradation with small molecules may therefore be a valuable strategy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. In this review, we discuss the structure of proteasome and how proteasome's proteolytic activity is associated with aging and various neurodegenerative diseases. We also summarize various classes of compounds that are capable of enhancing, directly or indirectly, proteasome-mediated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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17
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Serratos IN, Hernández-Pérez E, Campos C, Aschner M, Santamaría A. An Update on the Critical Role of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease and Other Synucleinopathies: from Tissue to Cellular and Molecular Levels. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:620-642. [PMID: 34750787 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) plays a critical role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. α-Syn, which is encoded by the SNCA gene, is a lysine-rich soluble amphipathic protein normally expressed in neurons. Located in the cytosolic domain, this protein has the ability to remodel itself in plasma membranes, where it assumes an alpha-helix conformation. However, the protein can also adopt another conformation rich in cross-beta sheets, undergoing mutations and post-translational modifications, then leading the protein to an unusual aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies (LB), which are cytoplasmic inclusions constituted predominantly by α-Syn. Pathogenic mechanisms affecting the structural and functional stability of α-Syn - such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, Golgi complex fragmentation, disfunctional protein degradation systems, aberrant interactions with mitochondrial membranes and nuclear DNA, altered cytoskeleton dynamics, disrupted neuronal plasmatic membrane, dysfunctional vesicular transport, and formation of extracellular toxic aggregates - contribute all to the pathogenic progression of PD and synucleinopathies. In this review, we describe the collective knowledge on this topic and provide an update on the critical role of α-Syn aggregates, both at the cellular and molecular levels, in the deregulation of organelles affecting the cellular homeostasis and leading to neuronal cell death in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Serratos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Campos
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
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18
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Manzanza NDO, Sedlackova L, Kalaria RN. Alpha-Synuclein Post-translational Modifications: Implications for Pathogenesis of Lewy Body Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:690293. [PMID: 34248606 PMCID: PMC8267936 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.690293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy Body Disorders (LBDs) lie within the spectrum of age-related neurodegenerative diseases now frequently categorized as the synucleinopathies. LBDs are considered to be among the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementias after Alzheimer's disease. They are progressive conditions with variable clinical symptoms embodied within specific cognitive and behavioral disorders. There are currently no effective treatments for LBDs. LBDs are histopathologically characterized by the presence of abnormal neuronal inclusions commonly known as Lewy Bodies (LBs) and extracellular Lewy Neurites (LNs). The inclusions predominantly comprise aggregates of alpha-synuclein (aSyn). It has been proposed that post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as aSyn phosphorylation, ubiquitination SUMOylation, Nitration, o-GlcNacylation, and Truncation play important roles in the formation of toxic forms of the protein, which consequently facilitates the formation of these inclusions. This review focuses on the role of different PTMs in aSyn in the pathogenesis of LBDs. We highlight how these PTMs interact with aSyn to promote misfolding and aggregation and interplay with cell membranes leading to the potential functional and pathogenic consequences detected so far, and their involvement in the development of LBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson de Oliveira Manzanza
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Sedlackova
- Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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19
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Cheng A, Jia W, Kawahata I, Fukunaga K. Impact of Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins in α-Synuclein-Induced Mitochondrial Injury in Synucleinopathy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050560. [PMID: 34067791 PMCID: PMC8156290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are diverse diseases with motor and cognitive dysfunction due to progressive neuronal loss or demyelination, due to oligodendrocyte loss in the brain. While the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is likely multifactorial, mitochondrial injury is one of the most vital factors in neuronal loss and oligodendrocyte dysfunction, especially in Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy body, multiple system atrophy, and Krabbe disease. In recent years, the abnormal accumulation of highly neurotoxic α-synuclein in the mitochondrial membrane, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, was well studied. Furthermore, fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are members of a superfamily and are essential in fatty acid trafficking, were reported to trigger α-synuclein oligomerization in neurons and glial cells and to target the mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby causing mitochondrial loss. Here, we provide an updated overview of recent findings on FABP and α-synuclein interactions and mitochondrial injury in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Cheng
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Wenbin Jia
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Ichiro Kawahata
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Departments of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (A.C.); (W.J.); (I.K.)
