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Fackler NP, Donahue RP, Bielajew BJ, Amirhekmat A, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA, Wang D. Characterization of the Age-Related Differences in Porcine Acetabulum and Femoral Head Articular Cartilage. Cartilage 2023:19476035231214724. [PMID: 38018451 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231214724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of porcine animal models for cartilage injury has increased recently due to their similarity with humans with regard to cartilage thickness, limited intrinsic healing of chondral defects, and joint loading biomechanics. However, variations in the mechanical and biochemical properties of porcine hip articular cartilage among various tissue ages and weightbearing (WB) regions are still unknown. This study's aim was to characterize the mechanical and biochemical properties of porcine hip articular cartilage across various ages and WB regions. METHODS Articular cartilage explants were harvested from WB and non-weightbearing (NWB) surfaces of the femoral head and acetabulum of domesticated pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) at fetal (gestational age: 80 days), juvenile (6 months), and adult (2 years) ages. Explants underwent compressive stress-relaxation mechanical testing, biochemical analysis for total collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and histological staining. RESULTS Juvenile animals consistently had the highest mechanical properties, with 2.2- to 7.6-time increases in relaxation modulus, 1.3- to 2.3-time increases in instantaneous modulus, and 4.1- to 14.2-time increases in viscosity compared with fetal cartilage. Mechanical properties did not significantly differ between the WB and NWB regions. Collagen content was highest in the NWB regions of the juvenile acetabulum (65.3%/dry weight [DW]) and femoral head (75.4%/DW) cartilages. GAG content was highest in the WB region of the juvenile acetabulum (23.7%/DW) and the WB region of the fetal femoral head (27.5%/DW) cartilages. Histological staining for GAG and total collagen content followed the trends from the quantitative biochemical assays. CONCLUSION This study provides a benchmark for the development and validation of preclinical porcine models for hip cartilage pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Fackler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan P Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Arya Amirhekmat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Jimenez-Cruz D, Dubey M, Board T, Williams S. An in vitro methodology for experimental simulation on the natural hip joint. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272264. [PMID: 35980907 PMCID: PMC9387788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different hip pathologies can cause geometric variation of the acetabulum and femoral head. These variations have been considered as an underlying mechanism that affects the tribology of the natural hip joint and changes the stress distribution on the articular surface, potentially leading to joint degradation. To improve understanding of the damage mechanisms and abnormal mechanics of the hip joint, a reliable in-vitro methodology that represents the in vivo mechanical environment is needed where the position of the joint, the congruency of the bones and the loading and motion conditions are clinically relevant and can be modified in a controlled environment. An in vitro simulation methodology was developed and used to assess the effect of loading on a natural hip joint. Porcine hips were dissected and mounted in a single station hip simulator and tested under different loading scenarios. The loading and motion cycle consisted of a simplified gait cycle and three peak axial loading conditions were assessed (Normal, Overload and Overload Plus). Joints were lubricated with Ringer's solution and tests were conducted for 4 hours. Photographs were taken and compared to characterise cartilage surface and labral tissue pre, during and post simulation. The results showed no evidence of damage to samples tested under normal loading conditions, whereas the samples tested under overload and overload plus conditions exhibited different severities of tears and detachment of the labrum at the antero-superior region. The location and severity of damage was consistent for samples tested under the same conditions; supporting the use of this methodology to investigate further effects of altered loading and motion on natural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jimenez-Cruz
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mudit Dubey
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Board
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Wrightington Wigan and Leigh NHS Trust, Wigan, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Williams
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Dynamic Analysis and Trajectory Tracking Control for a Parallel Manipulator with Joint Friction. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the bearing capacity deficiencies of traditional serial hip joint simulators, complex trajectory simulation, among others, as well as a parallel manipulator with two pairs of artificial hip joints and two moving platforms are proposed. The movements and driving forces of the parallel manipulator under the required motion and loading are studied to provide a basis for further research. In this study, the modeling and analysis of inverse kinematics and dynamics for a parallel manipulator with joint friction are derived. In the inverse kinematic model, kinematic relationships between the linear module slider and the moving platform are established, and expressions for the slider are deduced. Subsequently, by analyzing the frictional forces of the artificial hip joint and thrust ball bearing, a rigid body dynamics model of the parallel manipulator with joint friction is established, which is subsequently decomposed into four driving torques associated with the moving platform, joint lever, slider, and screw. Finally, the difference in the kinematic performance between the two moving platforms is analyzed using numerical simulations and experiments, and the accuracy of the established model is verified.
