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Shelomi M. Mitigation Strategies against Food Safety Contaminant Transmission from Black Soldier Fly Larva Bioconversion. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1590. [PMID: 38891637 PMCID: PMC11171339 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly larva, Hermetia illucens, can efficiently convert organic waste into biomatter for use in animal feed. This circularity comes with a risk of contaminating downstream consumers of the larval products with microbes, heavy metals, and other hazards potentially present in the initial substrate. This review examines research on mitigation techniques to manage these contaminants, from pretreatment of the substrate to post-treatment of the larvae. While much research has been done on such techniques, little of it focused on their effects on food safety contaminants. Cheap and low-technology heat treatment can reduce substrate and larval microbial load. Emptying the larval gut through starvation is understudied but promising. Black soldier fly larvae accumulate certain heavy metals like cadmium, and their ability to process certain hazards is unknown, which is why some government authorities are erring on the side of caution regarding how larval bioconversion can be used within feed production. Different substrates have different risks and some mitigation strategies may affect larval rearing performance and the final products negatively, so different producers will need to choose the right strategy for their system to balance cost-effectiveness with sustainability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, 106319 Taipei, Taiwan
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Brulé L, Misery B, Baudouin G, Yan X, Guidou C, Trespeuch C, Foltyn C, Anthoine V, Moriceau N, Federighi M, Boué G. Evaluation of the Microbial Quality of Hermetia illucens Larvae for Animal Feed and Human Consumption: Study of Different Type of Rearing Substrates. Foods 2024; 13:1587. [PMID: 38790886 PMCID: PMC11120926 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change and depletion of natural resources, meeting the growing demand for animal feed and human food through sufficient, nutritious, safe, and affordable sources of protein is becoming a priority. The use of Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly (BSF), has emerged as a strategy to enhance the circularity of the agri-food chain, but its microbiological safety remains a concern. The aim of the present study was to systematically review available data on the microbiological quality of BSF and to investigate the impact of using four different rearing substrates including classic options allowed by the EU regulation (cereals, fruits, vegetables) and options not allowed by EU regulations regarding vegetable agri-food (co-products, food at shelf life, and meat). A total of 13 studies were collected and synthesized, including 910 sample results, while 102 new sample results were collected from the present experiments in three farms. Both datasets combined revealed a high level of contamination of larvae, potentially transmitted through the substrate. The main pathogenic bacteria identified were Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Cronobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-positive, while Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. Any of these four substrates were excluded for their use in insect rearing; however, safety concerns were confirmed and must be managed by the operators of the sector using microbial inactivation treatment after the harvest of the larvae in order to propose safe products for the market. The results obtained will guide the definition of the control criteria and optimize the following manufacturing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenaïg Brulé
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Boris Misery
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Guillaume Baudouin
- Cycle Farms, 6 Boulevard des Entrepreneurs, 49250 Beaufort en Anjou, France;
| | - Xin Yan
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Côme Guidou
- MUTATEC—1998, Chemin du Mitan, 84300 Cavaillon, France; (C.G.); (C.T.)
| | | | - Camille Foltyn
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Valérie Anthoine
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicolas Moriceau
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- EnvA/Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Géraldine Boué
- Oniris, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SECurité des ALIments et Microbiologie (SECALIM), 44300 Nantes, France; (L.B.); (B.M.); (X.Y.); (C.F.); (V.A.); (N.M.)
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Ghodsi S, Esrafili A, Sobhi HR, Rezaei Kalantary R, Gholami M, Maleki R. Synthesis and application of g-C 3N 4/Fe 3O 4/Ag nanocomposite for the efficient photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria in aqueous solutions. AMB Express 2021; 11:161. [PMID: 34860289 PMCID: PMC8642592 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of water with bacteria is one of the main causes of waterborne diseases. The photocatalytic method on the basis of bacterial inactivation seems to be a suitable disinfectant due to the lack of by-products formation. Herein, g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposite combined with UV-light irradiation was applied for the inactivation two well-known bacteria namely, E. coli and B. subtilis. The nanocomposite was prepared by a hydrothermal method, and subsequently it was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX and PL analyses. The optimum conditions established for the inactivation of both bacteria were as follows: nanocomposite dosage 3 g/L and bacterial density of 103 CFU/mL. In the meantime, the efficient inactivation of E. coli and B. subtilis took 30 and 150 min, respectively. The results also revealed that inactivation rate dropped with an increase in the bacterial density. It is also pointed out that OH˚ was found out to be the main radical species involved in the inactivation process. Finally, the kinetic results indicated that the inactivation of E. coli and B. subtilis followed the Weibull model. It is concluded that C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposite along with UV-light irradiation is highly effective in inactivating E. coli and B. subtilis bacteria in the aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Ghodsi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Maleki
