1
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Diaz‐Martin Z, De Vitis M, Havens K, Kramer AT, MacKechnie LM, Fant J. Species-specific effects of production practices on genetic diversity in plant reintroduction programs. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1956-1968. [PMID: 38143906 PMCID: PMC10739063 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant production practices can influence the genetic diversity of cultivated plant materials and, ultimately, their potential to adapt to a reintroduction site. A common step in the plant production process is the application of seed pretreatment to alleviate physiological seed dormancy and successfully germinate seeds. In production settings, the seeds that germinate more rapidly may be favored in order to fill plant quotas. In this study, we investigated how the application of cold-moist stratification treatments with different durations can lead to differences in the genetic diversity of the propagated plant materials. Specifically, we exposed seeds of three Viola species to two different cold stratification durations, and then we analyzed the genetic diversity of the resulting subpopulations through double-digestion restriction site-associated sequencing (ddRADseq). Our results show that, in two out of three species, utilizing a short stratification period will decrease the genetic diversity of neutral and expressed loci, likely due to the imposition of a genetic bottleneck and artificial selection. We conclude that, in some species, the use of minimal stratification practices in production may jeopardize the adaptive potential and long-term persistence of reintroduced populations and suggest that practitioners carefully consider the evolutionary implications of their production protocols. We highlight the need to consider the germination ecology of target species when selecting the length of dormancy-breaking pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Diaz‐Martin
- Department of BiologySpelman CollegeAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Marcello De Vitis
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
- Southeastern Grasslands InstituteAustin Peay State UniversityClarksvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Kayri Havens
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Jeremie Fant
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
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2
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Earley TS, Feiner N, Alvarez MF, Coolon JD, Sultan SE. The relative impact of parental and current environment on plant transcriptomes depends on type of stress and genotype. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230824. [PMID: 37752834 PMCID: PMC10523085 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Through developmental plasticity, an individual organism integrates influences from its immediate environment with those due to the environment of its parents. While both effects on phenotypes are well documented, their relative impact has been little studied in natural systems, especially at the level of gene expression. We examined this issue in four genotypes of the annual plant Persicaria maculosa by varying two key resources-light and soil moisture-in both generations. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the relative effects of parent and offspring environment on gene expression (i.e. the number of differentially expressed transcripts, DETs) varied both for the two types of resource stress and among genotypes. For light, immediate environment induced more DETs than parental environment for all genotypes, although the precise proportion of parental versus immediate DETs varied among genotypes. By contrast, the relative effect of soil moisture varied dramatically among genotypes, from 8-fold more DETs due to parental than immediate conditions to 10-fold fewer. These findings provide evidence at the transcriptomic level that the relative impacts of parental and immediate environment on the developing organism may depend on the environmental factor and vary strongly among genotypes, providing potential for the interplay of these developmental influences to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Earley
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | | | - Mariano F. Alvarez
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Joseph D. Coolon
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Sonia E. Sultan
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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3
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Zacchello G, Bomers S, Böhme C, Postma FM, Ågren J. Seed dormancy varies widely among
Arabidopsis thaliana
populations both between and within Fennoscandia and Italy. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8670. [PMID: 35261752 PMCID: PMC8888264 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of germination is a key life‐history trait in plants, which is strongly affected by the strength of seed dormancy. Continental‐wide genetic variation in seed dormancy has been related to differences in climate and the timing of conditions suitable for seedling establishment. However, for predictions of adaptive potential and consequences of climatic change, information is needed regarding the extent to which seed dormancy varies within climatic regions and the factors driving such variation. We quantified dormancy of seeds produced by 17 Italian and 28 Fennoscandian populations of Arabidopsis thaliana when grown in the greenhouse and at two field sites in Italy and Sweden. To identify possible drivers of among‐population variation in seed dormancy, we examined the relationship between seed dormancy and climate at the site of population origin, and between seed dormancy and flowering time. Seed dormancy was on average stronger in the Italian compared to the Fennoscandian populations, but also varied widely within both regions. Estimates of seed dormancy in the three maternal environments were positively correlated. Among Fennoscandian populations, seed dormancy tended to increase with increasing summer temperature and decreasing precipitation at the site of population origin. In the smaller sample of Italian populations, no significant association was detected between mean seed dormancy and climate at the site of origin. The correlation between population mean seed dormancy and flowering time was weak and not statistically significant within regions. The correlation between seed dormancy and climatic factors in Fennoscandia suggests that at least some of the among‐population variation is adaptive and that climate change will affect selection on this trait. The weak correlation between population mean seed dormancy and flowering time indicates that the two traits can evolve independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zacchello
