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Deissler RJ, Al Helo R, Brown R. From an obliquely falling rod in a viscous fluid to the motion of suspended magnetic bead chains that are driven by a gradient magnetic field and that make an arbitrary angle with the magnetic force vector: A Stokes flow study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301852. [PMID: 38625980 PMCID: PMC11020374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In view of the growing role of magnetic particles under magnetic field influence in medical and other applications, and perforce the bead chaining, it is important to understand more generally the chain dynamics. As is well known, in the presence of a magnetic field, magnetic beads tend to form chains that are aligned with the magnetic field vector. In addition, if there is a magnetic field gradient, there will be a magnetic force acting on this chain. The main goal of the present research is to study the motion of a magnetic bead chain that makes an arbitrary angle with the magnetic force vector in the Stokes flow limit, that is, in the limit of zero Reynolds number. We used the public-domain computer program HYDRO++ to calculate the mobility matrix, which relates the magnetic force acting on the chain to the velocity of the chain, for a chain of N beads making an arbitrary angle with the magnetic force vector. Because of the presence of off-diagonal elements of the mobility matrix, as the chain is drawn in the direction of the magnetic force, it is also deflected to the side. We derived analytic solutions for this motion. Also, for bead chains moving in directions both parallel and perpendicular to their lengths, we fit three-parameter functions to solutions from HYDRO++. We found the fits to be excellent. Combining these results with the analytic solutions, we obtained expressions for the velocity components for the bead chains that provide excellent fits to HYDRO++ solutions for arbitrary angles. Finally, we apply the methodology used for the bead chain studies to the study of an obliquely falling rod in a viscous fluid and derive analytic solutions for the velocity components of the obliquely falling rod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Deissler
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rose Al Helo
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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2
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Karpinski P, Sznitko L, Wisniewska-Belej M, Miniewicz A, Antosiewicz TJ. Optically Controlled Development of a Waveguide from a Reservoir of Microparticles. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2201545. [PMID: 37075735 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Light can be guided without diffraction in prefabricated structures: optical fibers and waveguides or in actively created spatial solitons in optically nonlinear media. Here, an approach in which a self-stabilized optical waveguide develops from a reservoir of building blocks-spherical polymer microparticles (MPs)-and is pushed through an optically passive medium-water-is presented. The optical waveguide, formed by a chain of these microparticles and one microsphere wide, is self-stabilized and propelled by the guided light, while its geometrical and dynamical properties depend on the diameter-to-wavelength ratio. The smallest investigated particles, 500 nm in diameter, form single-mode waveguides up to tens of micrometers long, with the length limited only by optical losses. In contrast, waveguides constructed of larger MPs, 1 and 2.5 µm in diameter, are limited in length to only a few particles due to interference of different modes and beating of light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Karpinski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Lech Sznitko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Miniewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
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Wang L, He J, Heiranian M, Fan H, Song L, Li Y, Elimelech M. Water transport in reverse osmosis membranes is governed by pore flow, not a solution-diffusion mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8488. [PMID: 37058571 PMCID: PMC10104469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We performed nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations and solvent permeation experiments to unravel the mechanism of water transport in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The NEMD simulations reveal that water transport is driven by a pressure gradient within the membranes, not by a water concentration gradient, in marked contrast to the classic solution-diffusion model. We further show that water molecules travel as clusters through a network of pores that are transiently connected. Permeation experiments with water and organic solvents using polyamide and cellulose triacetate RO membranes showed that solvent permeance depends on the membrane pore size, kinetic diameter of solvent molecules, and solvent viscosity. This observation is not consistent with the solution-diffusion model, where permeance depends on the solvent solubility. Motivated by these observations, we demonstrate that the solution-friction model, in which transport is driven by a pressure gradient, can describe water and solvent transport in RO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
| | - Jinlong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
| | - Mohammad Heiranian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
| | - Hanqing Fan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
| | - Lianfa Song
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
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Wang Q, Steinbock O. Bobbing chemical garden tubes: oscillatory self-motion from buoyancy and catalytic gas production. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2138-2145. [PMID: 36876894 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01681h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions can induce self-propulsion by the production and ejection of gas bubbles from micro-rocket like cylindrical units. We describe related micro-submarines that change their depth in response to catalytic gas production. The structures consist of silica-supported CuO and are produced by utilizing the self-assembly rules of chemical gardens. In H2O2 solution, the tube cavity produces O2(g) and the resulting buoyancy lifts the tube to the air-solution interface, where it releases oxygen and sinks back down to the bottom of the container. In 5 cm deep solutions, the resulting bobbing cycles have a period of 20-30 s and repeat for several hours. The ascent is characterized by a vertical orientation of the tube and a constant acceleration. During the descent, the tubes are oriented horizontally and sink at a nearly constant speed. These striking features are quantitatively captured by an analysis of the involved mechanical forces and chemical kinetics. The results show that ascending tubes increase their oxygen-production rate by the motion-induced injection of fresh solution into the tube cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
| | - Oliver Steinbock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
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Pittman M, Iu E, Li K, Wang M, Chen J, Taneja N, Jo MH, Park S, Jung WH, Liang L, Barman I, Ha T, Gaitanaros S, Liu J, Burnette D, Plotnikov S, Chen Y. Membrane Ruffling is a Mechanosensor of Extracellular Fluid Viscosity. NATURE PHYSICS 2022; 18:1112-1121. [PMID: 37220497 PMCID: PMC10202009 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell behaviour is affected by the physical forces and mechanical properties of the cells and of their microenvironment. The viscosity of extracellular fluid - a component of the cellular microenvironment - can vary by orders of magnitude, but its effect on cell behaviour remains largely unexplored. Using bio-compatible polymers to increase the viscosity of the culture medium, we characterize how viscosity affects cell behaviour. We find that multiple types of adherent cells respond in an unexpected but similar manner to elevated viscosity. In a highly viscous medium, cells double their spread area, exhibit increased focal adhesion formation and turnover, generate significantly greater traction forces, and migrate nearly two times faster. We observe that when cells are immersed in regular medium, these viscosity-dependent responses require an actively ruffling lamellipodium - a dynamic membrane structure at the front of the cell. We present evidence that cells utilize membrane ruffling to sense changes in extracellular fluid viscosity and to trigger adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pittman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Ernest Iu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto
| | - Keva Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Mingjiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Nilay Taneja
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Wei-Hung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Le Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Dylan Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University
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Martynek D, Němeček J, Ridvan L, Němeček J, Šoóš M. Impact of crystallization conditions and filtration cake washing on the clustering of metformin hydrochloride crystals. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yong H, He X, Merlitz H. Connection between Intrapore Free Energy, Molecule Permeation, and Selectivity of Nanofiltration Membranes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaisong Yong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, 610500, Chengdu, China
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xianru He
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, 610500, Chengdu, China
| | - Holger Merlitz
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-01069, Dresden, Germany
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Sharma V, Freedman KJ. Constricted Apertures for Dynamic Trapping and Micro-/Nanoscale Discrimination Based on Recapture Kinetics. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3364-3371. [PMID: 33861619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensing via analyte passage through a constricted aperture is a powerful and robust technology which is being utilized broadly, from DNA sequencing to single virus and cell characterization. Micro- and nanoscale structures typically translocate a constricted aperture, or pore, using electrophoretic force. In the present work, we explore the advances in metrology which can be achieved through rapid directional switching of hydrodynamic forces. Interestingly, multipass measurements of microscale and nanoscale structures achieve cell discrimination. We explore this cell-discrimination phenomenon as well as other features of hydrodynamic focusing such as dynamic trapping and discrete interval sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sharma
- University of California-Riverside, Department of Bioengineering, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kevin J Freedman
- University of California-Riverside, Department of Bioengineering, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Al Khatib E, Zhang X, Kim MJ, Hurmuzlu Y. Teleoperation control scheme for magnetically actuated microrobots with haptic guidance. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12213-020-00137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li TL, Wang Z, You H, Ong Q, Varanasi VJ, Dong M, Lu B, Paşca SP, Cui B. Engineering a Genetically Encoded Magnetic Protein Crystal. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6955-6963. [PMID: 31552740 PMCID: PMC7265822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetogenetics is a new field that leverages genetically encoded proteins and protein assemblies that are sensitive to magnetic fields to study and manipulate cell behavior. Theoretical studies show that many proposed magnetogenetic proteins do not contain enough iron to generate substantial magnetic forces. Here, we have engineered a genetically encoded ferritin-containing protein crystal that grows inside mammalian cells. Each of these crystals contains more than 10 million ferritin subunits and is capable of mineralizing substantial amounts of iron. When isolated from cells and loaded with iron in vitro, these crystals generate magnetic forces that are 9 orders of magnitude larger than the forces from the single ferritin cages used in previous studies. These protein crystals are attracted to an applied magnetic field and move toward magnets even when internalized into cells. While additional studies are needed to realize the full potential of magnetogenetics, these results demonstrate the feasibility of engineering protein assemblies for magnetic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zegao Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - He You
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qunxiang Ong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vamsi J. Varanasi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Bai Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sergiu P. Paşca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (650) 725-9573.
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Pei L, Xuan S, Wu J, Bai L, Gong X. Experiments and Simulations on the Magnetorheology of Magnetic Fluid Based on Fe 3O 4 Hollow Chains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12158-12167. [PMID: 31448919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work reports an experiment/simulation combination study on the magnetorheological (MR) mechanism of magnetic fluid based on Fe3O4 hollow chains. The decrease of shear stress versus the increasing magnetic field was observed in a dilute magnetic fluid. Hollow chains exhibited a higher MR effect than pure Fe3O4 hollow nanospheres under a small magnetic field. A modified particle level simulation method including the translational and rotational motion of chains was developed to comprehend the correlation between rheological properties and microstructures. Sloping cluster-like microstructures were formed under a weak external field (24 mT), while vertical column-like microstructures were observed under a strong field (240 mT). The decrease of shear stress was due to the strong reconstruction process of microstructures and the agglomeration of chains near the boundaries. The chain morphology increased the dip angle of microstructures and thus improved the MR effect under a weak field. This advantage made Fe3O4 hollow chains to be widely applied for small and low-power devices in the biomedical field. Dimensionless viscosity as a function of the Mason number was collapsed onto linear master curves. Magnetic fluid in Poiseuille flow in a microfluidic channel was also observed and simulated. A qualitative and quantitative correspondence between simulations and experiments was obtained.
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Three-dimensional tracking of microbeads attached to the tip of single isolated tracheal cilia beating under external load. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15562. [PMID: 30348958 PMCID: PMC6197291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the properties of tracheal cilia beating under various conditions, we developed a method to monitor the movement of the ciliary tip. One end of a demembranated cilium was immobilized on the glass surface, while the other end was capped with a polystyrene bead and tracked in three dimensions. The cilium, when activated by ATP, stably repeated asymmetric beating as in vivo. The tip of a cilium in effective and recovery strokes moved in discrete trajectories that differed in height. The trajectory remained asymmetric in highly viscous solutions. Model calculation showed that cilia maintained a constant net flux during one beat cycle irrespective of the medium viscosity. When the bead attached to the end was trapped with optical tweezers, it came to display linear oscillation only in the longitudinal direction. Such a beating-mode transition may be an inherent nature of movement-restricted cilia.
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