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Techno-functional properties of edible insect proteins and effects of processing. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, Dhanani K, Hoffman LC. Food Safety of Consuming Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae: Microbial, Heavy Metal and Cross-Reactive Allergen Risks. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081934. [PMID: 34441710 PMCID: PMC8394208 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) are a promising, sustainable source of nutrients, however, there is limited knowledge regarding the food safety of consuming BSFL. This study determined the safety of consuming BSFL for direct human consumption in terms of microbial, heavy metal and allergen content. Microbial counts were determined using ISO (International Organization for Standardization) methods, heavy metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and allergens were determined via Orbitrap mass spectrometry and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits. Feed and killing method influenced the presence of Bacillus cereus (p = 0.011), and only the killing method influenced Escherichia coli (p < 0.00) and total viable count (TVC) (p < 0.00). Blanching resulted in a 3-log reduction in E. coli and a 3.4 log reduction in the TVC counts. Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. were not detected in the BSFL samples. Heavy metals were detected although they were below maximum legal limits. Cross-reactive allergens, tropomyosin and arginine kinase, were detected in the BSFL samples, although the clinical significance requires research. The feed fed to the BSFL and blanching were found to influence the safety of consuming BSFL, highlighting the importance of incorporating sufficient decontamination steps, such as blanching, to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah W. Bessa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (L.W.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Elsje Pieterse
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (L.W.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Jeannine Marais
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Karim Dhanani
- The Woodmill Office 11, 1st Floor, Vredenburg Road, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Louwrens C. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (L.W.B.); (E.P.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Pina-Pérez MC, Rodrigo D, Ellert C, Beyrer M. Surface Micro Discharge-Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Processing of Common House Cricket Acheta domesticus Powder: Antimicrobial Potential and Lipid-Quality Preservation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:644177. [PMID: 34277580 PMCID: PMC8283276 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.644177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population and the need to reduce the environmental impact of food production drive the exploration of novel protein sources. Insects are being cultivated, harvested, and processed to be applied in animal and human nutrition. The inherent microbial contamination of insect matrices requires risk management and decontamination strategies. Thermal sterilization results in unfavorable cooking effects and oxidation of fatty acids. The present study demonstrates the risk management in Acheta domesticus (home cricket) powder with a low-energy (8.7-22.0 mW/cm2, 5 min) semi-direct surface micro discharge (SMD)-cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP). At a plasma power density lower than 22 mW/cm2, no degradation of triglycerides (TG) or increased free fatty acids (FFA) content was detected. For mesophilic bacteria, 1.6 ± 0.1 log10 reductions were achieved, and for Enterobacteriaceae, there were close to 1.9 ± 0.2 log10 reductions in a layer of powder. Colonies of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium were identified via the mass spectral fingerprint analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The spores of these Bacillus strains resisted to a plasma power density of 22 mW/cm2. Additional inactivation effects at non-thermal, practically non-oxidative conditions are supposed for low-intensity plasma treatments combined with the powder's fluidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Pina-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Ecología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO VS), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Dolores Rodrigo
- Departamento de Conservación y Calidad, Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Christoph Ellert
- School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO VS), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Michael Beyrer
- School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO VS), Sion, Switzerland
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Acosta-Estrada BA, Reyes A, Rosell CM, Rodrigo D, Ibarra-Herrera CC. Benefits and Challenges in the Incorporation of Insects in Food Products. Front Nutr 2021; 8:687712. [PMID: 34277684 PMCID: PMC8277915 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.687712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are being accepted by a growing number of consumers in recent years not only as a snack but also as a side dish or an ingredient to produce other foods. Most of the edible insects belong to one of these groups of insects such as caterpillars, butterflies, moths, wasps, beetles, crickets, grasshoppers, bees, and ants. Insect properties are analyzed and reported in the articles reviewed here, and one common feature is nutrimental content, which is one of the most important characteristics mentioned, especially proteins, lipids, fiber, and minerals. On the other hand, insects can be used as a substitute for flour of cereals for the enrichment of snacks because of their high content of proteins, lipids, and fiber. Technological properties are not altered when these insects-derived ingredients are added and sensorial analysis is satisfactory, and only in some cases, change in color takes place. Insects can be used as substitute ingredients in meat products; the products obtained have higher mineral content than traditional ones, and some texture properties (like elasticity) can be improved. In extruded products, insects are an alternative source of proteins to feed livestock, showing desirable characteristics. Isolates of proteins of insects have demonstrated bioactive activity, and these can be used to improve food formulations. Bioactive compounds, as antioxidant agents, insulin regulators, and anti-inflammatory peptides, are high-value products that can be obtained from insects. Fatty acids that play a significant role in human health and lipids from insects have showed positive impacts on coronary disease, inflammation, and cancer. Insects can be a vector for foodborne microbial contamination, but the application of good manufacturing practices and effective preservation techniques jointly with the development of appropriate safety regulations will decrease the appearance of such risks. However, allergens presented in some insects are a hazard that must be analyzed and taken into account. Despite all the favorable health-promoting characteristics present in insects and insects-derived ingredients, willingness to consume them has yet to be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A. Acosta-Estrada
