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Pazos-Rojas LA, Cuellar-Sánchez A, Romero-Cerón AL, Rivera-Urbalejo A, Van Dillewijn P, Luna-Vital DA, Muñoz-Rojas J, Morales-García YE, Bustillos-Cristales MDR. The Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) State, a Poorly Explored Aspect of Beneficial Bacteria. Microorganisms 2023; 12:39. [PMID: 38257865 PMCID: PMC10818521 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria have the ability to survive in challenging environments; however, they cannot all grow on standard culture media, a phenomenon known as the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Bacteria commonly enter the VBNC state under nutrient-poor environments or under stressful conditions. This review explores the concept of the VBNC state, providing insights into the beneficial bacteria known to employ this strategy. The investigation covers different chemical and physical factors that can induce the latency state, cell features, and gene expression observed in cells in the VBNC state. The review also covers the significance and applications of beneficial bacteria, methods of evaluating bacterial viability, the ability of bacteria to persist in environments associated with higher organisms, and the factors that facilitate the return to the culturable state. Knowledge about beneficial bacteria capable of entering the VBNC state remains limited; however, beneficial bacteria in this state could face adverse environmental conditions and return to a culturable state when the conditions become suitable and continue to exert their beneficial effects. Likewise, this unique feature positions them as potential candidates for healthcare applications, such as the use of probiotic bacteria to enhance human health, applications in industrial microbiology for the production of prebiotics and functional foods, and in the beer and wine industry. Moreover, their use in formulations to increase crop yields and for bacterial bioremediation offers an alternative pathway to harness their beneficial attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abisaí Pazos-Rojas
- Faculty of Stomatology, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico; (L.A.P.-R.); (A.R.-U.)
- Monterrey Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (A.C.-S.); (A.L.R.-C.); (D.A.L.-V.)
| | - Alma Cuellar-Sánchez
- Monterrey Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (A.C.-S.); (A.L.R.-C.); (D.A.L.-V.)
| | - Ana Laura Romero-Cerón
- Monterrey Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (A.C.-S.); (A.L.R.-C.); (D.A.L.-V.)
| | - América Rivera-Urbalejo
- Faculty of Stomatology, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico; (L.A.P.-R.); (A.R.-U.)
| | - Pieter Van Dillewijn
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - Diego Armando Luna-Vital
- Monterrey Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64700, Mexico; (A.C.-S.); (A.L.R.-C.); (D.A.L.-V.)
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Rojas
- Ecology and Survival of Microorganisms Group, Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Ecology (LEMM), Center for Research in Microbiological Sciences, Institute of Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Yolanda Elizabeth Morales-García
- Ecology and Survival of Microorganisms Group, Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Ecology (LEMM), Center for Research in Microbiological Sciences, Institute of Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico;
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - María del Rocío Bustillos-Cristales
- Ecology and Survival of Microorganisms Group, Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Ecology (LEMM), Center for Research in Microbiological Sciences, Institute of Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72570, Mexico;
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2
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Kiepś J, Juzwa W, Dembczyński R. Imaging Flow Cytometry Demonstrates Physiological and Morphological Diversity within Treated Probiotic Bacteria Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076841. [PMID: 37047813 PMCID: PMC10095186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria can be introduced to stresses during the culturing phase as an alternative to the use of protectants and coating substances during drying. Accurate enumeration of the bacterial count in a probiotic formulation can be provided using imaging flow cytometry (IFC). IFC overcomes the weak points of conventional, commonly used flow cytometry by combining its statistical power with the imaging content of microscopy in one system. Traditional flow cytometers only collect the fluorescence signal intensities, while IFC provides many more steps as it correlates the data on the measured parameters of fluorescence light with digitally processed images of the analyzed cells. As an alternative to standard methods (plate cell counts and traditional flow cytometry) IFC provides additional insight into the physiology and morphology of the cell. The use of complementary dyes (RedoxSensorTM Green and propidium iodide) allows for the designation of groups based on their metabolic activity and membrane damage. Additionally, cell sorting is incorporated to assess each group in terms of growth on different media (MRS-Agar and MRS broth). Results show that the groups with intermediate metabolic activity and some degree of cellular damage correspond with the description of viable but nonculturable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kiepś
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Juzwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
| | - Radosław Dembczyński