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics EBC Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Svenja Bomers
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics EBC Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Institute for Seed and Propagating Material, Phytosanitary Service and Apiculture Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Vienna Austria
| | - Cecilia Böhme
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics EBC Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Froukje M. Postma
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics EBC Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics EBC Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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4
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Perrot‐Dockès M, Lévy‐Leduc C, Rajjou L. Estimation of large block structured covariance matrices: Application to ‘multi‐omic’ approaches to study seed quality. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Lévy‐Leduc
- UMR MIA‐Paris AgroParisTech INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Paris France
| | - L. Rajjou
- Institut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin INRA AgroParisTech Université Paris‐Saclay Versailles France
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5
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Alvarez M, Bleich A, Donohue K. Genetic differences in the temporal and environmental stability of transgenerational environmental effects. Evolution 2021; 75:2773-2790. [PMID: 34586633 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environments influence the expression of phenotypes of individuals, their progeny, and even their grandprogeny. The duration of environmental effects and how they are modified by subsequent environments are predicted to be targets of natural selection in variable environments. However, little is known about the genetic basis of the temporal persistence of environmental effects and their stability of expression across subsequent environments, or even the extent to which natural genotypes differ in these attributes of environmental effects. We factorially manipulated the thermal environment experienced in three successive generations, to quantify the temporal persistence and environmental stability of temperature effects in contrasting genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that genotypes differed in the manner in which environmental effects dissipated across successive generations, the manner in which responses to ancestral environments were stably expressed in present environments, the manner in which ancestral environments altered responses to present environments, and in the manner in which ancestral environments altered fitness in present conditions. Genetic variation exists in nature for these trait-specific environmental responses, suggesting that the temporal persistence and stability of environmental effects in variable environments have the potential to evolve in response to natural selection imposed by different environments and sequences of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Bleich
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Kathleen Donohue
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
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6
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Abley K, Formosa-Jordan P, Tavares H, Chan EY, Afsharinafar M, Leyser O, Locke JC. An ABA-GA bistable switch can account for natural variation in the variability of Arabidopsis seed germination time. eLife 2021; 10:59485. [PMID: 34059197 PMCID: PMC8169117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically identical plants growing in the same conditions can display heterogeneous phenotypes. Here we use Arabidopsis seed germination time as a model system to examine phenotypic variability and its underlying mechanisms. We show extensive variation in seed germination time variability between Arabidopsis accessions and use a multiparent recombinant inbred population to identify two genetic loci involved in this trait. Both loci include genes implicated in modulating abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity. Mutually antagonistic regulation between ABA, which represses germination, and gibberellic acid (GA), which promotes germination, underlies the decision to germinate and can act as a bistable switch. A simple stochastic model of the ABA-GA network shows that modulating ABA sensitivity can generate the range of germination time distributions we observe experimentally. We validate the model by testing its predictions on the effects of exogenous hormone addition. Our work provides a foundation for understanding the mechanism and functional role of phenotypic variability in germination time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Abley
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pau Formosa-Jordan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Tavares
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Yt Chan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mana Afsharinafar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Cw Locke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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7