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(22)-795-6837
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20
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Mavroeidi P, Xilouri M. Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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21
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Gaur P, Galkin M, Kurochka A, Ghosh S, Yushchenko DA, Shvadchak VV. Fluorescent Probe for Selective Imaging of α-Synuclein Fibrils in Living Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1293-1298. [PMID: 33819025 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaques of amyloid fibrils composed of neuronal protein α-synuclein are one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, and their selective imaging is crucial to study the mechanism of its pathogenesis. However, the existing fluorescent probes for amyloids are efficient only in solution and tissue systems, and they are not selective enough for the visualization of amyloid fibrils in living cells. In this study, we present two molecular rotor-based probes RB1 and RB2. These thiazolium probes show affinity to α-synuclein fibrils and turn-on fluorescence response upon interactions. Because of its extended π-conjugation and high rotational degree of freedom, RB1 exhibits a 76 nm red-shift of absorption maxima and 112-fold fluorescence enhancement upon binding to amyloid fibrils. Owing to its strong binding affinity to α-synuclein fibrils, RB1 can selectively stain them in the cytoplasm of living HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells with high optical contrast. RB1 is a cell-permeable and noncytotoxic probe. Taken together, we have demonstrated that RB1 is an amyloid probe with an outstanding absorption red-shift that can be used for intracellular imaging of α-synuclein fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Maksym Galkin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6, 16610, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Andrii Kurochka
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Dmytro A. Yushchenko
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr V. Shvadchak
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6, 16610, Czech Republic
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22
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Fiolek TJ, Keel KL, Tepe JJ. Fluspirilene Analogs Activate the 20S Proteasome and Overcome Proteasome Impairment by Intrinsically Disordered Protein Oligomers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1438-1448. [PMID: 33788542 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of aggregation-prone intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), such as α-synuclein, amyloid β, and tau, has been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The proteasome is charged with regulating cellular levels of IDPs, but this degradation pathway can become dysregulated leading to their accumulation and subsequent aggregation. Although the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative diseases is still under intense investigation, it has been shown that the oligomeric forms of IDPs, including α-synuclein and amyloid β, can impair proteasome function. This leads to additional accumulation of the IDPs, further promoting disease progression. Herein, we report the use of small molecule activators of the 20S subcomplex of the proteasome to restore impaired 20S proteasome activity and prevent IDP accumulation and oligomerization. We found that fluspirilene and its new synthetic analog (16) show strong 20S proteasome enhancement (doubling 20S proteolytic activity at ∼2 μM, with maximum fold enhancement of ∼1000%), overcome impaired proteasome function, and prevent the accumulation of pathogenic IDPs. These findings provide support for the use of 20S enhancers as a possible therapeutic strategy to combat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Fiolek
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katarina L. Keel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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23
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Qin Y, Yang X, Xing Z, Shen Y, Wu H, Qi Y. The function of SUMOylation and its crucial roles in the development of neurological diseases. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21510. [PMID: 33710677 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002702r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases are relatively complex diseases of a large system; however, the detailed mechanism of their pathogenesis has not been completely elucidated, and effective treatment methods are still lacking for some of the diseases. The SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification is a dynamic and reversible process that is catalyzed by SUMO-specific E1, E2, and E3 ligases and reversed by a family of SENPs (SUMO/Sentrin-specific proteases). SUMOylation covalently conjugates numerous cellular proteins, and affects their cellular localization and biological activity in numerous cellular processes. A wide range of neuronal proteins have been identified as SUMO substrates, and the disruption of SUMOylation results in defects in synaptic plasticity, neuronal excitability, and neuronal stress responses. SUMOylation disorders cause many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. By modulating the ion channel subunit, SUMOylation imbalance is responsible for the development of various channelopathies. The regulation of protein SUMOylation in neurons may provide a new strategy for the development of targeted therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases and channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengcao Xing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajie Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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24
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Le Guerroué F, Youle RJ. Ubiquitin signaling in neurodegenerative diseases: an autophagy and proteasome perspective. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:439-454. [PMID: 33208890 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin signaling is a sequence of events driving the fate of a protein based on the type of ubiquitin modifications attached. In the case of neurodegenerative diseases, ubiquitin signaling is mainly associated with degradation signals to process aberrant proteins, which form aggregates often fatal for the brain cells. This signaling is often perturbed by the aggregates themselves and leads to the accumulation of toxic aggregates and inclusion bodies that are deleterious due to a toxic gain of function. Decrease in quality control pathways is often seen with age and is a critical onset for the development of neurodegeneration. Many aggregates are now thought to propagate in a prion-like manner, where mutated proteins acting like seeds are transitioning from cell to cell, converting normal proteins to toxic aggregates. Modulation of ubiquitin signaling, by stimulating ubiquitin ligase activation, is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat patients with neurodegeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Le Guerroué
