1
|
Runswick OR, Rawlinson A, Allen PM, Sharpe BT, Pocock C, Datson N, Birch P, Bruce R, Mann DL. The effects of simulated vision impairment on performance in football. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1410-1422. [PMID: 37877884 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2273093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Footballers with vision impairment (VI) are eligible to compete in the Para sport if they meet a minimum impairment criteria (MIC) based on measures of their visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field. Despite the requirements of the International Paralympic Committee Athlete Classification Code that each sport uses an evidence-based classification system, VI football continues to use a medical-based system that lacks evidence to demonstrate the relationship between impairment and performance in the sport. The aim of this study was to systematically simulate vision loss to establish the minimum level of impairment that would affect performance in futsal. Nineteen skilled sighted players completed tests of individual technical skill and anticipation performance under six levels of simulated blur that decreased both VA and contrast sensitivity (CS). VA needed to be reduced to a level of acuity that represents worse vision than that currently used for inclusion in VI football before meaningful decreases in performance were observed. CS did not have a clear effect on football performance. These findings produce the first evidence for the minimum impairment criteria in VI football and suggest a more severe degree of impairment may be required for the MIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Runswick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Alexander Rawlinson
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Institute of Psychology, Business and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Eye Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin T Sharpe
- Institute of Psychology, Business and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Chris Pocock
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Phil Birch
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Richard Bruce
- Centre for Applied Human and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - David L Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anderson DE, Bader JP, Boes EA, Gagrani M, Smith LM, Ndulue JK, Kedar S, Gulati V, Ghate DA, Rizzo M. Glaucomatous visual fields and neurocognitive function are independently associated with poor lane maintenance during driving simulation. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:419. [PMID: 33081721 PMCID: PMC7574483 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driving simulators are a safe alternative to on-road vehicles for studying driving behavior in glaucoma drivers. Visual field (VF) loss severity is associated with higher driving simulator crash risk, though mechanisms explaining this relationship remain unknown. Furthermore, associations between driving behavior and neurocognitive performance in glaucoma are unexplored. Here, we evaluated the hypothesis that VF loss severity and neurocognitive performance interact to influence simulated vehicle control in glaucoma drivers. METHODS Glaucoma patients (n = 25) and suspects (n = 18) were recruited into the study. All had > 20/40 corrected visual acuity in each eye and were experienced field takers with at least three stable (reliability > 20%) fields over the last 2 years. Diagnosis of neurological disorder or cognitive impairment were exclusion criteria. Binocular VFs were derived from monocular Humphrey VFs to estimate a binocular VF index (OU-VFI). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was administered to assess global and sub-domain neurocognitive performance. National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) was administered to assess peripheral vision and driving difficulties sub-scores. Driving performance was evaluated using a driving simulator with a 290° panoramic field of view constructed around a full-sized automotive cab. Vehicle control metrics, such as lateral acceleration variability and steering wheel variability, were calculated from vehicle sensor data while patients drove on a straight two-lane rural road. Linear mixed models were constructed to evaluate associations between driving performance and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Patients were 9.5 years older than suspects (p = 0.015). OU-VFI in the glaucoma group ranged from 24 to 98% (85.6 ± 18.3; M ± SD). OU-VFI (p = .0066) was associated with MoCA total (p = .0066) and visuo-spatial and executive function sub-domain scores (p = .012). During driving simulation, patients showed greater steering wheel variability (p = 0.0001) and lateral acceleration variability (p < .0001) relative to suspects. Greater steering wheel variability was independently associated with OU-VFI (p = .0069), MoCA total scores (p = 0.028), and VFQ driving sub-scores (p = 0.0087), but not age (p = 0.61). CONCLUSIONS Poor vehicle control was independently associated with greater VF loss and worse neurocognitive performance, suggesting both factors contribute to information processing models of driving performance in glaucoma. Future research must demonstrate the external validity of current findings to on-road performance in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985540 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5540, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - John P Bader
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA
| | - Emily A Boes
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Meghal Gagrani
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985540 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5540, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Jideofor K Ndulue
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985540 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5540, USA
| | - Sachin Kedar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985540 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5540, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Vikas Gulati
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985540 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5540, USA
| | - Deepta A Ghate
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985540 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5540, USA.
