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Vermeij GJ, DeVries TJ, Griffin M, Nielsen SN, Ochoa D, Rivadeneira MM, Salas‐Gismondi R, Valdovinos F. The temperate marine Peruvian Province: How history accounts for its unusual biota. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70048. [PMID: 39041018 PMCID: PMC11260884 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Peruvian Province, from 6° S in Peru to 42° S in Chile, is a highly productive coastal marine region whose biology and fossil record have long been studied separately but never integrated. To understand how past events and conditions affected today's species composition and interactions, we examined the role of extinction, colonization, geologic changes to explain previously unrecognized peculiar features of the biota and to compare the Peruvian Province's history to that of other climatically similar temperate coasts. We synthesized all available data on the benthic (or benthically feeding) biota, with emphasis on fossilizable taxa, for the interval from the Miocene (23-5.4 Ma) and Pliocene (5.4-2.5 Ma) to the present. We outline the history of ecological guilds including primary producers, herbivores, predators, and suspension-feeders and document patterns of extinction, colonization, and geographic restriction. We identify twelve unusual attributes of the biota, most of which are the result of repeated episodes of extinction. Several guilds present during the Miocene and Pliocene are not represented in the province today, while groups such as kelps and perhaps intertidal predatory sea stars are relative newcomers. Guilds on soft bottoms and in sheltered habitats were severely affected by extinction, whereas those on hard bottoms were most affected by colonists and held their own in diversity. The Peruvian Province has not served as a biogeographic refuge, in contrast to the coasts of Australasia and Argentina, where lineages no longer present in the Peruvian Province survive. The loss of sheltered habitats since the Pliocene explains many of the present-day peculiarities of the biota. The history of the province's biota explains its unique attributes. High productivity, a rich Southern Hemisphere heritage, and colonization from the north account for the present-day composition and unusual characteristics of the biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J. Vermeij
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas J. DeVries
- Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Miguel Griffin
- División Paleozoología InvertebradosMuseo de La PlataLa PlataArgentina
| | - Sven N. Nielsen
- Instituto de Ciencias de la TierraUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Diana Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Integral y Sostenible (CIDIS)Universidad Peruana Cayetano HeredioLimaPeru
| | - Marcelo M. Rivadeneira
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas ÁridasCoquimboChile
- Departamento de Biologia Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del MarUniversidad Catolica del NorteAntofagastaChile
| | - Rodolfo Salas‐Gismondi
- Departamento de Paleontología de VertebradosMuseo de Historia Natural‐Universidad Nacional Mayor San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Fernanda Valdovinos
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Moreno RA, Labra FA, Cotoras DD, Camus PA, Gutiérrez D, Aguirre L, Rozbaczylo N, Poulin E, Lagos NA, Zamorano D, Rivadeneira MM. Evolutionary drivers of the hump-shaped latitudinal gradient of benthic polychaete species richness along the Southeastern Pacific coast. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12010. [PMID: 34692242 PMCID: PMC8483006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) and their explanatory factors are among the most challenging topics in macroecology and biogeography. Despite of its apparent generality, a growing body of evidence shows that 'anomalous' LDG (i.e., inverse or hump-shaped trends) are common among marine organisms along the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) coast. Here, we evaluate the shape of the LDG of marine benthic polychaetes and its underlying causes using a dataset of 643 species inhabiting the continental shelf (<200 m depth), using latitudinal bands with a spatial resolution of 0.5°, along the SEP (3-56° S). The explanatory value of six oceanographic (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST range, salinity, salinity range, primary productivity and shelf area), and one macroecological proxy (median latitudinal range of species) were assessed using a random forest model. The taxonomic structure was used to estimate the degree of niche conservatism of predictor variables and to estimate latitudinal trends in phylogenetic diversity, based on three indices (phylogenetic richness (PDSES), mean pairwise distance (MPDSES), and variation of pairwise distances (VPD)). The LDG exhibits a hump-shaped trend, with a maximum peak of species richness at ca. 42° S, declining towards northern and southern areas of SEP. The latitudinal pattern was also evident in local samples controlled by sampling effort. The random forest model had a high accuracy (pseudo-r2 = 0.95) and showed that the LDG could be explained by four variables (median latitudinal range, SST, salinity, and SST range), yet the functional relationship between species richness and these predictors was variable. A significant degree of phylogenetic conservatism was detected for the median latitudinal range and SST. PDSES increased toward the southern region, whereas VPD showed the opposite trend, both statistically significant. MPDSES has the same trend as PDSES, but it is not significant. Our results reinforce the idea that the south Chile fjord area, particularly the Chiloé region, was likely the evolutionary source of new species of marine polychaetes along SEP, creating a hotspot of diversity. Therefore, in the same way as the canonical LDG shows a decline in diversity while moving away from the tropics; on this case the decline occurs while moving away from Chiloé Island. These results, coupled with a strong phylogenetic signal of the main predictor variables suggest that processes operating mainly at evolutionary timescales govern the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio A Labra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darko D Cotoras
- Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Patricio A Camus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dimitri Gutiérrez
- Dirección de Investigaciones Oceanográficas y de Cambio Climático, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Callao, Perú