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Alvarez M, Bleich A, Donohue K. Genotypic variation in the persistence of transgenerational responses to seasonal cues. Evolution 2020; 74:2265-2280. [PMID: 32383475 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypes respond to environments experienced directly by an individual, via phenotypic plasticity, or to the environment experienced by ancestors, via transgenerational environmental effects. The adaptive value of environmental effects depends not only on the strength and direction of the induced response but also on how long the response persists within and across generations, and how stably it is expressed across environments that are encountered subsequently. Little is known about the genetic basis of those distinct components, or even whether they exhibit genetic variation. We tested for genetic differences in the inducibility, temporal persistence, and environmental stability of transgenerational environmental effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic variation existed in the inducibility of transgenerational effects on traits expressed across the life cycle. Surprisingly, the persistence of transgenerational effects into the third generation was uncorrelated with their induction in the second generation. Although environmental effects for some traits in some genotypes weakened over successive generations, others were stronger or even in the opposite direction in more distant generations. Therefore, transgenerational effects in more distant generations are not merely caused by the retention or dissipation of those expressed in prior generations, but they may be genetically independent traits with the potential to evolve independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Alvarez
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Andrew Bleich
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Kathleen Donohue
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
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8
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Renzi JP, Duchoslav M, Brus J, Hradilová I, Pechanec V, Václavek T, Machalová J, Hron K, Verdier J, Smýkal P. Physical Dormancy Release in Medicago truncatula Seeds Is Related to Environmental Variations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E503. [PMID: 32295289 PMCID: PMC7238229 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seed dormancy and timing of its release is an important developmental transition determining the survival of individuals, populations, and species in variable environments. Medicago truncatula was used as a model to study physical seed dormancy at the ecological and genetics level. The effect of alternating temperatures, as one of the causes releasing physical seed dormancy, was tested in 178 M. truncatula accessions over three years. Several coefficients of dormancy release were related to environmental variables. Dormancy varied greatly (4-100%) across accessions as well as year of experiment. We observed overall higher physical dormancy release under more alternating temperatures (35/15 °C) in comparison with less alternating ones (25/15 °C). Accessions from more arid climates released dormancy under higher experimental temperature alternations more than accessions originating from less arid environments. The plasticity of physical dormancy can probably distribute the germination through the year and act as a bet-hedging strategy in arid environments. On the other hand, a slight increase in physical dormancy was observed in accessions from environments with higher among-season temperature variation. Genome-wide association analysis identified 136 candidate genes related to secondary metabolite synthesis, hormone regulation, and modification of the cell wall. The activity of these genes might mediate seed coat permeability and, ultimately, imbibition and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Renzi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hilario Ascasubi 8142, Argentina;
| | - Martin Duchoslav
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Jan Brus
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Iveta Hradilová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Vilém Pechanec
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Tadeáš Václavek
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (J.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Jitka Machalová
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (J.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Karel Hron
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (J.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Jerome Verdier
- UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49070 Beaucouzé, France;
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (I.H.)
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9
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Colicchio JM, Herman J. Empirical patterns of environmental variation favor adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1648-1665. [PMID: 32076541 PMCID: PMC7029079 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of parental environment on offspring traits have been well known for decades. Interest in this transgenerational form of phenotypic plasticity has recently surged due to advances in our understanding of its mechanistic basis. Theoretical research has simultaneously advanced by predicting the environmental conditions that should favor the adaptive evolution of transgenerational plasticity. Yet whether such conditions actually exist in nature remains largely unexplored. Here, using long-term climate data, we modeled optimal levels of transgenerational plasticity for an organism with a one-year life cycle at a spatial resolution of 4 km2 across the continental United States. Both annual temperature and precipitation levels were often autocorrelated, but the strength and direction of these autocorrelations varied considerably even among nearby sites. When present, such environmental autocorrelations render offspring environments statistically predictable based on the parental environment, a key condition for the adaptive evolution of transgenerational plasticity. Results of our optimality models were consistent with this prediction: High levels of transgenerational plasticity were favored at sites with strong environmental autocorrelations, and little-to-no transgenerational plasticity was favored at sites with weak or nonexistent autocorrelations. These results are among the first to show that natural patterns of environmental variation favor the evolution of adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Furthermore, these findings suggest that transgenerational plasticity is likely variable in nature, depending on site-specific patterns of environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Colicchio