| | - Matthew Rizzo
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Verkehrsmedizin als Teil der Rechtsmedizin erfüllt in der Schweiz eine wichtige präventive Aufgabe in der Sicherung aller Verkehrsteilnehmer: Sie begutachtet die medizinisch basierte Fahrfähigkeit und Fahreignung. Als empirisch konsolidiertes Querschnittsfach hat sie Informationen aus einer Vielzahl von medizinischen Fachgebieten. Wie reagiert die Verkehrsmedizin aber auf den vermehrten Anspruch evidenzbasierter Gutachten und auf anstehende Herausforderungen?Über einen historischen Abriss motivierten wir die Vorteile und das Potential einer teilweise durch Fahrsimulation ergänzten Untersuchung und einer dediziert auf Fahrsimulation basierenden, klinisch-prospektiven Forschung.Neben vorhandener Literatur stützen sich historische Aspekte u.a. auf vorhandene Expertise. Die Bewertung der Fahrsimulation für die Verkehrs- bzw. Rechtsmedizin der Schweiz stützt sich auf die Diskussion selektierter Literatur.Auftrag und Anspruch der Verkehrsmedizin haben sich mehrfach verändert. Eine übersichtsartige Betrachtung existenter Literatur legt nahe, dass massgeschneiderte Fahrsimulatoren Teil einer modernisierten Verkehrsmedizin sein können, um anstehende Herausforderungen adäquat adressieren zu können. Bisher existiert kein derartiges dediziertes Forschungsinstrument in der Schweiz.Eine auf verkehrsmedizinische Fragestellungen massgeschneiderte, realitätsnahe und niedrigschwellige Fahrsimulation als Werkzeug für klinische Studien und Individualuntersuchungen verspricht neben einer wissenschaftlichen Produktivität einen umsetzbaren und vermittelbaren Mehrwert für das übergeordnete Ziel der Sicherheit aller Verkehrsteilnehmer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shirato R, Imaizumi R, Oi S, Mishina S. Changes in steering performance and muscle activity of the upper extremity according to the position of the spinner knob. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2020; 17:580-586. [DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1801864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya Shirato
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, Japan
| | - Riho Imaizumi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Shiori Oi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Naritatomisato Tokushukai Hospital, Narita, Japan
| | - Shiho Mishina
- Department of Rehabilitation, Chitose City Hospital, Chitose, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Costela FM, Woods RL. The Impact of Field of View on Understanding of a Movie Is Reduced by Magnifying Around the Center of Interest. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:6. [PMID: 32855853 PMCID: PMC7422781 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.8.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Magnification is commonly used to reduce the impact of impaired central vision. However, magnification limits the field of view (FoV) which may make it difficult to follow the story. Most people with normal vision look in about the same place at about the same time, the center of interest (COI), when watching “Hollywood” movies. We hypothesized that if the FoV was centered at the COI, then this view would provide more useful information than either the original image center or an unrelated view location (the COI locations from a different video clip) as the FoV reduced. Methods The FoV was varied between 100% (original) and 3%. To measure video comprehension as the FoV reduced, subjects described 30-second video clips in response to two open-ended questions. A computational, natural-language approach was used to provide an information acquisition (IA) score. Results The IA scores reduced as the FoV decreased. When the FoV was around the COI, subjects were better able to understand the content of the video clips (higher IA scores) as the FoV decreased than the other conditions. Thus, magnification around the COI may serve as a better video enhancement approach than simple magnification of the image center. Conclusions These results have implications for future image processing and scene viewing, which may help people with central vision loss view directed dynamic visual content (“Hollywood” movies). Translational Relevance Our results are promising for the use of magnification around the COI as a vision rehabilitation aid for people with central vision loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Costela
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell L Woods
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee J, Itoh M. Effects of driver compensatory behaviour on risks of critical pedestrian collisions under simulated visual field defects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231130. [PMID: 32271822 PMCID: PMC7144977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Compensatory behaviour is regarded as a helpful strategy to mediate drivers’ deteriorated hazard perception ability due to visual field defects. However, helpfulness of compensatory behaviour for drivers with advanced visual field defects has largely unexplored. This study aims to clarify the effectiveness and limitation of compensatory head movements in critical situations where included pedestrians stepping off a sidewalk under the simulation of advanced visual defects. 18 healthy-sighted drivers participated the data collection that was conducted in a driving simulator under three driving conditions: (1) without visual impairment, (2) with visual impairment and not performing active compensation, and (3) with visual impairment but performing active compensation. The result showed that active compensation led quick accelerator and brake response times, reducing the risk and number of pedestrian collisions. The active compensation led a decrease in the number of non-responses to hazardous pedestrians compared to while driving not performing compensation. However, the compensation could not reduce the number of pedestrian collisions to those of healthy-sighted drivers. Compensatory viewing behaviour contributed to improved driving performance as well as has limits to lead driving performance like healthy-sighted drivers. Developing driver assistance systems and practical compensatory strategies concerning the degrees of impairment and traffic conditions may provide opportunities to improve driving safety deteriorated hazard perception for visually impaired drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Risk Engineering, Graduate School of System and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makoto Itoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patterson G, Howard C, Hepworth L, Rowe F. The Impact of Visual Field Loss on Driving Skills: A Systematic Narrative Review. Br Ir Orthopt J 2019; 15:53-63. [PMID: 32999975 PMCID: PMC7510550 DOI: 10.22599/bioj.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To review the evidence on the impact of visual field loss on skills required for driving. Methods A literature search was undertaken using a systematic approach. Papers within scope were identified by two independent reviewers, and papers were grouped into similar themes for discussion. Key findings Evidence suggests that both binocular and monocular visual field defects have a negative impact on driving skills. Both central and peripheral cause difficulties, but the degree of impact is dependent on the defect severity and compensation ability. Many factors that affect compensation to visual field loss and the effects of visual field loss on driving skills are discussed, including cognitive status, age and duration of visual field loss. In summary, in central visual field loss compensation, strategies include reduction of overall driving speed; whereas, in peripheral field loss, increased scanning is reported to aid adaptation. Conclusions For driving, there is evidence that complete and/or binocular visual field loss poses more of a difficulty than partial and/or monocular loss, and central defects cause more problems than peripheral defects. A lack of evidence exists concerning the impact of superior versus inferior defects. The level of peripheral vision loss that is incompatible with safe driving remains unknown, as compensation abilities vary widely between individuals. This review highlights a lack of evidence in relation to the impact of visual field loss on driving skills. Further research is required to strengthen the evidence to allow clinicians to better support people with visual field loss with driving advice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Howard
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Liverpool, GB
| | - Lauren Hepworth
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Liverpool, GB
| | - Fiona Rowe
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Liverpool, GB
| |
Collapse
|