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Youle
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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25
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Ryckman AE, Brockhausen I, Walia JS. Metabolism of Glycosphingolipids and Their Role in the Pathophysiology of Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6881. [PMID: 32961778 PMCID: PMC7555265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a specialized class of membrane lipids composed of a ceramide backbone and a carbohydrate-rich head group. GSLs populate lipid rafts of the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, and serve important cellular functions including control of cell-cell signaling, signal transduction and cell recognition. Of the hundreds of unique GSL structures, anionic gangliosides are the most heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. Each LSD is characterized by the accumulation of GSLs in the lysosomes of neurons, which negatively interact with other intracellular molecules to culminate in cell death. In this review, we summarize the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of GSLs, discuss how aberrant GSL metabolism contributes to key features of LSD pathophysiology, draw parallels between LSDs and neurodegenerative proteinopathies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and lastly, discuss possible therapies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V5, Canada;
| | - Jagdeep S. Walia
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V5, Canada;
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26
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Fouka M, Mavroeidi P, Tsaka G, Xilouri M. In Search of Effective Treatments Targeting α-Synuclein Toxicity in Synucleinopathies: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:559791. [PMID: 33015057 PMCID: PMC7500083 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent pathologically similar, progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the pathological aggregation of the neuronal protein α-synuclein. PD and DLB are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein in proteinaceous inclusions within neurons named Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), whereas in MSA α-synuclein inclusions are mainly detected within oligodendrocytes named glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The presence of pathologically aggregated α-synuclein along with components of the protein degradation machinery, such as ubiquitin and p62, in LBs and GCIs is considered to underlie the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to the severe neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that characterizes these diseases. Importantly, α-synuclein is proposed to undergo pathogenic misfolding and oligomerization into higher-order structures, revealing self-templating conformations, and to exert the ability of "prion-like" spreading between cells. Therefore, the manner in which the protein is produced, is modified within neural cells and is degraded, represents a major focus of current research efforts in the field. Given that α-synuclein protein load is critical to disease pathogenesis, the identification of means to limit intracellular protein burden and halt α-synuclein propagation represents an obvious therapeutic approach in synucleinopathies. However, up to date the development of effective therapeutic strategies to prevent degeneration in synucleinopathies is limited, due to the lack of knowledge regarding the precise mechanisms underlying the observed pathology. This review critically summarizes the recent developed strategies to counteract α-synuclein toxicity, including those aimed to increase protein degradation, to prevent protein aggregation and cell-to-cell propagation, or to engage antibodies against α-synuclein and discuss open questions and unknowns for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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27
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Santoro AM, Coletta A, Oddone F, Grasso G, Milardi D, Lacal PM, Marini S, Purrello R, Graziani G, Coletta M. The proteasome as a druggable target with multiple therapeutic potentialities: Cutting and non-cutting edges. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107579. [PMID: 32442437 PMCID: PMC7236745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is an adaptable and finely tuned system that sustains proteostasis network under a large variety of physiopathological conditions. Its dysregulation is often associated with the onset and progression of human diseases; hence, UPS modulation has emerged as a promising new avenue for the development of treatments of several relevant pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. The clinical interest in proteasome inhibition has considerably increased after the FDA approval in 2003 of bortezomib for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, which is now used in the front-line setting. Thereafter, two other proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib and ixazomib), designed to overcome resistance to bortezomib, have been approved for treatment-experienced patients, and a variety of novel inhibitors are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation not only for haematological malignancies but also for solid tumours. However, since UPS collapse leads to toxic misfolded proteins accumulation, proteasome is attracting even more interest as a target for the care of neurodegenerative diseases, which are sustained by UPS impairment. Thus, conceptually, proteasome activation represents an innovative and largely unexplored target for drug development. According to a multidisciplinary approach, spanning from chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology to pharmacology, this review will summarize the most recent available literature regarding different aspects of proteasome biology, focusing on structure, function and regulation of proteasome in physiological and pathological processes, mostly cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, connecting biochemical features and clinical studies of proteasome targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - A M Santoro