| | - Luis Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Biología y Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos (LaBSIM), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Nicolás Rozbaczylo
- FAUNAMAR Ltda. Consultorías Medio Ambientales e Investigación Marina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto Milenio de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Zamorano
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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3
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Fraser D, Soul LC, Tóth AB, Balk MA, Eronen JT, Pineda-Munoz S, Shupinski AB, Villaseñor A, Barr WA, Behrensmeyer AK, Du A, Faith JT, Gotelli NJ, Graves GR, Jukar AM, Looy CV, Miller JH, Potts R, Lyons SK. Investigating Biotic Interactions in Deep Time. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 36:61-75. [PMID: 33067015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent renewed interest in using fossil data to understand how biotic interactions have shaped the evolution of life is challenging the widely held assumption that long-term climate changes are the primary drivers of biodiversity change. New approaches go beyond traditional richness and co-occurrence studies to explicitly model biotic interactions using data on fossil and modern biodiversity. Important developments in three primary areas of research include analysis of (i) macroevolutionary rates, (ii) the impacts of and recovery from extinction events, and (iii) how humans (Homo sapiens) affected interactions among non-human species. We present multiple lines of evidence for an important and measurable role of biotic interactions in shaping the evolution of communities and lineages on long timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Fraser
- Palaeobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Biology and Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Paleobiology and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC , USA.
| | - Laura C Soul
- Department of Paleobiology and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC , USA
| | - Anikó B Tóth
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meghan A Balk
- Department of Paleobiology and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC , USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jussi T Eronen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; BIOS research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silvia Pineda-Munoz
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Amelia Villaseñor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - W Andrew Barr
- Department of Paleobiology and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC , USA; Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna K Behrensmeyer
- Department of Paleobiology and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC , USA
| | - Andrew Du
- Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Tyler Faith
- Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Gary R Graves
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Advait M Jukar
- Department of Paleobiology and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC , USA
| | - Cindy V Looy
- Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Paleontology, University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Joshua H Miller
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Potts
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC , USA
| | - S Kathleen Lyons
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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4
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Villafaña JA, Marramà G, Klug S, Pollerspöck J, Balsberger M, Rivadeneira M, Kriwet J. Sharks, rays and skates (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Marine Molasse (middle Burdigalian, early Miocene) of the Simssee area (Bavaria, Germany), with comments on palaeogeographic and ecological patterns. PALAONTOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT 2020; 94:725-757. [PMID: 33184517 PMCID: PMC7648011 DOI: 10.1007/s12542-020-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elasmobranch remains are quite common in Miocene deposits and were the subject of numerous studies since the middle of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the taxonomic diversity of the Marine Molasse sharks, rays and skates is still largely unknown. Here, we describe 37 taxa from the lower Miocene of the Molasse Basin: 21 taxa could be identified at species level, whereas 15 taxa could only be assigned to genus and one taxon is left as order incertae sedis. The material was collected from deposits of the Auwiesholz Member of the Achen Formation (middle Burdigalian, middle Ottnangian age, ca. 17.8 Ma) exposed near Simssee, Upper Bavaria. This faunal assemblage is a mixture of shallow marine, near-coastal, pelagic and deep-water taxa. The fauna from Simssee displays different biogeographic dynamics at local and regional scales, possibly related to the intense climatic, oceanographic and tectonic events that occurred during the Eggenburgian-Ottnangian stages. The faunal relationships of the early Miocene chondrichthyan faunas from the Mediterranean Sea and Paratethys with others regions are established on the basis of qualitative (presence/absence) data. The beta diversity (Sørensen-Dice coefficient) of the Miocene Molasse elasmobranchs was used to characterize the taxonomic differentiation between localities and regions. According to our results, the fauna from Simssee shows close similarities with those from Switzerland, Austria, France and northern Germany. Faunal similarities and differences are mainly related to tectonic events and oceanographic variables (i.e. migration through seaway passages) or might represent collecting biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A. Villafaña
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giuseppe Marramà
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefanie Klug
- School of Science (GAUSS), Georg–August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcelo Rivadeneira
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Av. Ossandon 877, Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Rivadeneira MM, Nielsen SN. Correction: Diversification dynamics, species sorting, and changes in the functional diversity of marine benthic gastropods during the Pliocene-Quaternary at temperate western South America. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191525. [PMID: 29338052 PMCID: PMC5770070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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