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Li M, Peng D, Cao H, Yang X, Li S, Qiu HJ, Li LF. The Host Cytoskeleton Functions as a Pleiotropic Scaffold: Orchestrating Regulation of the Viral Life Cycle and Mediating Host Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. Viruses 2023; 15:1354. [PMID: 37376653 PMCID: PMC10301361 DOI: 10.3390/v15061354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that critically depend on their hosts to initiate infection, complete replication cycles, and generate new progeny virions. To achieve these goals, viruses have evolved numerous elegant strategies to subvert and utilize different cellular machinery. The cytoskeleton is often one of the first components to be hijacked as it provides a convenient transport system for viruses to enter the cell and reach the site of replication. The cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling the cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. The host cytoskeleton has complex interactions with viruses during the viral life cycle, as well as cell-to-cell transmission once the life cycle is completed. Additionally, the host also develops unique, cytoskeleton-mediated antiviral innate immune responses. These processes are also involved in pathological damages, although the comprehensive mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we briefly summarize the functions of some prominent viruses in inducing or hijacking cytoskeletal structures and the related antiviral responses in order to provide new insights into the crosstalk between the cytoskeleton and viruses, which may contribute to the design of novel antivirals targeting the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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2
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Mulherkar TH, Gómez DJ, Sandel G, Jain P. Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092037. [PMID: 36146843 PMCID: PMC9503663 DOI: 10.3390/v14092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania H. Mulherkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Daniel Joseph Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Correspondence:
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Moyano A, Lustig G, Rodel HE, Antal T, Sigal A. Interference with HIV infection of the first cell is essential for viral clearance at sub-optimal levels of drug inhibition. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007482. [PMID: 32017770 PMCID: PMC7039526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection can be cleared with antiretroviral drugs if they are administered before exposure, where exposure occurs at low viral doses which infect one or few cells. However, infection clearance does not happen once infection is established, and this may be because of the very early formation of a reservoir of latently infected cells. Here we investigated whether initial low dose infection could be cleared with sub-optimal drug inhibition which allows ongoing viral replication, and hence does not require latency for viral persistence. We derived a model for infection clearance with inputs being drug effects on ongoing viral replication and initial number of infected cells. We experimentally tested the model by inhibiting low dose infection with the drug tenofovir, which interferes with initial infection, and atazanavir, which reduces the cellular virion burst size and hence inhibits replication only after initial infection. Drugs were used at concentrations which allowed infection to expand. Under these conditions, tenofovir dramatically increased clearance while atazanavir did not. Addition of latency to the model resulted in a minor decrease in clearance probability if the drug inhibited initial infection. If not, latency strongly decreased clearance even at low latent cell frequencies. Therefore, the ability of drugs to clear initial but not established infection can be recapitulated without latency and depends only on the ability to target initial infection. The presence of latency can dramatically decrease infection clearance, but only if the drug is unable to interfere with infection of the first cells. A feature of viral infections such as HIV is that successful transmission occurs with low probability and is preventable by administration of drugs before exposure to the virus. Yet, once established, the infection is difficult or impossible to eradicate within its host. In the case of HIV, this may be explained by the establishment of a latent reservoir of infected cells insensitive to antiretroviral drugs. Here we use a combined modelling and experimental approach to determine whether low dose HIV infection can be cleared at drug concentrations which allow the expansion of HIV infection once established. We show that such sub-optimal drug levels are effective at clearing infection, provided they target the virus before it infects the first set of cells. The difference in the effect of drugs before and after the initial cells are infected does not require the establishment of viral latency. Rather, it is a quantitative effect, where the low infection dose can be cleared before amplifying viral numbers by infecting the first cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moyano
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gila Lustig
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Hylton E. Rodel
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tibor Antal