- CNR, Institute of Crystallography, Catania, Italy
| | - A Coletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F Oddone
- IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - G Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - D Milardi
- CNR, Institute of Crystallography, Catania, Italy
| | - P M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R Purrello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Newberry RW, Arhar T, Costello J, Hartoularos GC, Maxwell AM, Naing ZZC, Pittman M, Reddy NR, Schwarz DMC, Wassarman DR, Wu TS, Barrero D, Caggiano C, Catching A, Cavazos TB, Estes LS, Faust B, Fink EA, Goldman MA, Gomez YK, Gordon MG, Gunsalus LM, Hoppe N, Jaime-Garza M, Johnson MC, Jones MG, Kung AF, Lopez KE, Lumpe J, Martyn C, McCarthy EE, Miller-Vedam LE, Navarro EJ, Palar A, Pellegrino J, Saylor W, Stephens CA, Strickland J, Torosyan H, Wankowicz SA, Wong DR, Wong G, Redding S, Chow ED, DeGrado WF, Kampmann M. Robust Sequence Determinants of α-Synuclein Toxicity in Yeast Implicate Membrane Binding. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2137-2153. [PMID: 32786289 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein conformations are shaped by cellular environments, but how environmental changes alter the conformational landscapes of specific proteins in vivo remains largely uncharacterized, in part due to the challenge of probing protein structures in living cells. Here, we use deep mutational scanning to investigate how a toxic conformation of α-synuclein, a dynamic protein linked to Parkinson's disease, responds to perturbations of cellular proteostasis. In the context of a course for graduate students in the UCSF Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, we screened a comprehensive library of α-synuclein missense mutants in yeast cells treated with a variety of small molecules that perturb cellular processes linked to α-synuclein biology and pathobiology. We found that the conformation of α-synuclein previously shown to drive yeast toxicity-an extended, membrane-bound helix-is largely unaffected by these chemical perturbations, underscoring the importance of this conformational state as a driver of cellular toxicity. On the other hand, the chemical perturbations have a significant effect on the ability of mutations to suppress α-synuclein toxicity. Moreover, we find that sequence determinants of α-synuclein toxicity are well described by a simple structural model of the membrane-bound helix. This model predicts that α-synuclein penetrates the membrane to constant depth across its length but that membrane affinity decreases toward the C terminus, which is consistent with orthogonal biophysical measurements. Finally, we discuss how parallelized chemical genetics experiments can provide a robust framework for inquiry-based graduate coursework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Newberry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Taylor Arhar
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jean Costello
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - George C. Hartoularos
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Alison M. Maxwell
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Zun Zar Chi Naing
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Maureen Pittman
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Nishith R. Reddy
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Daniel M. C. Schwarz
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Douglas R. Wassarman
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Taia S. Wu
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Daniel Barrero
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Christa Caggiano
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Adam Catching
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Taylor B. Cavazos
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Laurel S. Estes
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Bryan Faust
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Elissa A. Fink
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Miriam A. Goldman
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yessica K. Gomez
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - M. Grace Gordon
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Laura M. Gunsalus
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Nick Hoppe
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Maru Jaime-Garza
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew C. Johnson
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew G. Jones
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Andrew F. Kung
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kyle E. Lopez
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jared Lumpe
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Calla Martyn
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Elizabeth E. McCarthy
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lakshmi E. Miller-Vedam
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Erik J. Navarro
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Aji Palar
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jenna Pellegrino
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Wren Saylor
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Christina A. Stephens
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jack Strickland
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Hayarpi Torosyan
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Wankowicz
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Daniel R. Wong
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Garrett Wong
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Sy Redding
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Eric D. Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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29