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Ma X, Wang L, Dai L, Kwok LY, Bao Q. Rapid Detection of the Activity of Lacticaseibacillus Casei Zhang by Flow Cytometry. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061208. [PMID: 36981135 PMCID: PMC10048587 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Food processing, e.g., freeze-drying, exerts strong pressure on bacteria in the food matrix, decreasing their viability/activity and even forcing them to become viable but unculturable (VBNC), which are often underestimated by traditional plate count. The strict standards of bacterial viability in probiotic products require accurate cell viability/activity enumeration. We developed a staining (5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimide ester, propidium iodide)-based flow cytometry rapid method for detecting the viability/activity of Lacticaseibacillus (Lb.) casei Zhang, a widely used probiotic in the dairy industry in China. We optimized the procedural and instrumental parameters for generating results comparable to that of standard plate counts. This method was also applied to freeze-dried Lb. casei Zhang, yielding 7.7 × 1011 CFU/g, which was non-significantly higher than the results obtained by plate count (6.4 × 1011 CFU/g), possibly due to the detection of VBNC cells in the freeze-dried powder. We anticipated that this method can be used for detecting lactic acid bacteria in other probiotic food/beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lixia Dai
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Qiuhua Bao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-47-1430-0591; Fax: +86-47-1430-5357
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Yammine J, Chihib NE, Gharsallaoui A, Dumas E, Ismail A, Karam L. Essential oils and their active components applied as: free, encapsulated and in hurdle technology to fight microbial contaminations. A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12472. [PMID: 36590515 PMCID: PMC9798198 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial contaminations are responsible for many chronic, healthcare, persistent microbial infections and illnesses in the food sector, therefore their control is an important public health challenge. Over the past few years, essential oils (EOs) have emerged as interesting alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials as they are biodegradable, extracted from natural sources and potent antimicrobials. Through their multiple mechanisms of actions and target sites, no microbial resistance has been developed against them till present. Although extensive documentation has been reported on the antimicrobial activity of EOs, comparisons between the use of whole EOs or their active components alone for an antimicrobial treatment are less abundant. It is also essential to have a good knowledge about EOs to be used as alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial products such as chemical disinfectants. Moreover, it is important to focus not only on planktonic vegetative microorganisms, but to study also the effect on more resistant forms like spores and biofilms. The present article reviews the current knowledge on the mechanisms of antimicrobial activities of EOs and their active components on microorganisms in different forms. Additionally, in this review, the ultimate advantages of encapsulating EOs or combining them with other hurdles for enhanced antimicrobial treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Yammine
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France,Plateforme de Recherches et d’Analyses en Sciences de l’Environnement (PRASE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Dumas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ali Ismail
- Plateforme de Recherches et d’Analyses en Sciences de l’Environnement (PRASE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar,Corresponding author.
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5
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Biermann R, Niemeyer L, Rösner L, Ude C, Lindner P, Bice I, Beutel S. Facilitated endospore detection for
Bacillus
spp. through automated algorithm‐based image processing. Eng Life Sci 2021; 22:299-307. [PMID: 35382541 PMCID: PMC8961035 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus spp. endospores are important dormant cell forms and are distributed widely in environmental samples. While these endospores can have important industrial value (e.g. use in animal feed as probiotics), they can also be pathogenic for humans and animals, emphasizing the need for effective endospore detection. Standard spore detection by colony forming units (CFU) is time‐consuming, elaborate and prone to error. Manual spore detection by spore count in cell counting chambers via phase‐contrast microscopy is less time‐consuming. However, it requires a trained person to conduct. Thus, the development of a facilitated spore detection tool is necessary. This work presents two alternative quantification methods: first, a colorimetric assay for detecting the biomarker dipicolinic acid (DPA) adapted to modern needs and applied for Bacillus spp. and second, a model‐based automated spore detection algorithm for spore count in phase‐contrast microscopic pictures. This automated spore count tool advances manual spore detection in cell counting chambers, and does not require human overview after sample preparation. In conclusion, this developed model detected various Bacillus spp. endospores with a correctness of 85–89%, and allows an automation and time‐saving of Bacillus endospore detection. In the laboratory routine, endospore detection and counting was achieved within 5–10 min, compared to up to 48 h with conventional methods. The DPA‐assay on the other hand enabled very accurate spore detection by simple colorimetric measurement and can thus be applied as a reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Biermann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Laura Niemeyer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Laura Rösner
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Christian Ude
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Patrick Lindner
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Ismet Bice
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Biochem Zusatzstoffe Handels‐ und Produktionsgesellschaft mbH Lohne Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