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Jacob Herman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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10
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Finch J, Walck JL, Hidayati SN, Kramer AT, Lason V, Havens K. Germination niche breadth varies inconsistently among three Asclepias congeners along a latitudinal gradient. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:425-438. [PMID: 29779252 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Species responses to climate change will be primarily driven by their environmental tolerance range, or niche breadth, with the expectation that broad niches will increase resilience. Niche breadth is expected to be larger in more heterogeneous environments and moderated by life history. Niche breadth also varies across life stages. Therefore, the life stage with the narrowest niche may serve as the best predictor of climatic vulnerability. To investigate the relationship between niche breadth, climate and life stage we identify germination niche breadth for dormant and non-dormant seeds in multiple populations of three milkweed (Asclepias) species. Complementary trials evaluated germination under conditions simulating historic and predicted future climate by varying cold-moist stratification temperature, length and incubation temperature. Germination niche breadth was derived from germination evenness across treatments (Levins Bn ), with stratified seeds considered less dormant than non-stratified seeds. Germination response varies significantly among species, populations and treatments. Cold-moist stratification ≥4 weeks (1-3 °C) followed by incubation at 25/15 °C+ achieves peak germination for most populations. Germination niche breadth significantly expands following stratification and interacts significantly with latitude of origin. Interestingly, two species display a positive relationship between niche breadth and latitude, while the third presents a concave quadratic relationship. Germination niche breadth significantly varies by species, latitude and population, suggesting an interaction between source climate, life history and site-specific factors. Results contribute to our understanding of inter- and intraspecific variation in germination, underscore the role of dormancy in germination niche breadth, and have implications for prioritising and conserving species under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Finch
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Deparment of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, USA
| | - J L Walck
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - S N Hidayati
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - A T Kramer
- Deparment of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, USA
| | - V Lason
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K Havens
- Deparment of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, USA
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11
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Hradilová I, Duchoslav M, Brus J, Pechanec V, Hýbl M, Kopecký P, Smržová L, Štefelová N, Vaclávek T, Bariotakis M, Machalová J, Hron K, Pirintsos S, Smýkal P. Variation in wild pea ( Pisum sativum subsp. elatius) seed dormancy and its relationship to the environment and seed coat traits. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6263. [PMID: 30656074 PMCID: PMC6336014 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed germination is one of the earliest key events in the plant life cycle. The timing of transition from seed to seedling is an important developmental stage determining the survival of individuals that influences the status of populations and species. Because of wide geographical distribution and occurrence in diverse habitats, wild pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius) offers an excellent model to study physical type of seed dormancy in an ecological context. This study addresses the gap in knowledge of association between the seed dormancy, seed properties and environmental factors, experimentally testing oscillating temperature as dormancy release clue. METHODS Seeds of 97 pea accessions were subjected to two germination treatments (oscillating temperatures of 25/15 °C and 35/15 °C) over 28 days. Germination pattern was described using B-spline coefficients that aggregate both final germination and germination speed. Relationships between germination pattern and environmental conditions at the site of origin (soil and bioclimatic variables extracted from WorldClim 2.0 and SoilGrids databases) were studied using principal component analysis, redundancy analysis and ecological niche modelling. Seeds were analyzed for the seed coat thickness, seed morphology, weight and content of proanthocyanidins (PA). RESULTS Seed total germination ranged from 0% to 100%. Cluster analysis of germination patterns of seeds under two temperature treatments differentiated the accessions into three groups: (1) non-dormant (28 accessions, mean germination of 92%), (2) dormant at both treatments (29 acc., 15%) and (3) responsive to increasing temperature range (41 acc., with germination change from 15 to 80%). Seed coat thickness differed between groups with dormant and responsive accessions having thicker testa (median 138 and 140 µm) than non-dormant ones (median 84 mm). The total PA content showed to be higher in the seed coat of dormant (mean 2.18 mg g-1) than those of non-dormant (mean 1.77 mg g-1) and responsive accessions (mean 1.87 mg g-1). Each soil and bioclimatic variable and also germination responsivity (representing synthetic variable characterizing germination pattern of seeds) was spatially clustered. However, only one environmental variable (BIO7, i.e., annual temperature range) was significantly related to germination responsivity. Non-dormant and responsive accessions covered almost whole range of BIO7 while dormant accessions are found in the environment with higher annual temperature, smaller temperature variation, seasonality and milder winter. Ecological niche modelling showed a more localized potential distribution of dormant group. Seed dormancy in the wild pea might be part of a bet-hedging mechanism for areas of the Mediterranean basin with more unpredictable water availability in an otherwise seasonal environment. This study provides the framework for analysis of environmental aspects of physical seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Hradilová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Duchoslav