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Li D, Mastaglia FL, Fletcher S, Wilton SD. Progress in the molecular pathogenesis and nucleic acid therapeutics for Parkinson's disease in the precision medicine era. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2650-2681. [PMID: 32767426 PMCID: PMC7589267 DOI: 10.1002/med.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders that manifest various motor and nonmotor symptoms. Although currently available therapies can alleviate some of the symptoms, the disease continues to progress, leading eventually to severe motor and cognitive decline and reduced life expectancy. The past two decades have witnessed rapid progress in our understanding of the molecular and genetic pathogenesis of the disease, paving the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches to arrest or delay the neurodegenerative process. As a result of these advances, biomarker‐driven subtyping is making it possible to stratify PD patients into more homogeneous subgroups that may better respond to potential genetic‐molecular pathway targeted disease‐modifying therapies. Therapeutic nucleic acid oligomers can bind to target gene sequences with very high specificity in a base‐pairing manner and precisely modulate downstream molecular events. Recently, nucleic acid therapeutics have proven effective in the treatment of a number of severe neurological and neuromuscular disorders, drawing increasing attention to the possibility of developing novel molecular therapies for PD. In this review, we update the molecular pathogenesis of PD and discuss progress in the use of antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs, aptamers, and microRNA‐based therapeutics to target critical elements in the pathogenesis of PD that could have the potential to modify disease progression. In addition, recent advances in the delivery of nucleic acid compounds across the blood–brain barrier and challenges facing PD clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhui Li
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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30
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Suzuki G, Imura S, Hosokawa M, Katsumata R, Nonaka T, Hisanaga SI, Saeki Y, Hasegawa M. α-synuclein strains that cause distinct pathologies differentially inhibit proteasome. eLife 2020; 9:56825. [PMID: 32697196 PMCID: PMC7406352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal α-synuclein aggregation has been implicated in several diseases and is known to spread in a prion-like manner. There is a relationship between protein aggregate structure (strain) and clinical phenotype in prion diseases, however, whether differences in the strains of α-synuclein aggregates account for the different pathologies remained unclear. Here, we generated two types of α-synuclein fibrils from identical monomer and investigated their seeding and propagation ability in mice and primary-cultured neurons. One α-synuclein fibril induced marked accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein and ubiquitinated protein aggregates, while the other did not, indicating the formation of α-synuclein two strains. Notably, the former α-synuclein strain inhibited proteasome activity and co-precipitated with 26S proteasome complex. Further examination indicated that structural differences in the C-terminal region of α-synuclein strains lead to different effects on proteasome activity. These results provide a possible molecular mechanism to account for the different pathologies induced by different α-synuclein strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genjiro Suzuki
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Imura
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hosokawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Katsumata
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Joshi N, Raveendran A, Nagotu S. Chaperones and Proteostasis: Role in Parkinson's Disease. Diseases 2020; 8:diseases8020024. [PMID: 32580484 PMCID: PMC7349525 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper folding to attain a defined three-dimensional structure is a prerequisite for the functionality of a protein. Improper folding that eventually leads to formation of protein aggregates is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. Loss of protein homeostasis triggered by cellular stress conditions is a major contributing factor for the formation of these toxic aggregates. A conserved class of proteins called chaperones and co-chaperones is implicated in maintaining the cellular protein homeostasis. Expanding the body of evidence highlights the role of chaperones as central mediators in the formation, de-aggregation and degradation of the aggregates. Altered expression and function of chaperones is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease. Several studies indicate that chaperones are at the center of the cause and effect cycle of this disease. An overview of the various chaperones that are associated with homeostasis of Parkinson’s disease-related proteins and their role in pathogenicity will be discussed in this review.
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Zhou H, Li S, Li C, Yang X, Li H, Zhong H, Lu JH, Lee SMY. Oxyphylla A Promotes Degradation of α-Synuclein for Neuroprotection via Activation of Immunoproteasome. Aging Dis 2020; 11:559-574. [PMID: 32489702 PMCID: PMC7220298 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is neuropathologically characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the presence of Lewy bodies in surviving neurons. α-synuclein (α-syn) is the major component of Lewy bodies and its deposition in neurons is critical pathological event in the pathogenesis of PD. Herein, we reported that Oxyphylla A, a novel lead compound from the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, significantly promoted α-syn degradation in a cellular PD model. When exploring the molecular pathways, we found that Oxyphylla A promoted α-syn degradation in a ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS)-dependent and autophagy-independent manner. We further confirmed that Oxyphylla A enhanced UPS activity by upregulating 20S subunit PSMB8 expression. A mechanism study revealed that Oxyphylla A activated the PKA/Akt/mTOR pathway to trigger PSMB8 expression and enhance UPS activity. Finally, we illustrated that Oxyphylla A alleviated the accumulation of both Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble forms of α-syn and protected against α-syn-induced neurotoxicity in A53T α-syn transgenic mice. These findings suggest that the activation of UPS, via small molecular UPS enhancers including Oxyphylla A, may be a therapeutic strategy for intervention against PD and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefeng Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chuwen Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xuanjun Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,2Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haitao Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hanbing Zhong
