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Pillai S, Munguia-Lopez JG, Tran SD. Bioengineered Salivary Gland Microtissues─A Review of 3D Cellular Models and their Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2620-2636. [PMID: 38591955 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Salivary glands (SGs) play a vital role in maintaining oral health through the production and release of saliva. Injury to SGs can lead to gland hypofunction and a decrease in saliva secretion manifesting as xerostomia. While symptomatic treatments for xerostomia exist, effective permanent solutions are still lacking, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches. Significant progress has been made in the field of three-dimensional (3D) SG bioengineering for applications in gland regeneration. This has been achieved through a major focus on cell culture techniques, including soluble cues and biomaterial components of the 3D niche. Cells derived from both adult and embryonic SGs have highlighted key in vitro characteristics of SG 3D models. While still in its first decade of exploration, SG spheroids and organoids have so far served as crucial tools to study SG pathophysiology. This review, based on a literature search over the past decade, covers the importance of SG cell types in the realm of their isolation, sourcing, and culture conditions that modulate the 3D microenvironment. We discuss different biomaterials employed for SG culture and the current advances made in bioengineering SG models using them. The success of these 3D cellular models are further evaluated in the context of their applications in organ transplantation and in vitro disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeth Pillai
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Jose G Munguia-Lopez
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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The Role of mTOR and Injury in Developing Salispheres. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020604. [PMID: 36831139 PMCID: PMC9953188 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salispheres are the representative primitive cells of salivary glands grown in vitro in a nonadherent system. In this study, we used the ligation model for salisphere isolation after seven days of obstruction of the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical signalling pathway involved in many cellular functions and is suggested to play a role in atrophy. We determined the role of mTOR and injury in the formation and development of salispheres. Morphological assessments and Western blot analysis illustrated how mTOR inhibition by rapamycin impaired the assembly of salispheres and how indirect stimulation of mTOR by lithium chloride (LiCl) assisted in the expansion of the salispheres. The use of rapamycin highlighted the necessity of mTOR for the development of salispheres as it affected the morphology and inhibited the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4e-bp1). mTOR activity also appeared to be a crucial regulator for growing salispheres, even from the ligated gland. However, atrophy induced by ductal ligation resulted in a morphological alteration. The phosphorylation of 4e-bp1 and S6 ribosomal protein in cultured salispheres from ligated glands suggests that mTOR was not responsible for the morphological modification, but other unexplored factors were involved. This exploratory study indicates that active mTOR is essential for growing healthy salispheres. In addition, mTOR stimulation by LiCl could effectively play a role in the expansion of salispheres. The impact of atrophy on salispheres suggests a complex mechanism behind the morphological alteration, which requires further investigation.
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Dos Santos HT, Kim K, Okano T, Camden JM, Weisman GA, Baker OJ, Nam K. Cell Sheets Restore Secretory Function in Wounded Mouse Submandibular Glands. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122645. [PMID: 33316992 PMCID: PMC7763220 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive cell culture plates release cells as confluent living sheets in response to small changes in temperature, with recovered cell sheets retaining functional extracellular matrix proteins and tight junctions, both of which indicate formation of intact and functional tissue. Our recent studies demonstrated that cell sheets are highly effective in promoting mouse submandibular gland (SMG) cell differentiation and recovering tissue integrity. However, these studies were performed only at early time points and extension of the observation period is needed to investigate duration of the cell sheets. Thus, the goal of this study was to demonstrate that treatment of wounded mouse SMG with cell sheets is capable of increasing salivary epithelial integrity over extended time periods. The results indicate that cell sheets promote tissue organization as early as eight days after transplantation and that these effects endure through Day 20. Furthermore, cell sheet transplantation in wounded SMG induces a significant time-dependent enhancement of cell polarization, differentiation and ion transporter expression. Finally, this treatment restored saliva quantity to pre-wounding levels at both eight and twenty days post-surgery and significantly improved saliva quality at twenty days post-surgery. These data indicate that cell sheets engineered with thermoresponsive cell culture plates are useful for salivary gland regeneration and provide evidence for the long-term stability of cell sheets, thereby offering a potential new therapeutic strategy for treating hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harim T Dos Santos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Kyungsook Kim
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Teruo Okano
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Jean M Camden
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Olga J Baker
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kihoon Nam
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Noll BD, Grdzelishvili A, Brennan MT, Mougeot FB, Mougeot JLC. Immortalization of Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells of Xerostomic Patients: Establishment and Characterization of Novel Cell Lines. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123820. [PMID: 33255850 PMCID: PMC7768371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting salivary and lacrimal glands. Previous pSS studies have relied on primary cell culture models or cancer cell lines with limited relevance to the disease. Our objective was to generate and characterize immortalized salivary gland epithelial cells (iSGECs) derived from labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsies of pSS patients (focus score > 1) and non-Sjögren’s Syndrome (nSS) xerostomic (i.e., sicca) female patients. To characterize iSGECs (n = 3), mRNA expression of specific epithelial and acinar cell markers was quantified by qRT-PCR. Protein expression of characterization markers was determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Secretion of α-amylase by iSGECs was confirmed through colorimetric activity assay. Spheroid formation and associated alterations in expression markers were determined using matrigel-coated cell culture plates. Consistent mRNA and protein expressions of both epithelial and pro-acinar cell markers were observed in all three iSGEC lines. When cultured on matrigel medium, iSGECs formed spheroids, secreted α-amylase after β-adrenergic stimulation, and expressed multiple acinar cell markers at late passages. One iSGEC line retained adequate cell morphology without a loss of SV40Lt expression and proliferation potential after over 100 passages. In conclusion, our established iSGEC lines represent a viable model for salivary research due to their passaging capacity and maintenance of pro-acinar cell characteristics.