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alicia Reyes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Cristina M. Rosell
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Celeste C. Ibarra-Herrera
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Puebla, Mexico
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Wang L, Kong X, Jiang Y. Recovery of high pressure processing (HPP) induced injured Escherichia coli O157:H7 inhibited by Lactobacillus sakei on vacuum-packed ground beef. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Marin C, Ibañez D, Rios-Corripio G, Guerrero JA, Rodrigo D, Martinez A. Nature of the inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure of natural contaminating microorganisms and inoculated Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 on insect protein-based gel particles. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Campbell M, Ortuño J, Stratakos AC, Linton M, Corcionivoschi N, Elliott T, Koidis A, Theodoridou K. Impact of Thermal and High-Pressure Treatments on the Microbiological Quality and In Vitro Digestibility of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E682. [PMID: 32295154 PMCID: PMC7222827 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are gaining importance in animal feeding due to their ability to upcycle low-value agroindustry by-products into high-protein biomass. The present study evaluated the nutritional composition of BSFL reared on brewer's by-product (BBP) and the impact of thermal (90 °C for 10/15 min) and high-pressure processing (HPP; 400/600MPa for 1.5/10 min) treatments on the microbial levels and in vitro digestibility in both ruminant and monogastric models. BBP-reared BSFL contained a high level of protein, amino acids, lauric acid, and calcium, and high counts of total viable counts (TVC; 7.97), Enterobacteriaceae (7.65), lactic acid bacteria (LAB; 6.50), and yeasts and moulds (YM; 5.07). Thermal processing was more effective (p < 0.05) than any of the HPP treatments in reducing TVC. Both temperature of 90 °C and pressure of 600 MPa reduced the levels of Enterobacteriaceae, LAB, and YM below the detection limit. In contrast, the application of the 400 MPa showed a reduced inactivation (p < 0.05) potential. Heat-treated samples did not result in any significant changes (p > 0.05) on any of the in vitro digestibility models, whereas HPP showed increased and decreased ruminal and monogastric digestibility, respectively. HPP did not seem to be a suitable, cost-effective method as an alternative to heat-processing for the large-scale treatment of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairead Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, Northern Ireland, UK; (M.C.); (J.O.); (T.E.); (A.K.)
| | - Jordi Ortuño
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, Northern Ireland, UK; (M.C.); (J.O.); (T.E.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexandros Ch. Stratakos
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Center for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | - Mark Linton
- Agri-Food & Bioscience Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK; (M.L.); (N.C.)
| | | | - Tara Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, Northern Ireland, UK; (M.C.); (J.O.); (T.E.); (A.K.)
| | - Anastasios Koidis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, Northern Ireland, UK; (M.C.); (J.O.); (T.E.); (A.K.)
| | - Katerina Theodoridou
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, Northern Ireland, UK; (M.C.); (J.O.); (T.E.); (A.K.)
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Larouche J, Deschamps MH, Saucier L, Lebeuf Y, Doyen A, Vandenberg GW. Effects of Killing Methods on Lipid Oxidation, Colour and Microbial Load of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E182. [PMID: 31010069 PMCID: PMC6523926 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae represent a promising alternative ingredient for animal feed. Post-production processing can, however, affect their quality. This project aimed to optimize larval killing by comparing the effects on the nutritional and microbiological quality of 10 methods, i.e., blanching (B = 40 s), desiccation (D = 60 °C, 30 min), freezing (F20 = -20 °C, 1 h; F40 = -40 °C, 1 h; N = liquid nitrogen, 40 s), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP = 3 min, 600 MPa), grinding (G = 2 min) and asphyxiation (CO2 = 120 h; N2 = 144 h; vacuum conditioning, V = 120 h). Some methods affected the pH (B, asphyxiation), total moisture (B, asphyxiation and D) and ash contents (B, p < 0.001). The lipid content (asphyxiation) and their oxidation levels (B, asphyxiation and D) were also affected (p < 0.001). Killing methods altered the larvae colour during freeze-drying and in the final product. Blanching appears to be the most appropriate strategy since it minimizes lipid oxidation (primary = 4.6 ± 0.7 mg cumen hydroperoxide (CHP) equivalents/kg; secondary = 1.0 ± 0.1 mg malondialdehyde/kg), reduces microbial contamination and initiates dehydration (water content = 78.1 ± 1.0%). We propose herein, an optimized protocol to kill BSF that meet the Canadian regulatory requirements of the insect production and processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Larouche
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Hélène Deschamps
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Linda Saucier
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Yolaine Lebeuf
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Alain Doyen
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Grant W Vandenberg
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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