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Ndobeni TN, Magwedere K, Qekwana DN. Prevalence of Salmonella species and factors associated with contamination of mechanically recovered poultry meat imported into South Africa, 2016-2017. Vet World 2023; 16:2236-2243. [PMID: 38152258 PMCID: PMC10750738 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2236-2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Mechanically recovered meat (MRM) products have been linked to outbreaks of human salmonellosis. However, no studies have investigated the prevalence of Salmonella species in MRM products in South Africa despite the products being imported. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Salmonella spp. contamination of mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM) imported into South Africa. Materials and Methods This study used secondary data of MRPM consignments imported through a port entry into South Africa from May 2016 to December 2017. Crude and factor-specific proportions of Salmonella positive MRPM and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association among country, season, importer, year, and MRPM Salmonella status. Results A total of 8127 MRPM consignments were imported. Seventeen percentages (17.18%, 985/5733) of consignments tested positive for Salmonella species and only 364 isolates were serotyped. Salmonella Heidelberg (73.90%, 269/364) was the most common serotype followed by Salmonella Infantis (6.59%, 24/364), Salmonella Salamae (4.67%, 17/364), and Salmonella Schwarzengrund (3.57%, 13/364). The odds of a consignment testing positive for Salmonella spp. was higher among consignments from country-B (Odds Ratio [OR]: 3.958, p < 0.0001) compared to "All others." The odds of testing positive for Salmonella were also higher among consignments imported in autumn (OR: 1.488, p < 0.0001) but lower among those imported in spring (OR: 0.767, p = 0.0004) and summer (OR: 0.843, p < 0.0001) when compared to the winter season. Consignments imported in 2016 compared to 2017 were 1.563 times (p < 0.0001) as likely to test positive for a Salmonella species. Conclusion Salmonella species were reported in MRPM consignments in this study with Salmonella Heidelberg being the most common serotype. Furthermore, some Salmonella serotypes reported in this study have been implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks. Country of origin, season, and year of importation were significantly associated with the odds of a consignment testing positive for Salmonella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandile Nwabisa Ndobeni
- Section of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Land Reform and Rural Development, South Africa
| | - Daniel Nenene Qekwana
- Section of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Wang Z, Tang W, Sun Z, Liu F, Wang D. Preparation and characterization of a novel absorbent pad based on polyvinyl alcohol/gellan gum/citric acid with incorporated Perilla leaf oil nanoemulsion for chilled chicken packaging. Food Chem 2023; 427:136688. [PMID: 37385065 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel absorbent pad based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/gellan gum/citric acid (CA) composite with incorporated Perilla leaf oil (PO) nanoemulsion was prepared and characterized. The esterification between PVA and CA and strong hydrogen bonds were detected. The PVA improved the tensile strength and elongation at break by 110% and 73%, respectively, whereas PO concentration ≤ 1.5 % (w/v) had little effect on the material properties. The CA and PO nanoemulsion loaded in the pads showed good antioxidant activity, and the pads with PO concentration ≥ 1.5 % (w/v) had effective antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of chilled chicken storage experiments indicated that the pad with 1.5% (w/v) PO nanoemulsion extended the shelf life of chicken to at least 9 days, demonstrating that the developed absorbent pads are potential materials for chilled chicken storage packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaitian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenxiang Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhilan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Daoying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China.
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3
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Effect of chitosan coating incorporated with oregano essential oil on microbial inactivation and quality properties of refrigerated chicken breasts. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Mladenović KG, Grujović MŽ, Kiš M, Furmeg S, Tkalec VJ, Stefanović OD, Kocić-Tanackov SD. Enterobacteriaceae in food safety with an emphasis on raw milk and meat. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8615-8627. [PMID: 34731280 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in traditional dairy (such as raw milk cheeses) and meat products, in recent years. However, these products are suitable and nutrient medium and may be easily contaminated by microorganisms such as Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacteriaceae are considered to be the indicator bacteria for microbiological quality of food and hygiene status of a production process. Additionally, the food contaminated by Enterobacteriaceae poses a microbiological risk for consumers. In fact, the contamination of raw milk and meat by Enterobacteriaceae amid manufacturing may easily occur from various environmental sources, and this group of bacteria is frequently detected in dairy and meat products. Therefore, monitoring the microbiological quality of the used raw material and maintaining high standards of hygiene in the production process are mandatory for a high quality of traditional products and the safety of the potential consumers. The goal of this review is to present the most recent survey on Enterobacteriaceae growth, number, and distribution in raw milk cheeses and meat, as well as to discuss the sources of contamination and methods of control. KEY POINTS: • Enterobacteriaceae: role and importance in milk and meat products, EU legal regulations • Dynamics, distribution, and survival of Enterobacteriaceae in milk and meat • Mechanisms of control of Enterobacteriaceae in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Mladenović
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia. .,Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, JovanaCvijica Bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia.
