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de Medeiros Brito RM, Meurer YDSR, Batista JAL, de Sá AL, de Medeiros Souza CR, de Souto JT, de Andrade-Neto VF. Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection contributes to perineuronal nets impairment in the primary somatosensory cortex. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:487. [PMID: 36566237 PMCID: PMC9790132 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is able to manipulate the host immune system to establish a persistent and efficient infection, contributing to the development of brain abnormalities with behavioral repercussions. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of T. gondii infection on the systemic inflammatory response and structure of the primary somatosensory cortex (PSC). C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were infected with T. gondii ME49 strain tissue cysts and accompanied for 30 days. After this period, levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and TGF-β were measured. After blood collection, mice were perfused and the brains were submitted to immunohistochemistry for perineuronal net (PNN) evaluation and cyst quantification. The results showed that C57BL/6 mice presented higher levels of TNF-α and IL-12, while the levels of TGF-β were similar between the two mouse lineages, associated with the elevated number of tissue cysts, with a higher occurrence of cysts in the posterior area of the PSC when compared to BALB/c mice, which presented a more homogeneous cyst distribution. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a greater loss of PNN labeling in C57BL/6 animals compared to BALB/c. These data raised a discussion about the ability of T. gondii to stimulate a systemic inflammatory response capable of indirectly interfering in the brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramayana Morais de Medeiros Brito
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPostgraduate Program in Parasitary Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil ,grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XLaboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Ywlliane da Silva Rodrigues Meurer
- grid.411216.10000 0004 0397 5145Postgraduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Memory and Cognition Studies Laboratory, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba Brazil
| | - Jully Anne Lemos Batista
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XLaboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Andréa Lima de Sá
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XLaboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Cássio Ricardo de Medeiros Souza
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XLaboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Janeusa Trindade de Souto
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XLaboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Valter Ferreira de Andrade-Neto
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XLaboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
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Jia Y, Zou J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Shi Y, Liang Y, Guo D, Yang M. Mechanism of allergic rhinitis treated by Centipeda minima from different geographic areas. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:606-618. [PMID: 34010591 PMCID: PMC8143626 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1923757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The coriander plant Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun et Aschers (Compositae) is used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE Analyze the difference of the C. minima volatile oil from 7 geographic areas and its therapeutic effect on allergic rhinitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The volatile oils from different geographic areas were extracted and analyzed, the protein and biological pathway for the treatment of allergic rhinitis were predicted by network pharmacology. Established three groups of Sprague-Dawley rat allergic rhinitis models (n = 10). The treatment group was given 100 μL/nostril of 0.1% C. minima volatile oil, the blank and model groups were given the same amount of normal saline. After 15 days, serum inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Nasal mucosa tissues were examined by hematoxylineosin staining and immunuhistrochemistry. RESULTS There are differences in the content of volatile oil in the seven geographic areas. Experiments showed that the concentration of TNF-α in the serum of the administration group decreased from 63.66 ± 2.06 to 51.01 ± 4.10 (pg/mL), IL-4 decreased from 41.90 ± 3.90 to 28.68 ± 3.39 (pg/mL), IgE decreased from 22.18 ± 1.40 to 17.59 ± 1.60 (pg/mL), IL-2 increased from 314.14 ± 10.32 to 355.90 ± 10.01(pg/mL). Immunohistochemistry showed that compared with the model group, the PTGS2 and MAPK3 proteins in the administration group were significantly reduced. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS C. minima volatile oil is a multi-target and multi-pathway in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, which provides a new research basis and reference for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- CONTACT Xiaofei Zhang Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yulin Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Dickson K, Malitan H, Lehmann C. Imaging of the Intestinal Microcirculation during Acute and Chronic Inflammation. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E418. [PMID: 33255906 PMCID: PMC7760140 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of its unique microvascular anatomy, the intestine is particularly vulnerable to microcirculatory disturbances. During inflammation, pathological changes in blood flow, vessel integrity and capillary density result in impaired tissue oxygenation. In severe cases, these changes can progress to multiorgan failure and possibly death. Microcirculation may be evaluated in superficial tissues in patients using video microscopy devices, but these techniques do not allow the assessment of intestinal microcirculation. The gold standard for the experimental evaluation of intestinal microcirculation is intravital microscopy, a technique that allows for the in vivo examination of many pathophysiological processes including leukocyte-endothelial interactions and capillary blood flow. This review provides an overview of changes in the intestinal microcirculation in various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Acute conditions discussed include local infections, severe acute pancreatitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome are included as examples of chronic conditions of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayle Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Hajer Malitan