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Experimental Animal Model Systems for Understanding Salivary Secretory Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228423. [PMID: 33182571 PMCID: PMC7696548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary secretory disorders are life-disrupting pathologic conditions with a high prevalence, especially in the geriatric population. Both patients and clinicians frequently feel helpless and get frustrated by the currently available therapeutic strategies, which consist mainly of palliative managements. Accordingly, to unravel the underlying mechanisms and to develop effective and curative strategies, several animal models have been developed and introduced. Experimental findings from these models have contributed to answer biological and biomedical questions. This review aims to provide various methodological considerations used for the examination of pathological fundamentals in salivary disorders using animal models and to summarize the obtained findings. The information provided in this review could provide plausible solutions for overcoming salivary disorders and also suggest purpose-specific experimental animal systems.
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Kim JM, Choi ME, Kim SK, Kim JW, Kim YM, Choi JS. Keratinocyte Growth Factor-1 Protects Radioiodine-Induced Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6322. [PMID: 32878050 PMCID: PMC7503708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with thyroid cancer suffer from salivary gland (SG) dysfunctions after radioiodine (RI) therapy. We investigated the effects of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)-1 on RI-induced SG dysfunction in an animal model. METHODS Six C57BL/6 mice were assigned to each of the following groups: treatment naïve control group, RI group, and RI+KGF-1 group. Body and SG weights, salivary flow rates, salivary lag times and changes in 99mTc pertechnetate uptake and excretion were measured, and histologic changes were noted. Amylase activities and epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations in saliva were also measured. In addition, TUNEL assays were performed and apoptosis-related protein expressions were assessed. RESULTS RI-induced reductions in salivary flow rates and increases in salivary lag times observed in the RI group were not observed in RI+KGF-1 group. Mice in RI group had higher HIF1a levels than controls, but HIF1a levels in RI+KGF-1 group were similar to those in control group. Furthermore, mice in RI+KGF-1 group had more mucin stained acini and decreased periductal fibrosis than mice in RI group, and tissue remodeling of many salivary epithelial cells (AQP5) and endothelial cells (CD31) were observed in RI+KGF-1 group. Amylase activity and expression in saliva were greater in RI+KGF-1 group than in RI group, and fewer apoptotic cells were observed in RI+KGF-1 group. Furthermore, BCLxl (anti-apoptotic) expression was higher, and Bax (pro-apoptotic) expression was lower in RI+KGF-1 group than in RI group. CONCLUSIONS Local delivery of KGF-1 might prevent RI-induced SG damage by reducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mi Kim
- Translational Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea; (J.M.K.); (M.E.C.); (J.W.K.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Mi Eun Choi
- Translational Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea; (J.M.K.); (M.E.C.); (J.W.K.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Seok-Ki Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Translational Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea; (J.M.K.); (M.E.C.); (J.W.K.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Translational Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea; (J.M.K.); (M.E.C.); (J.W.K.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Choi
- Translational Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea; (J.M.K.); (M.E.C.); (J.W.K.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea
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Serrano Martinez P, Cinat D, van Luijk P, Baanstra M, de Haan G, Pringle S, Coppes RP. Mouse parotid salivary gland organoids for the in vitro study of stem cell radiation response. Oral Dis 2020; 27:52-63. [PMID: 32531849 PMCID: PMC7818507 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyposalivation-related xerostomia is an irreversible, untreatable, and frequent condition after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Stem cell therapy is an attractive option of treatment, but demands knowledge of stem cell functioning. Therefore, we aimed to develop a murine parotid gland organoid model to explore radiation response of stem cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single cells derived from murine parotid gland organoids were passaged in Matrigel with defined medium to assess self-renewal and differentiation potential. Single cells were irradiated and plated in a 3D clonogenic stem cell survival assay to assess submandibular and parotid gland radiation response. RESULTS Single cells derived from parotid gland organoids were able to extensively self-renew and differentiate into all major tissue cell types, indicating the presence of potential stem cells. FACS selection for known salivary gland stem cell markers CD24/CD29 did not further enrich for stem cells. The parotid gland organoid-derived stem cells displayed radiation dose-response curves similar to the submandibular gland. CONCLUSIONS Murine parotid gland organoids harbor stem cells with long-term expansion and differentiation potential. This model is useful for mechanistic studies of stem cell radiation response and suggests similar radiosensitivity for the parotid and submandibular gland organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Serrano Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Cinat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald de Haan