- 2Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Fatoba O, Ohtake Y, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Immunotherapies in Huntington's disease and α-Synucleinopathies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:337. [PMID: 32161599 PMCID: PMC7052383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of immune activation using immunotherapy has attracted considerable attention for many years as a potential therapeutic intervention for several inflammation-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, the efficacy of single-target immunotherapy intervention has shown limited or no efficacy in alleviating disease burden and restoring functional capacity. Marked immune system activation and neuroinflammation are important features and prodromal signs in polyQ repeat disorders and α-synucleinopathies. This review describes the current status and future directions of immunotherapies in proteinopathy-induced neurodegeneration with emphasis on preclinical and clinical efficacies of several anti-inflammatory compounds and antibody-based therapies for the treatment of Huntington's disease and α-synucleinopathies. The review concludes with how disease modification and functional restoration could be achieved by using targeted multimodality therapy to target multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI -Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ohtake
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI -Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Alpha-synuclein differentially reduces surface expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the aging human brain. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 90:24-32. [PMID: 32171588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aging brain is associated with reduced cell surface expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, we showed that in the striatum and hippocampus but not the cerebellum and parietal cortex, levels of α-synuclein monomers and oligomers increased with age, which correlated negatively with the expression of GluN1, and positively with the expression of total Rab5B. The oligomer-α-synuclein exhibited a stronger correlation with the expression of surface GluN1 and total Rab5B. In MES23.5 cells, the monomer- or oligomer-α-synuclein were shown to increase in a manner dependent on the concentrations of the added monomers and oligomers. Again, the oligomer-α-synuclein showed more potent effects than the monomer-α-synuclein on surface GluN1 and total Rab5B expression. Accordingly, the oligomer-treated cells showed a greater reduction in NMDA-evoked Ca2+ influx than the monomer-treated cells, which was largely inhibited by pistop2, a clathrin inhibitor. These results suggest that the age-dependent accumulation of α-synuclein monomers and oligomers differentially contributes to the reduction in surface NMDAR expression in selective brain regions.
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Pathways of protein synthesis and degradation in PD pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:217-270. [PMID: 32247365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of protein aggregates in the brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) in the early 20th century, the scientific community has been interested in the role of dysfunctional protein metabolism in PD etiology. Recent advances in the field have implicated defective protein handling underlying PD through genetic, in vitro, and in vivo studies incorporating many disease models alongside neuropathological evidence. Here, we discuss the existing body of research focused on understanding cellular pathways of protein synthesis and degradation, and how aberrations in either system could engender PD pathology with special attention to α-synuclein-related consequences. We consider transcription, translation, and post-translational modification to constitute protein synthesis, and protein degradation to encompass proteasome-, lysosome- and endoplasmic reticulum-dependent mechanisms. Novel findings connecting each of these steps in protein metabolism to development of PD indicate that deregulation of protein production and turnover remains an exciting area in PD research.
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Valek L, Auburger G, Tegeder I. Sensory neuropathy and nociception in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/6/dmm039396. [PMID: 31248900 PMCID: PMC6602317 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) often manifests with prodromal pain and sensory losses whose etiologies are not well understood. Multiple genetic and toxicity-based rodent models of PD partly recapitulate the histopathology and motor function deficits. Although far less studied, there is some evidence that rodents, similar to humans, develop sensory manifestations of the disease, which may precede motor disturbances and help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PD-associated pain at the molecular and neuron circuit levels. The present Review summarizes nociception and other sensory functions in frequently used rodent PD models within the context of the complex phenotypes. In terms of mechanisms, it appears that the acute loss of dopaminergic neurons in systemic toxicity models (MPTP, rotenone) primarily causes nociceptive hyperexcitability, presumably owing to a loss of inhibitory control, whereas genetic models primarily result in a progressive loss of heat perception, reflecting sensory fiber neuropathies. At the molecular level, neither α-synuclein deposits alone nor failure of mitophagy alone appear to be strong enough to result in axonal or synaptic pathology of nociceptive neurons that manifest at the behavioral level, and peripheral sensory loss may mask central ‘pain’ in behavioral tests. Hence, allostatic combinations or additional challenges and novel behavioral assessments are needed to better evaluate PD-associated sensory neuropathies and pain in rodents. Summary: Rodent models of Parkinson's disease partially develop prodromal somatosensory and olfactory dysfunctions reminiscent of sensory neuropathies in patients and reveal mechanistic insight, but data are incomplete and fragmented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Valek