- School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Martín-Moreno A, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2485. [PMID: 31708924 PMCID: PMC6820366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells from the immune system and has thus developed tools to circumvent the host immunity and use it in its advance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the first immune cells to encounter the HIV, and being the main antigen (Ag) presenting cells, they link the innate and the adaptive immune responses. While DCs work to promote an efficient immune response and halt the infection, HIV-1 has ways to take advantage of their role and uses DCs to gain faster and more efficient access to CD4+ T cells. Due to their ability to activate a specific immune response, DCs are promising candidates to achieve the functional cure of HIV-1 infection, but knowing the molecular partakers that determine the relationship between virus and cell is the key for the rational and successful design of a DC-based therapy. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on how both DC subsets (myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs) act in presence of HIV-1, and focus on different pathways that the virus can take after binding to DC. First, we explore the consequences of HIV-1 recognition by each receptor on DCs, including CD4 and DC-SIGN. Second, we look at cellular mechanisms that prevent productive infection and weapons that turn cellular defense into a Trojan horse that hides the virus all the way to T cell. Finally, we discuss the possible outcomes of DC-T cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martín-Moreno
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Bertram KM, Tong O, Royle C, Turville SG, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Manipulation of Mononuclear Phagocytes by HIV: Implications for Early Transmission Events. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2263. [PMID: 31616434 PMCID: PMC6768965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are antigen presenting cells that play a key role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. In tissue, these consist of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, all of which express the key HIV entry receptors CD4 and CCR5 making them directly infectible with HIV. Mononuclear phagocytes are the first cells of the immune system to interact with invading pathogens such as HIV. Each cell type expresses a specific repertoire of pathogen binding receptors which triggers pathogen uptake and the release of innate immune cytokines. Langerhans cells and dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to CD4 T cells, whereas macrophages remain tissue resident. Here we review how HIV-1 manipulates these cells by blocking their ability to produce innate immune cytokines and taking advantage of their antigen presenting cell function in order to gain transport to its primary target cells, CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Melissa Bertram
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Royle
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- HIV Biology, Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Whales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Lawrence Cunningham
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rappocciolo G, Sluis-Cremer N, Rinaldo CR. Efficient HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4 + T Cells Occurs in the Presence of Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz253. [PMID: 31304185 PMCID: PMC6613953 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved the quality of life of people with HIV-1 infection (PWH). However, it is not curative, and interruption of ART results in rapid viral rebound. Cell-to-cell transfer of HIV-1, or trans infection, is a highly efficient mechanism of virus infection of CD4+ T cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), that is, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B lymphocytes. Methods APC from HIV seronegative donors treated with ART in vitro (CCR5 agonist, NRTI, PI and NNRTI, alone or in combination), were loaded with HIV R5-tropic HIVBal and mixed with autologous or heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes to assess trans infection. Ex vivo APC from chronic HIV-infected MACS participants before and after initiation of ART, were also loaded with HIV R5-tropic HIVBal and tested for trans infection against autologous or heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. Virus replication was measured by p24 ELISA. Results Here we show in vitro that antiretroviral drugs did not block the ability of DCs and B cells to trans-infect CD4+ T cells, although they were effective in blocking direct cis infection of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, ex vivo DCs and B cells from ART-suppressed PWH mediated efficient HIV-1 trans infection of CD4+ T cells, which were resistant to direct cis infection. Conclusions Our study supports a role for HIV-1 trans infection in maintenance of the HIV-1 reservoir during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Pedro KD, Henderson AJ, Agosto LM. Mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission and the establishment of the latent reservoir. Virus Res 2019; 265:115-121. [PMID: 30905686 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 spreads through both the release of cell-free particles and by cell-to-cell transmission. Mounting evidence indicates that cell-to-cell transmission is more efficient than cell-free transmission of particles and likely influences the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. This mode of viral transmission also influences the generation and maintenance of the latent reservoir, which represents the main obstacle for curing the infection. In this review we will discuss general cell contact-dependent mechanisms that HIV-1 utilizes for its spread and the evidence pointing to cell-to-cell transmission as a mechanism for the establishment and maintenance of latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Pedro
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luis M Agosto
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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