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6
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Fusco V, Fanelli F, Chieffi D. Authenticity of probiotic foods and dietary supplements: A pivotal issue to address. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6854-6871. [PMID: 33819118 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1907300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The market of probiotic foods and supplements is growing rapidly but frequently the commercialized products are not compliant with their labels in terms of claimed probiotic strain(s) and labeled number of viable probiotic cells, thus mining the authenticity of these probiotic products.In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of: (i) the current regulatory aspects, (ii) the consistency of probiotic foods and supplements with their labels, (iii) the implications of mislabeling on the quality, safety and functionality of these products and (iv) the available and most promising methods to assess the authenticity of these products, taking into account the need to discriminate among the different physiological states probiotics might be in the carrier matrices. It arises that authenticity of probiotic foods and supplements is an urgent issue, of industrial and legislation relevance, that need to be addressed. A plethora of methods are available to reach this goal, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Protocols that combine the use of propidium monoazide (PMA) with metagenomics or polyphasic approaches including the PMA real time PCR or flow cytometry (for the viability assessment) and the whole genome sequence analysis (for the identification and typing of the probiotic strain) are the most promising that should be standardized and used by producers and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
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7
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McEvoy B, Lynch M, Rowan NJ. Opportunities for the application of real-time bacterial cell analysis using flow cytometry for the advancement of sterilization microbiology. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1794-1812. [PMID: 33155740 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Medical devices provide critical care and diagnostic applications through patient contact. Sterility assurance level (SAL) may be defined as the probability of a single viable micro-organism occurring on an item after a sterilization process. Sterilization microbiology often relies upon using an overkill validation method where a 12-log reduction in recalcitrant bacterial endospore population occurs during the process that exploits conventional laboratory-based culture media for enumeration. This timely review explores key assumptions underpinning use of conventional culture-based methods in sterilization microbiology. Consideration is given to how such methods may limit the ability to fully appreciate the inactivation kinetics of a sterilization process such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VH2O2) sterilization, and consequently design efficient sterilization processes. Specific use of the real-time flow cytometry (FCM) is described by way of elucidating the practical relevance of these limitation factors with implications and opportunities for the sterilization industry discussed. Application of FCM to address these culture-based limitation factors will inform real-time kinetic inactivation modelling and unlock potential to embrace emerging opportunities for pharma, medical device and sterilization industries including potentially disruptive applications that may involve reduced usage of sterilant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McEvoy
- STERIS Applied Sterilization Technologies, IDA Business and Technology Park, Tullamore, Ireland
| | - M Lynch
- Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - N J Rowan
- Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
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8
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Pascoe J, Hendon-Dunn CL, Birch CP, Williams GA, Chambers MA, Bacon J. Optimisation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Fermentation and Storage Survival. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090900. [PMID: 32971826 PMCID: PMC7558299 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (M. bovis BCG) was generated over a century ago for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is one the oldest vaccines still in use. The BCG vaccine is currently produced using a pellicle growth method, which is a complex and lengthy process that has been challenging to standardise. Fermentation for BCG vaccine production would reduce the complexity associated with pellicle growth and increase batch to batch reproducibility. This more standardised growth lends itself to quantification of the total number of bacilli in the BCG vaccine by alternative approaches, such as flow cytometry, which can also provide information about the metabolic status of the bacterial population. The aim of the work reported here was to determine which batch fermentation conditions and storage conditions give the most favourable outcomes in terms of the yield and stability of live M. bovis BCG Danish bacilli. We compared different media and assessed growth over time in culture, using total viable counts, total bacterial counts, and turbidity throughout culture. We applied fluorescent viability dyes and flow cytometry to measure real-time within-culture viability. Culture samples were stored in different cryoprotectants at different temperatures to assess the effect of these combined conditions on bacterial titres. Roisin’s minimal medium and Middlebrook 7H9 medium gave comparable, high titres in fermenters. Flow cytometry proved to be a useful tool for enumeration of total bacterial counts and in the assessment of within-culture cell viability and cell death. Of the cryoprotectants evaluated, 5% (v/v) DMSO showed the most significant positive effect on survival and reduced the negative effects of low temperature storage on M. bovis BCG Danish viability. In conclusion, we have shown a reproducible, more standardised approach for the production, evaluation, and storage of high titre, viable, BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Pascoe