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Riederer P, Berg D, Casadei N, Cheng F, Classen J, Dresel C, Jost W, Krüger R, Müller T, Reichmann H, Rieß O, Storch A, Strobel S, van Eimeren T, Völker HU, Winkler J, Winklhofer KF, Wüllner U, Zunke F, Monoranu CM. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease: causal or bystander? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:815-840. [PMID: 31240402 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) comprises a spectrum of disorders with differing subtypes, the vast majority of which share Lewy bodies (LB) as a characteristic pathological hallmark. The process(es) underlying LB generation and its causal trigger molecules are not yet fully understood. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of LB and SNCA gene missense mutations or duplications/triplications are causal for rare hereditary forms of PD. As typical sporadic PD is associated with LB pathology, a factor of major importance is the study of the α-syn protein and its pathology. α-Syn pathology is, however, also evident in multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Lewy body disease (LBD), making it non-specific for PD. In addition, there is an overlap of these α-synucleinopathies with other protein-misfolding diseases. It has been proven that α-syn, phosphorylated tau protein (pτ), amyloid beta (Aβ) and other proteins show synergistic effects in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Multiple cell death mechanisms can induce pathological protein-cascades, but this can also be a reverse process. This holds true for the early phases of the disease process and especially for the progression of PD. In conclusion, while rare SNCA gene mutations are causal for a minority of familial PD patients, in sporadic PD (where common SNCA polymorphisms are the most consistent genetic risk factor across populations worldwide, accounting for 95% of PD patients) α-syn pathology is an important feature. Conversely, with regard to the etiopathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies PD, MSA and LBD, α-syn is rather a bystander contributing to multiple neurodegenerative processes, which overlap in their composition and individual strength. Therapeutic developments aiming to impact on α-syn pathology should take this fact into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, UKHS, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fubo Cheng
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Dresel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders, Neuroimaging Center Mainz, Clinical Neurophysiology, Forschungszentrum Translationale Neurowissenschaften (FTN), Rhein-Main-Neuronetz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Rejko Krüger
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, LCSB (Luxembourg Centre for Systems, Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,National Center for Excellence in Research, Parkinson's disease (NCER-PD), Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Joseph Berlin-Weißensee, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf Rieß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Strobel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department Kopfkliniken, Molekulare Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Bonn), Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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38
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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Lehtonen Š, Sonninen TM, Wojciechowski S, Goldsteins G, Koistinaho J. Dysfunction of Cellular Proteostasis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:457. [PMID: 31133790 PMCID: PMC6524622 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, current therapeutic interventions for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are insufficient as they fail to modify disease progression by ameliorating the underlying pathology. Cellular proteostasis (protein homeostasis) is an essential factor in maintaining a persistent environment for neuronal activity. Proteostasis is ensured by mechanisms including regulation of protein translation, chaperone-assisted protein folding and protein degradation pathways. It is generally accepted that deficits in proteostasis are linked to various neurodegenerative diseases including PD. While the proteasome fails to degrade large protein aggregates, particularly alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) in PD, drug-induced activation of autophagy can efficiently remove aggregates and prevent degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Therefore, maintenance of these mechanisms is essential to preserve all cellular functions relying on a correctly folded proteome. The correlations between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore proteostasis within the secretory pathway are well-established. However, while mild insults increase the activity of chaperones, prolonged cell stress, or insufficient adaptive response causes cell death. Modulating the activity of molecular chaperones, such as protein disulfide isomerase which assists refolding and contributes to the removal of unfolded proteins, and their associated pathways may offer a new approach for disease-modifying treatment. Here, we summarize some of the key concepts and emerging ideas on the relation of protein aggregation and imbalanced proteostasis with an emphasis on PD as our area of main expertise. Furthermore, we discuss recent insights into the strategies for reducing the toxic effects of protein unfolding in PD by targeting the ER UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli-Maria Sonninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Raza C, Anjum R, Shakeel NUA. Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms, translational models and management strategies. Life Sci 2019; 226:77-90. [PMID: 30980848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical motor symptoms include resting tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability and are accompanied by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and Lewy pathology. Diminished neurotransmitter level, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbed protein homeostasis over time worsen the disease manifestations in elderly people. Current management strategies aim to provide symptomatic relief and to slow down the disease progression. However, no pharmacological breakthrough has been made to protect dopaminergic neurons and associated motor circuitry components. Deep brain stimulation, stem cells-derived dopaminergic neurons transplantation, gene editing and gene transfer remain promising approaches for the potential management of neurodegenerative disease. Toxin or genetically induced rodent models replicating Parkinson's disease pathology are of high predictive value for translational research. This review addresses the current understanding, management strategies and the Parkinson's disease models for translational research. Preclinical research may provide powerful tools to quest the potential therapeutic and neuroprotective compounds for dopaminergic neurons and hence possible cure for the Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chand Raza
