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Shen Z, Wang H, Liang J, Zhao Q, Lu W, Cui Y, Wang P, Shen Q, Chen J. An in situ and real-time analytical method for detection of freeze-thew cycles in tuna via IKnife rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101705. [PMID: 39229614 PMCID: PMC11369502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Freezing is one of the most commonly used preservation methods for Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). However, repeated freezing and thawing would inevitably occur due to the temperature fluctuation, leading to the microstructure damage, lipid oxidation and protein integrity decline of tuna muscle without notable visual appearance change. In this study, we used a rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) technique for the real-time determination of the extent of repeated freezing and thawing cycles in tuna fillets. We found significant variance in the relative abundance of fatty acids between bluefin tuna and its fresh counterpart following freeze-thaw cycles. Meanwhile, the difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05). The quality of tuna remains largely unaffected by a single freeze-thaw cycle but significantly deteriorates after freeze-thaw cycles (freeze-thaw count ≥2), and the relative fatty acid content of the ionized aerosol analysis in the REIMS system positively correlated with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. Notably, palmitic acid (C 16:0, m/z 255.23), oleic acid (C 18:1, m/z 281.24), and docosahexaenoic acid (C 22:6, m/z 327.23) displayed the most pronounced changes within the spectrum of fatty acid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Functional Food for State Market Regulation
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Zhoushan Institute of Food & Drug Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Weibo Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingya Wang
- Zhoushan Institute of Food & Drug Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Hu L, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Li Y, Yao Q, Cai Q, Hu Y. Differentiation of three commercial tuna species through GC-Q-TOF and UPLC-Q/Orbitrap mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and chemometrics. Food Chem 2024; 452:139603. [PMID: 38754166 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Food fraud is common in the tuna industry because of the economic benefits involved. Ensuring the authenticity of tuna species is crucial for protecting both consumers and tuna stocks. In this study, GC-Q-TOF and UPLC-Q/Orbitrap mass spectrometry-based metabolomics were used to investigate the metabolite profiles of three commercial tuna species (skipjack tuna, bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna). A total of 22 and 77 metabolites were identified with high confidence using GC-Q-TOF and UPLC-Q/Orbitrap mass spectrometry, respectively. Further screening via chemometrics revealed that 38 metabolites could potentially serve as potential biomarkers. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the screened metabolite biomarkers successfully distinguished the three tested tuna species. Furthermore, a total of 27 metabolic pathways were identified through enrichment analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingping Hu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Food and Agricultural Products Testing Agency, Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266002, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Food and Agricultural Products Testing Agency, Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266002, China.
| | - Yujin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Sanya Ocean Institute, Ocean University of China, Floor 7, Building 1, Yonyou Industrial Park, Yazhou Bay Science & Technology City, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - Qian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Yaqin Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, Sanya 572022, China.
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3
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Hu L, Zhu Y, Zhong C, Cai Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Yao Q, Hang Y, Ge Y, Hu Y. Discrimination of three commercial tuna species through species-specific peptides: From high-resolution mass spectrometry discovery to MRM validation. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114462. [PMID: 38763689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The risk of tuna adulteration is high driven by economic benefits. The authenticity of tuna is required to protect both consumers and tuna stocks. Given this, the study is designed to identify species-specific peptides for distinguishing three commercial tropical tuna species. The peptides derived from trypsin digestion were separated and detected using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) in data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode. Venn analysis showed that there were differences in peptide composition among the three tested tuna species. The biological specificity screening through the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (NCBI BLAST) revealed that 93 peptides could serve as potential species-specific peptides. Finally, the detection specificity of species-specific peptides of raw meats and processed products was carried out by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode based on a Q-Trap mass spectrometer. The results showed that three, one and two peptides of Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus obesus and Thunnus albacores, respectively could serve as species-specific peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingping Hu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Yin Zhu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Chao Zhong
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Food and Agricultural Products Testing Agency, Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266002, China.
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Food and Agricultural Products Testing Agency, Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266002, China.
| | - Qian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Yuyu Hang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Yingliang Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Yaqin Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Sanya 572022, China.
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4
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Blanco-Fernandez C, Ardura A, Machado-Schiaffino G, Garcia-Vazquez E. Reply to: Best BLAST hit alone cannot be used as evidence of fraud. Sci Rep 2023; 13:914. [PMID: 36650196 PMCID: PMC9845324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Ardura
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Eva Garcia-Vazquez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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5
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Klapper R, Velasco A, Döring M, Schröder U, Sotelo CG, Brinks E, Muñoz-Colmenero M. A next-generation sequencing approach for the detection of mixed species in canned tuna. Food Chem X 2023; 17:100560. [PMID: 36845509 PMCID: PMC9943852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuna cans are relevant seafood products for which mixtures of different tuna species are not allowed according to European regulations. In order to support the prevention of food fraud and mislabelling, a next-generation sequencing methodology based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region markers has been tested. Analyses of defined mixtures of DNA, fresh tissue and canned tissue revealed a qualitative and, to some extent, semiquantitative identification of tuna species. While the choice of the bioinformatic pipeline had no influence in the results (p = 0.71), quantitative differences occurred depending on the treatment of the sample, marker, species, and mixture (p < 0.01). The results revealed that matrix-specific calibrators or normalization models should also be used in NGS. The method represents an important step towards a semiquantitative method for routine control of this analytically challenging food matrix. Tests of commercial samples uncovered mixed species in some cans, being not in compliance with EU regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Klapper
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, National Reference Centre for Authentic Food, E.-C.-Baumann-Straße 20, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany,Corresponding author.