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
| | - Charlotte L. Hendon-Dunn
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
| | - Colin P.D. Birch
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (G.A.W.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (G.A.W.); (M.A.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Joanna Bacon
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Fiore W, Arioli S, Guglielmetti S. The Neglected Microbial Components of Commercial Probiotic Formulations. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081177. [PMID: 32756409 PMCID: PMC7464440 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Producers of probiotic products are legally required to indicate on the label only the minimum numbers of viable microorganisms at the end of shelf life expressed as colony-forming units (CFUs). Label specifications, however, describe only a fraction of the actual microbiological content of a probiotic formulation. This paper describes the microbiological components of a probiotic product that are not mentioned on the label, such as the actual number of CFUs, the presence of viable cells that cannot generate colonies on agar plates, and the abundance of dead cells. These “hidden” microbial fractions in probiotic products, the abundance of which may change during the shelf life, can promote biological responses in the host. Therefore, they should not be ignored because they may influence the efficacy and can be relevant for immunocompromised or fragile consumers. In conclusion, we propose the minimum requirements for microbiological characterization of probiotic products to be adopted for label specifications and clinical studies.
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10
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Wang A, Lin J, Zhong Q. Probiotic powders prepared by mixing suspension of Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514 and spray-dried lactose: Physical and microbiological properties. Food Res Int 2019; 127:108706. [PMID: 31882097 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of powdered probiotics is important for storage and application. In this work, a novel method to prepare powdered probiotic ingredients was studied by mixing a Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514 suspension with amorphous spray-dried lactose at suspension: lactose (v:w) ratios (SLR) of 1:5, 1:15, and 1:25. The simple procedure resulted in lactose-probiotics powders (LPPs) with greater probiotic viability initially and during subsequent 6-month storage at a smaller SLR. In LPPs with SLRs of 1:5 and 1:15, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results indicated the formation of lactose crystals, and BacLight® assay suggested the significantly lowered membrane integrity of probiotics due to hypertonic pressure of lactose dissolved in excessive water. A viable but non-culturable state of L. salivarius in LPPs may exist based on the BacLight® and CTC reduction assays. The present study may provide a novel approach to prepare powdered probiotic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Qixin Zhong
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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11
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Dong K, Pan H, Yang D, Rao L, Zhao L, Wang Y, Liao X. Induction, detection, formation, and resuscitation of viable but non‐culturable state microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:149-183. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Hanxu Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Lei Rao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
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12
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McEvoy B, Rowan NJ. Terminal sterilization of medical devices using vaporized hydrogen peroxide: a review of current methods and emerging opportunities. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1403-1420. [PMID: 31410952 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Medical devices are an important and growing aspect of healthcare provision and are increasing in complexity to meet established and emerging patient needs. Terminal sterilization plays a vital role in the provision of safe medical devices. While terminal sterilization technologies for medical devices include multiple radiation options, ethylene oxide remains the predominant nonthermal gaseous option, sterilizing c. 50% of all manufactured devices. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (abbreviated VH2O2 by the International Organization for Standardization) is currently deployed for clinical sterilization applications, where its performance characteristics appear aligned to requirements, constituting a viable alternative low-temperature process for terminal processing of medical devices. However, VH2O2 has operational limitations that create technical challenges for industrial-scale adoption. This timely review provides a succinct overview of VH2O2 in gaseous sterilization and addresses its applicability for terminal sterilization of medical devices. It also describes underappreciated factors such as the occurrence of nonlinear microbial inactivation kinetic plots that may dictate a need to develop a new standard approach to validate VH2O2 for terminal sterilization of medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McEvoy
- STERIS Applied Sterilization Technologies, IDA Business and Technology Park, Tullamore, Ireland
| | - N J Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
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