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Leerson J, Tulloh A, Lopez FT, Gregory S, Buscher H, Rosengarten G. Detecting Oxygenator Thrombosis in ECMO: A Review of Current Techniques and an Exploration of Future Directions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:253-270. [PMID: 37640048 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-support technique used to treat cardiac and pulmonary failure, including severe cases of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) involving acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood clot formation in the circuit is one of the most common complications in ECMO, having potentially harmful and even fatal consequences. It is therefore essential to regularly monitor for clots within the circuit and take appropriate measures to prevent or treat them. A review of the various methods used by hospital units for detecting blood clots is presented. The benefits and limitations of each method are discussed, specifically concerning detecting blood clots in the oxygenator, as it is concluded that this is the most critical and challenging ECMO component to assess. We investigate the feasibility of solutions proposed in the surrounding literature and explore two areas that hold promise for future research: the analysis of small-scale pressure fluctuations in the circuit, and real-time imaging of the oxygenator. It is concluded that the current methods of detecting blood clots cannot reliably predict clot volume, and their inability to predict clot location puts patients at risk of thromboembolism. It is posited that a more in-depth analysis of pressure readings using machine learning could better provide this information, and that purpose-built imaging could allow for accurate, real-time clotting analysis in ECMO components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Leerson
- Department is Manufacturing, Materials and Mechatronics Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Manufacturing, CSIRO, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Tulloh
- Department of Manufacturing, CSIRO, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francisco Tovar Lopez
- Department is Manufacturing, Materials and Mechatronics Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun Gregory
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cardiorespiratory Engineering and Technology Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hergen Buscher
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary Rosengarten
- Department is Manufacturing, Materials and Mechatronics Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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O'Brien MT, Schuh JCL, Wancket LM, Cramer SD, Funk KA, Jackson ND, Kannan K, Keane K, Nyska A, Rousselle SD, Schucker A, Thomas VS, Tunev S. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider for Medical Device Implant Site Evaluation in Nonclinical Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:512-530. [PMID: 35762822 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical implantation studies are a common and often critical step for medical device safety assessment in the bench-to-market pathway. Nonclinical implanted medical devices or drug-device combination products require complex macroscopic and microscopic pathology evaluations due to the physical presence of the device itself and unique tissue responses to device materials. The Medical Device Implant Site Evaluation working group of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's (STP) Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee (SRPC) was tasked with reviewing scientific, technical, and regulatory considerations for these studies. Implant site evaluations require highly specialized methods and analytical schemes that should be designed on a case-by-case basis to address specific study objectives. Existing STP best practice recommendations can serve as a framework when performing nonclinical studies under Good Laboratory Practices and help mitigate limitations in standards and guidances for implant evaluations (e.g., those from the International Organization for Standardization [ISO], ASTM International). This article integrates standards referenced by sponsors and regulatory bodies with practical pathology evaluation methods for implantable medical devices and combination products. The goal is to ensure the maximum accuracy and scientific relevance of pathology data acquired during a medical device or combination drug-device implantation study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lyn M Wancket
- Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kathleen A Funk
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Kamala Kannan
- Adgyl Lifesciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Kevin Keane
- Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Morita N, Sakota D, Oota-Ishigaki A, Kosaka R, Maruyama O, Nishida M, Kondo K, Takeshita T, Iwasaki W. Real-time, non-invasive thrombus detection in an extracorporeal circuit using micro-optical thrombus sensors. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 44:565-573. [PMID: 33300399 PMCID: PMC8366175 DOI: 10.1177/0391398820978656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Real-time, non-invasive monitoring of thrombus formation in extracorporeal circuits has yet to be achieved. To address the challenges of conventional optical thrombus detection methods requiring large devices that limit detection capacity, we developed a micro-optical thrombus sensor. Methods: The proposed micro-optical thrombus sensor can detect the intensity of light scattered by blood at wavelengths of 660 and 855 nm. Two thrombus sensors were installed on in vitro circuit: one at the rotary blood pump and one at a flow channel. To evaluate the variation in the ratio of incident light intensity at each wavelength of the two sensors, Rfluct (for 660 nm) and Ifluct (for 855 nm) were defined. Using fresh porcine blood as a working fluid, we performed in vitro tests of haematocrit (Hct) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) variation and thrombus detection. Thrombus tests were terminated after Rfluct or Ifluct showed a larger change than the maximum range of those in the Hct and SaO2 variation test. Results: In all three thrombus detection tests, Ifluct showed a larger change than the maximum range of those in the Hct and SaO2 variation test. After the tests, thrombus formation was confirmed in the pump, and there was no thrombus in the flow channel. The results indicate that Ifluct is an effective parameter for identifying the presence of a thrombus. Conclusion: Thrombus detection in an extracorporeal circuit using the developed micro-optical sensors was successfully demonstrated in an in vitro test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutomo Morita
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tosu, Saga, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakota
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiko Oota-Ishigaki
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Kosaka
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Maruyama
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishida
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kondo
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Takeshita
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tosu, Saga, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tosu, Saga, Japan
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Plasma skimming efficiency of human blood in the spiral groove bearing of a centrifugal blood pump. J Artif Organs 2020; 24:126-134. [PMID: 33113050 PMCID: PMC8154837 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-020-01221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the plasma skimming effect in a spiral groove bearing within a hydrodynamically levitated centrifugal blood pump when working with human blood having a hematocrit value from 0 to 40%. The present study assessed the evaluation based on a method that clarified the limitations associated with such assessments. Human blood was circulated in a closed-loop circuit via a pump operating at 4000 rpm at a flow rate of 5 L/min. Red blood cells flowing through a ridge area of the bearing were directly observed using a high-speed microscope. The hematocrit value in the ridge area was calculated using the mean corpuscular volume, the bearing gap, the cross-sectional area of a red blood cell, and the occupancy of red blood cells. The latter value was obtained from photographic images by dividing the number of pixels showing red blood cells in the evaluation area by the total number of pixels in this area. The plasma skimming efficiency was calculated as the extent to which the hematocrit of the working blood was reduced in the ridge area. For the hematocrit in the circuit from 0 to 40%, the plasma skimming efficiency was approximately 90%, meaning that the hematocrit in the ridge area became 10% as compared to that in the circuit. For a hematocrit of 20% and over, red blood cells almost completely occupied the ridge. Thus, a valid assessment of plasma skimming was only possible when the hematocrit was less than 20%.
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Adjedj J, Picard F, Mogi S, Iwasaki K, Aoumeur H, Alansari O, Agudze E, Wijns W, Varenne O. In vitro flow and optical coherence tomography comparison of two bailout techniques after failed provisional stenting for bifurcation percutaneous coronary interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 93:E8-E16. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Adjedj
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Fabien Picard
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Satoshi Mogi
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Kiyotaka Iwasaki
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Biomedical Sciences; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hamid Aoumeur
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Omar Alansari
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Edem Agudze
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - William Wijns
- The Lambe Institute for Translational Medicine and Curam, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Olivier Varenne
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
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