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brus
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Pechanec
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hýbl
- The Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopecký
- The Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smržová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Štefelová
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeáš Vaclávek
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bariotakis
- Department of Biology and Botanical Garden, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jitka Machalová
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Hron
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stergios Pirintsos
- Department of Biology and Botanical Garden, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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12
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Hradilová I, Duchoslav M, Brus J, Pechanec V, Hýbl M, Kopecký P, Smržová L, Štefelová N, Vaclávek T, Bariotakis M, Machalová J, Hron K, Pirintsos S, Smýkal P. Variation in wild pea ( Pisum sativum subsp. elatius) seed dormancy and its relationship to the environment and seed coat traits. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6263. [PMID: 30656074 DOI: 10.7717/peerj6263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed germination is one of the earliest key events in the plant life cycle. The timing of transition from seed to seedling is an important developmental stage determining the survival of individuals that influences the status of populations and species. Because of wide geographical distribution and occurrence in diverse habitats, wild pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius) offers an excellent model to study physical type of seed dormancy in an ecological context. This study addresses the gap in knowledge of association between the seed dormancy, seed properties and environmental factors, experimentally testing oscillating temperature as dormancy release clue. METHODS Seeds of 97 pea accessions were subjected to two germination treatments (oscillating temperatures of 25/15 °C and 35/15 °C) over 28 days. Germination pattern was described using B-spline coefficients that aggregate both final germination and germination speed. Relationships between germination pattern and environmental conditions at the site of origin (soil and bioclimatic variables extracted from WorldClim 2.0 and SoilGrids databases) were studied using principal component analysis, redundancy analysis and ecological niche modelling. Seeds were analyzed for the seed coat thickness, seed morphology, weight and content of proanthocyanidins (PA). RESULTS Seed total germination ranged from 0% to 100%. Cluster analysis of germination patterns of seeds under two temperature treatments differentiated the accessions into three groups: (1) non-dormant (28 accessions, mean germination of 92%), (2) dormant at both treatments (29 acc., 15%) and (3) responsive to increasing temperature range (41 acc., with germination change from 15 to 80%). Seed coat thickness differed between groups with dormant and responsive accessions having thicker testa (median 138 and 140 µm) than non-dormant ones (median 84 mm). The total PA content showed to be higher in the seed coat of dormant (mean 2.18 mg g-1) than those of non-dormant (mean 1.77 mg g-1) and responsive accessions (mean 1.87 mg g-1). Each soil and bioclimatic variable and also germination responsivity (representing synthetic variable characterizing germination pattern of seeds) was spatially clustered. However, only one environmental variable (BIO7, i.e., annual temperature range) was significantly related to germination responsivity. Non-dormant and responsive accessions covered almost whole range of BIO7 while dormant accessions are found in the environment with higher annual temperature, smaller temperature variation, seasonality and milder winter. Ecological niche modelling showed a more localized potential distribution of dormant group. Seed dormancy in the wild pea might be part of a bet-hedging mechanism for areas of the Mediterranean basin with more unpredictable water availability in an otherwise seasonal environment. This study provides the framework for analysis of environmental aspects of physical seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Hradilová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Duchoslav
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brus
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Pechanec
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hýbl
- The Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopecký
- The Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smržová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Štefelová
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeáš Vaclávek
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bariotakis
- Department of Biology and Botanical Garden, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jitka Machalová
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Hron
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stergios Pirintsos
- Department of Biology and Botanical Garden, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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