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Cowie RM, Bowland P, Baji D, Fermor HL, Ingham E, Fisher J, Jennings LM. An experimental simulation model to assess wear of the porcine patellofemoral joint. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250077. [PMID: 33901210 PMCID: PMC8075233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of surgical techniques and osteochondral interventions have been developed for early stage chondral/osteochondral repair interventions in the knee however, methods for functional, pre-clinical assessment of these therapies are limited. In this study, a method for simulating physiological loading and motion in the porcine patellofemoral joint was developed using a 6-axis simulator. As an example of how the method can be used, the influence of surgical positioning of osteochondral allografts in the patella on cartilage wear, deformation and damage and graft stability was investigated in this porcine patellofemoral joint model. The functional performance of allografts implanted either optimally (flush with the cartilage surface) or 1 mm proud of the cartilage surface was compared to a positive control (stainless steel pin implanted 1 mm proud of the cartilage surface), a negative control (no intervention) and a defect model. Allografts implanted flush with the surrounding cartilage could restore the articulating surface of the patella resulting in low wear, damage and deformation of the opposing cartilage surface, similar to that of the negative control group. Implanting the graft proud of the patella surface resulted in cartilage lesions on the femoral trochlea (ICRS grade 2) and a cartilage volume difference of 2.0 ± 3.9 mm3; the positive controls resulted in more severe lesions, a higher volume difference (14.2 ± 7.4 mm3) which in some cases exposed subchondral bone (ICRS grade 4). Defects in the patella caused deformation of the opposing cartilage surface. All grafts implanted in the patella subsided over the duration of the study. This study demonstrated a method that can be used to evaluate osteochondral repair strategies in the patellofemoral joint applying physiological loading and motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raelene M. Cowie
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Bowland
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Baji
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L. Fermor
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Ingham
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John Fisher
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M. Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Kurdi A, Alhazmi N, Alhazmi H, Tabbakh T. Practice of Simulation and Life Cycle Assessment in Tribology-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3489. [PMID: 32784652 PMCID: PMC7476053 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To simulate today's complex tribo-contact scenarios, a methodological breakdown of a complex design problem into simpler sub-problems is essential to achieve acceptable simulation outcomes. This also helps to manage iterative, hierarchical systems within given computational power. In this paper, the authors reviewed recent trends of simulation practices in tribology to model tribo-contact scenario and life cycle assessment (LCA) with the help of simulation. With the advancement of modern computers and computing power, increasing effort has been given towards simulation, which not only saves time and resources but also provides meaningful results. Having said that, like every other technique, simulation has some inherent limitations which need to be considered during practice. Keeping this in mind, the pros and cons of both physical experiments and simulation approaches are reviewed together with their interdependency and how one approach can benefit the other. Various simulation techniques are outlined with a focus on machine learning which will dominate simulation approaches in the future. In addition, simulation of tribo-contacts across different length scales and lubrication conditions is discussed in detail. An extension of the simulation approach, together with experimental data, can lead towards LCA of components which will provide us with a better understanding of the efficient usage of limited resources and conservation of both energy and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Kurdi
- National Center for Building and Construction Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
- Material Science Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nahla Alhazmi
- Material Science Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
- National Center for Composite and High-Performance Materials, Center of Excellence for Aeronautics, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem Alhazmi
- National Center for Environmental Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thamer Tabbakh
- Material Science Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
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Groves D, Fisher J, Williams S. An in vitro simulation method for the tribological assessment of complete natural hip joints. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184226. [PMID: 28886084 PMCID: PMC5590895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of hip joint simulators to evaluate the tribological performance of total hip replacements is widely reported in the literature, however, in vitro simulation studies investigating the tribology of the natural hip joint are limited with heterogeneous methodologies reported. An in vitro simulation system for the complete natural hip joint, enabling the acetabulum and femoral head to be positioned with different orientations whilst maintaining the correct joint centre of rotation, was successfully developed for this study. The efficacy of the simulation system was assessed by testing complete, matched natural porcine hip joints and porcine hip hemiarthroplasty joints in a pendulum friction simulator. The results showed evidence of biphasic lubrication, with a non-linear increase in friction being observed in both groups. Lower overall mean friction factor values in the complete natural joint group that increased at a lower rate over time, suggest that the exudation of fluid and transition to solid phase lubrication occurred more slowly in the complete natural hip joint compared to the hip hemiarthroplasty joint. It is envisaged that this methodology will be used to investigate morphological risk factors for developing hip osteoarthritis, as well as the effectiveness of early interventional treatments for degenerative hip disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Groves
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - John Fisher
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Williams
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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