| | - M Ž Grujović
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia.,Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, JovanaCvijica Bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia
| | - M Kiš
- Laboratory for Food and Feed Microbiology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Zakmardijeva 10, 48260, Križevci, Croatia
| | - S Furmeg
- Laboratory for Food and Feed Microbiology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Zakmardijeva 10, 48260, Križevci, Croatia
| | - V Jaki Tkalec
- Laboratory for Food and Feed Microbiology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Zakmardijeva 10, 48260, Križevci, Croatia
| | - O D Stefanović
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia
| | - S D Kocić-Tanackov
- Faculty of Technology, University in Novi Sad, Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
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Sebsibe MA, Asfaw ET. Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Meat and Swab Samples of Various Contact Surfaces at Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest District of Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3853-3862. [PMID: 33149630 PMCID: PMC7603648 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s277890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raw meat is one of the commonly consumed traditional diets in Ethiopia. However, unhygienic processing and distribution practices are risky for contamination of meat leading to human infection. This study was conducted to assess the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli with special emphasis on E. coli O157:H7 from meat of cattle and swab samples at abattoir houses and butcher shops in Jimma town, Southwest district of Ethiopia. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to July, 2018. The isolation and identification processes passed through enrichment of samples with modified tryptone soy broth (mTSB), streaked onto MacConkey agar and Cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, biochemical testing (indole and TSI), followed by latex agglutination testing. Results Out of 505 samples, 102 (20.2%) and 27 (5.4%) were positive for E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Of these, 55 (19.3%) and 47 (21.4%) of E. coli and 17 (6.0%) and 10 (4.5%) of E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from the abattoir and butcher shop samples, respectively. A significant difference in the occurrences was observed among sample sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that, 92.2% to 96.1% of E. coli and 85.5% to 96.3% of E. coli O157:H7 were susceptible to third generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. About 91.2% and 97.1% of E. coli and 88.9% and 92.6% of E. coli 0157:H7 were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, respectively. A total of 57 (44.2%) E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. All abattoir and butcher shop workers did not have any formal education or training certificates on food safety, and unhygienic practices were also observed. Conclusion The presence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 including multi-drug resistant isolates in raw meat highlights how the current meat processing and distribution practice was unhygienic. Therefore, strategies in the prevention and control of food-borne infections that could be caused by multi-drug resistant strains will depend greatly on hygienic processing and distribution practices of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyob Tekalign Asfaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
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Anihouvi DGH, Kpoclou YE, Assogba MF, Iko Afé OH, Lègba G, Scippo M, Hounhouigan DJ, Anihouvi VB, Mahillon J. Microbial contamination associated with the processing of grilled pork, a ready‐to‐eat street food in Benin. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dona G. H. Anihouvi
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Yénoukounmè E. Kpoclou
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Mahunan F. Assogba
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Ogouyôm H. Iko Afé
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Gertrude Lègba
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Marie‐Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Djidjoho J. Hounhouigan
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Victor B. Anihouvi
- Laboratory of Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agronomic SciencesUniversity of Abomey‐Calavi Abomey‐Calavi Benin
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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Hachemi A, Zenia S, Denia MF, Guessoum M, Hachemi MM, Ait-Oudhia K. Epidemiological study of sausage in Algeria: Prevalence, quality assessment, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and the risk factors associated with consumer habits affecting foodborne poisoning. Vet World 2019; 12:1240-1250. [PMID: 31641303 PMCID: PMC6755385 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1240-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The first aim was to assess the quality and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus contamination of raw sausage sold in ten municipalities in the Northeast of Algeria. Second, a consumer sausage purchasing survey was designed to investigate potential risk factors that have a significant association with the occurrence of foodborne poisoning among sausage consumers’ behavior and its relationship with independent variables. Materials and Methods: A total of 230 butcheries from ten departments (Daira) of Algiers with more than 40 municipalities were included randomly in these studies to collect raw sausage samples and to distribute 700 structured questionnaires to meat consumers. Our two studies were conducted at the same time, between June 2016 and April 2018. Sausage samples were taken once per butchery to estimate the prevalence of S. aureus contamination and therefore deduct the quality assessment of raw sausage (Merguez) sold in Algiers, Algeria. All isolated strains were tested for their antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, questionnaires were distributed and used to collect information on various aspects of sausage consumption and foodborne disease. The data collected were analyzed with different statistical approaches, such as the Chi-square test and the odds ratio (OR) univariable logistic model. All the risk factors were analyzed by studying their association with the occurrence of consumers who claimed to have food poisoning after consuming sausage. Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus contamination from sausages was 25.22% (n=58/230). Over 83.33% of strains showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested. The most important was for tetracycline (58%) followed by fosfomycin (33%), penicillin G (25%), and oxacillin (36%). Moreover, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index include 20 profiles with MAR >0.2. Out of the 440 meat consumers, 22.16% revealed having food poisoning after sausage consumption. The risk factors recorded were: Consumption outside of home (24.30%, OR=1.769, p=0.040), during the summer season (24.30%, OR=1.159) and during lunch (26.50%, OR=1.421). Conclusion: Our study highlights a high prevalence of S. aureus contamination in Merguez, especially in some departments of Algiers, and the high multidrug resistance of S. aureus isolates against tetracycline and oxacillin; thus, S. aureus contamination in sausage is considered a potential risk to public health. Therefore, to reduce and prevent the spread of resistant strains, robust management and monitoring of antibiotic use should be established. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the sanitation conditions and education regarding personal hygiene and change certain consumption habits of Algerian consumers to ensure food safety. Finally, it can be concluded that the application of the HACCP system is essential either in butcheries producing sausage and/or slaughterhouses. From this perspective, studies might be performed to characterize Staphylococcus spp and S. aureus to investigate their virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Hachemi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Safia Zenia
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources (GRAAL), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Fatih Denia
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Beraki Road, BP 71, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meryem Guessoum
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources (GRAAL), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | | | - Khatima Ait-Oudhia
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
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Proal A, Marshall T. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:373. [PMID: 30564562 PMCID: PMC6288442 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The illness ME/CFS has been repeatedly tied to infectious agents such as Epstein Barr Virus. Expanding research on the human microbiome now allows ME/CFS-associated pathogens to be studied as interacting members of human microbiome communities. Humans harbor these vast ecosystems of bacteria, viruses and fungi in nearly all tissue and blood. Most well-studied inflammatory conditions are tied to dysbiosis or imbalance of the human microbiome. While gut microbiome dysbiosis has been identified in ME/CFS, microbes and viruses outside the gut can also contribute to the illness. Pathobionts, and their associated proteins/metabolites, often control human metabolism and gene expression in a manner that pushes the body toward a state of illness. Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. Molecular mimicry between host and pathogen proteins/metabolites further complicates this interference. Other human pathogens disable mitochondria or dysregulate host nervous system signaling. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to these persistent microbiome pathogens. Different human pathogens have evolved similar survival mechanisms to disable the host immune response and host metabolic pathways. The metabolic dysfunction driven by these organisms can result in similar clusters of inflammatory symptoms. ME/CFS may be driven by this pathogen-induced dysfunction, with the nature of dysbiosis and symptom presentation varying based on a patient's unique infectious and environmental history. Under such conditions, patients would benefit from treatments that support the human immune system in an effort to reverse the infectious disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Proal
- Autoimmunity Research Foundation, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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Müller A, Jansen W, Grabowski NT, Kehrenberg C. Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovars recovered from meat products legally and illegally imported into the EU reveals the presence of multiresistant and AmpC-producing isolates. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:40. [PMID: 30258498 PMCID: PMC6151051 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food products of animal origin brought into the EU from third countries, both legally and illegally, can harbor foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. In this study, we examined five S. enterica isolates recovered either from legally imported chicken meat (n = 3) or from meat products confiscated from air travel passengers arriving in Germany (n = 2). The isolates were serotyped and further characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-detection and sequencing of genes associated with antimicrobial resistances, and macrorestriction analysis. Transferability of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was assessed by conjugation experiments and the plasmids tested for their incompatibility groups. RESULTS The three isolates from legal imports were identified as S. Heidelberg or as non-flagellated. All three isolates were identified as AmpC producers carrying bla CMY-2 and as non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin. They were additionally resistant to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. The bla CMY-2-carrying plasmids were transferable by conjugation and belonged to incompatibility groups IncI1 or IncA/C. The two isolates from illegally imported meat belonged to the serovars Infantis or Weltevreden. The former was phenotypically resistant to five classes of antimicrobial agents while the S. Weltevreden isolate was fully susceptible to all agents tested. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that meat products imported from third countries, both legally and illegally, can harbor multiresistant Salmonella enterica. Consequently, these imports could constitute a source for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant isolates, including those resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Müller
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Jansen
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Nils Th. Grabowski
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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