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Management, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Management, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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De Niz M, Meehan GR, Tavares J. Intravital microscopy: Imaging host-parasite interactions in lymphoid organs. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13117. [PMID: 31512335 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy allows imaging of biological phenomena within living animals, including host-parasite interactions. This has advanced our understanding of both, the function of lymphoid organs during parasitic infections, and the effect of parasites on such organs to allow their survival. In parasitic research, recent developments in this technique have been crucial for the direct study of host-parasite interactions within organs at depths, speeds and resolution previously difficult to achieve. Lymphoid organs have gained more attention as we start to understand their function during parasitic infections and the effect of parasites on them. In this review, we summarise technical and biological findings achieved by intravital microscopy with respect to the interaction of various parasites with host lymphoid organs, namely the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and present a view into possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heussler Lab, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gavin R Meehan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joana Tavares
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Trevizan AR, Schneider LCL, Araújo EJDA, Garcia JL, Buttow NC, Nogueira-Melo GDA, Sant'Ana DDMG. Acute Toxoplasma gondii infection alters the number of neurons and the proportion of enteric glial cells in the duodenum in Wistar rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13523. [PMID: 30537037 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii infection can occur through the ingestion of raw meat that contains tissue cysts or food that contains oocysts. Through the ingestion of oocysts, the parasite crosses the intestinal barrier, where the enteric nervous system is located. The objective was to investigate the kinetics of neuronal and glial responses during acute T. gondii infection. METHODS We used 45 Wistar rats that were divided into a control group and infected groups that were evaluated at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, 7 days, 10 days, and 15 days after infection. The rats received 5000 sporulated oocysts of the parasite orally. To detect neurons and enteric glia cells, the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the duodenum underwent double-labeling immunohistochemical techniques to evaluate HuC/HuD and S100, HuC/HuD and ChAT, and HuC/HuD and nNOS. KEY RESULTS We observed a reduction of the total neuron population in the submucosal plexus 72 hours after infection. Cholinergic neurons decreased in the submucosal plexus 15 days after infection, and nitrergic neurons decreased in the myenteric plexus 72 hours after infection. A decrease in the number of glial cells was observed 7 days after infection in the submucosal plexus, and an increase in the enteric glial cell (EGC)/neuron ratio was found in both plexuses 48 hours after infection. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES We found decrease of neurons and increase in the EGC/neuron ratio in both plexuses caused by acute T. gondii infection, with major alterations 72 hours after oral infection. The number of cholinergic neurons decreased in the submucosal plexus, and the number of nitrergic neurons decreased in the myenteric plexus. A decrease in the number of enteric glial cells was observed in the submucosal plexus, and an increase in the enteric glial cell/neuron ratio was observed in both ganglionate plexuses of the duodenum.
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Samojłowicz D, Twarowska-Małczyńska J, Borowska-Solonynko A, Poniatowski ŁA, Sharma N, Olczak M. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in brain as a potential cause of risky behavior: a report of 102 autopsy cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:305-317. [PMID: 30470966 PMCID: PMC6514116 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis was linked to impairment in brain function, encompassing a wide range of behavioral and neuropsychiatric changes. Currently, the precise localization of Toxoplasma gondii in the human brain is limited and the parasite DNA was not found in population-based screening of autopsy cases. The aim of proposed study was to identify the presence of parasite DNA within the brain and its association with risky behavior and alcohol consumption in postmortem examination. Preliminarily, 102 cases with certain circumstances of death at time of forensic autopsy was included. Due to high risk of bias, the females were excluded from the analysis and final study group consists 97 cases divided into three groups: risky behavior, inconclusively risky behavior, and control group. The obtained tissue samples for Nested PCR covered four regions of the brain: symmetric left/right and anterior/posterior horns of lateral ventricles comprising lining ependyma and hippocampus. The second type of material comprised blood evaluated for antibodies prevalence using ELISA and alcohol concentration using HS-GC-FID. Analysis demonstrated 16.5% prevalence concerning the parasite DNA presence in examined brain tissue samples without specific distribution and association with age at death or days after death until an autopsy was performed. Results have shown correlation between occurrence of risky behavior leading to death and higher proportions of positive parasite DNA presence within the brain. Correlation was not observed between parasite DNA presence and excessive alcohol consumption. Conducted screening demonstrated correlation between parasite DNA presence in the brain with risky behavior and provided new information on possible effects of latent toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Samojłowicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Twarowska-Małczyńska
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Borowska-Solonynko
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, W. K. Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mieszko Olczak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
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