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Koslow M, O'Keefe KJ, Hosseini ZF, Nelson DA, Larsen M. ROCK inhibitor increases proacinar cells in adult salivary gland organoids. Stem Cell Res 2019; 41:101608. [PMID: 31731180 PMCID: PMC7069099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salisphere-derived adult epithelial cells have been used to improve saliva production of irradiated mouse salivary glands. Importantly, optimization of the cellular composition of salispheres could improve their regenerative capabilities. The Rho Kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y27632, has been used to increase the proliferation and reduce apoptosis of progenitor cells grown in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether Y27632 could be used to improve expansion of adult submandibular salivary epithelial progenitor cells or to affect their differentiation potential in different media contexts. Application of Y27632 in medium used previously to grow salispheres promoted expansion of Kit+ and Mist1+ cells, while in simple serum-containing medium Y27632 increased the number of cells that expressed the K5 basal progenitor marker. Salispheres derived from Mist1CreERT2; R26TdTomato mice grown in salisphere media with Y27632 included Mist1-derived cells. When these salispheres were incorporated into 3D organoids, inclusion of Y27632 in the salisphere stage increased the contribution of Mist1-derived cells expressing the proacinar/acinar marker, Aquaporin 5 (AQP5), in response to FGF2-dependent mesenchymal signals. Optimization of the cellular composition of salispheres and organoids can be used to improve the application of adult salivary progenitor cells in regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Koslow
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Kevin J O'Keefe
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Zeinab F Hosseini
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Deirdre A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., LSRB 1086, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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Meyer R, Wong WY, Guzman R, Burd R, Limesand K. Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31157788 DOI: 10.3791/59484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona
| | - Wen Yu Wong
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - Roberto Guzman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arizona
| | - Randy Burd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona
| | - Kirsten Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona;
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Rahman SU, Nagrath M, Ponnusamy S, Arany PR. Nanoscale and Macroscale Scaffolds with Controlled-Release Polymeric Systems for Dental Craniomaxillofacial Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1478. [PMID: 30127246 PMCID: PMC6120038 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in stem cell biology has resulted in a major current focus on effective modalities to promote directed cellular behavior for clinical therapy. The fundamental principles of tissue engineering are aimed at providing soluble and insoluble biological cues to promote these directed biological responses. Better understanding of extracellular matrix functions is ensuring optimal adhesive substrates to promote cell mobility and a suitable physical niche to direct stem cell responses. Further, appreciation of the roles of matrix constituents as morphogen cues, termed matrikines or matricryptins, are also now being directly exploited in biomaterial design. These insoluble topological cues can be presented at both micro- and nanoscales with specific fabrication techniques. Progress in development and molecular biology has described key roles for a range of biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to serve as morphogens promoting directed behavior in stem cells. Controlled-release systems involving encapsulation of bioactive agents within polymeric carriers are enabling utilization of soluble cues. Using our efforts at dental craniofacial tissue engineering, this narrative review focuses on outlining specific biomaterial fabrication techniques, such as electrospinning, gas foaming, and 3D printing used in combination with polymeric nano- or microspheres. These avenues are providing unprecedented therapeutic opportunities for precision bioengineering for regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ur Rahman
- Departments of Oral Biology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Malvika Nagrath
- Departments of Oral Biology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Sasikumar Ponnusamy
- Departments of Oral Biology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Praveen R Arany
- Departments of Oral Biology and Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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