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Rabia Anjum
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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41
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Brain ageing and neurodegenerative disease: The role of cellular waste management. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:207-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Vijayan B, Raj V, Nandakumar S, Kishore A, Thekkuveettil A. Spermine protects alpha-synuclein expressing dopaminergic neurons from manganese-induced degeneration. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 35:147-159. [PMID: 30673990 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Manganese exposure is among the many environmental risk factors linked to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as manganese-induced parkinsonism. In animal models, chronic exposure to manganese causes loss of cell viability, neurodegeneration, and functional deficits. Polyamines, such as spermine, have been shown to rescue animals from age-induced neurodegeneration in an autophagy-dependent manner; nonetheless, it is not understood whether polyamines can prevent manganese-induced toxicity. In this study, we used two model systems, the Caenorhabditis elegans UA44 strain and SK-MEL-28 cells, both expressing the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) to determine whether spermine could ameliorate manganese-induced toxicity. Manganese caused a substantial reduction in the viability of SK-MEL-28 cells and hastened neurodegeneration in the UA44 strain. Spermine protected both the SK-MEL-28 cells and the UA44 strain from manganese-induced toxicity. Spermine also reduced the age-associated neurodegeneration observed in the UA44 strain compared with a control strain without α-syn expression and led to improved avoidance behavior in a functional assay. Treatment with berenil, an inhibitor of polyamine catabolism, which leads to increased intracellular polyamine levels, also showed similar cellular protection against manganese toxicity. While both translation blocker cycloheximide and autophagy blocker chloroquine caused a reduction in the cytoprotective effect of spermine, transcription blocker actinomycin D had no effect. This study provides new insights on the effect of spermine in preventing manganese-induced toxicity, which is most likely via translational regulation of several candidate genes, including those of autophagy. Thus, our results indicate that polyamines positively influence neuronal health, even when exposed to high levels of manganese and α-syn, and supplementing polyamines through diet might delay the onset of diseases involving degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bejoy Vijayan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vishnu Raj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Swapna Nandakumar
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anoopkumar Thekkuveettil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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43
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Boland B, Yu WH, Corti O, Mollereau B, Henriques A, Bezard E, Pastores GM, Rubinsztein DC, Nixon RA, Duchen MR, Mallucci GR, Kroemer G, Levine B, Eskelinen EL, Mochel F, Spedding M, Louis C, Martin OR, Millan MJ. Promoting the clearance of neurotoxic proteins in neurodegenerative disorders of ageing. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:660-688. [PMID: 30116051 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders of ageing (NDAs) such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis represent a major socio-economic challenge in view of their high prevalence yet poor treatment. They are often called 'proteinopathies' owing to the presence of misfolded and aggregated proteins that lose their physiological roles and acquire neurotoxic properties. One reason underlying the accumulation and spread of oligomeric forms of neurotoxic proteins is insufficient clearance by the autophagic-lysosomal network. Several other clearance pathways are also compromised in NDAs: chaperone-mediated autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, extracellular clearance by proteases and extrusion into the circulation via the blood-brain barrier and glymphatic system. This article focuses on emerging mechanisms for promoting the clearance of neurotoxic proteins, a strategy that may curtail the onset and slow the progression of NDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olga Corti
- ICM Institute for Brain and Spinal Cord, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Erwan Bezard
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Greg M Pastores
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge and UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Duchen
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanna R Mallucci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM U1138, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Fanny Mochel
- INSERM U 1127, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Louis
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, IDR Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Olivier R Martin
- Université d'Orléans & CNRS, Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Orléans, France
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, IDR Servier, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
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44
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Zeng XS, Geng WS, Jia JJ, Chen L, Zhang PP. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:109. [PMID: 29719505 PMCID: PMC5913322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 200 years since Parkinson disease (PD) was described by Dr. Parkinson in 1817. The disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the pathogenesis of PD is still unknown, the research findings from scientists are conducive to understand the pathological mechanisms. It is well accepted that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of PD. In this review, we summarize the mutations of main seven genes (α-synuclein, LRRK2, PINK1, Parkin, DJ-1, VPS35 and GBA1) linked to PD, discuss the potential mechanisms for the loss of dopaminergic neurons (dopamine metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired autophagy, and deregulation of immunity) in PD, and expect the development direction for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Si Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jin-Jing Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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