| | - Amaya Velasco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maik Döring
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, National Reference Centre for Authentic Food, E.-C.-Baumann-Straße 20, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Ute Schröder
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carmen G. Sotelo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Erik Brinks
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Ali A, Kreitlow A, Plötz M, Normanno G, Abdulmawjood A. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid and direct screening of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in commercial fish products. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275452. [PMID: 36223376 PMCID: PMC9555631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuna is one of the most widely consumed fish on the European market, being available in various consumable options. Among them, Thunnus albacares, also called yellowfin tuna, is a delicacy and is consumed by millions of people around the world. Due to its comparatively high cost and demand, it is more vulnerable to fraud, where low-cost tuna or other fish varieties might be replaced for economic gain. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and validated for targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for fast and direct detection of Thunnus albacares, which is a valuable tuna species. The analytical specificity was confirmed using 18 target samples (Thunnus albacares) and 18 samples of non-target fish species. The analytical sensitivity of the LAMP assay was 540 fg DNA per reaction. In addition, a simple and direct swab method without time-consuming nucleic acid extraction procedures and the necessity for cost-intensive laboratory equipment was performed that allowed LAMP detection of Thunnus albacares samples within 13 minutes. Due to its high specificity and sensitivity, the LAMP assay can be used as a rapid and on-site screening method for identifying Thunnus albacares, potentially providing a valuable monitoring tool for food authenticity control by the authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ali
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE) University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonia Kreitlow
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Giovanni Normanno
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE) University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Pudtikajorn K, Sae‐leaw T, Buamard N, Zhou A, Ma L, Benjakul S. Characterisation of fish tofu fortified with skipjack tuna (
Katsuwonus pelamis
) eyeball scleral cartilage biocalcium. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khamtorn Pudtikajorn
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Thanasak Sae‐leaw
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Natchaphol Buamard
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Aimei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Lukai Ma
- College of Light Industry and Food Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou China
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
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8
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Establishment of a rapid method for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) authentication using molecular beacons in loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Food Chem 2022; 382:132365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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The Influence of DNA Extraction Methods on Species Identification Results of Seafood Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121739. [PMID: 35741937 PMCID: PMC9222224 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In terms of species identification, the ultimate aim of extracting DNA is the subsequent amplification of the selected marker; therefore, the quality and quantity of the extracted DNA must be sufficient for PCR-based methods. The purpose of this study is to compare five DNA extraction methods according to the parameters of quantity, quality and simplicity, among others, in order to determine the most suitable method for identification for Cephalopoda, Gadiformes and Pleuronectiformes. The Wizard DNA clean-up system kit (Promega), MPure-12TM automated nucleic acid purification system (MP Biomedicals), Chelex 100 resin (Biorad), DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen) and a swab method were examined. The obtained DNA quantity was determined by fluorescence, and quality was evaluated with ratios of absorbance of A260/A280 and A260/A230 by agarose gel visualization of the extracts and by analyzing the success of PCR amplifications of 720 bp fragments of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) for Cephalopods and 465 bp fragments of cytochrome b for Gadiformes and Pleuronectiformes. Statistical results confirmed significant differences between the tested methods according to yield, efficiency and purity and no significant differences with respect to the species employed. The best yields were obtained with the Wizard kit, whereas other methods stand out in terms of their affordability (Chelex) and automation (Mpure).
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10
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Abstract
Food safety is a fundamental right in modern societies. One of the most pressing problems nowadays is the provenance of food and food-related products that citizens consume, mainly due to several food scares and the globalization of food markets, which has resulted in food supply chains that extend beyond nations or even continent boundaries. Food supply networks are characterized by high complexity and a lack of openness. There is a critical requirement for applying novel techniques to verify and authenticate the origin, quality parameters, and transfer/storage details associated with food. This study portrays an end-to-end approach to enhance the security of the food supply chain and thus increase the trustfulness of the food industry. The system aims at increasing the transparency of food supply chain monitoring systems through securing all components that those consist of. A universal information monitoring scheme based on blockchain technology ensures the integrity of collected data, a self-sovereign identity approach for all supply chain actors ensures the minimization of single points of failure, and finally, a security mechanism, that is based on the use of TinyML’s nascent technology, is embedded in monitoring devices to mitigate a significant portion of malicious behavior from actors in the supply chain.
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11
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Besbes N, Sáiz-Abajo MJ, Sadok S. Comparative study of DNA extraction to initiate harmonized protocol for a simple method of species identification: Fresh and canned Tuna case study. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.2020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Besbes
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology & Aquatic Bioproducts (B3aqua), Institut National Des Sciences Et Technologie de La Mer (Instm). Annexe La Goulette Port de Pêche, La Goulette, Tunisia
| | | | - Saloua Sadok
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology & Aquatic Bioproducts (B3aqua), Institut National Des Sciences Et Technologie de La Mer (Instm). Annexe La Goulette Port de Pêche, La Goulette, Tunisia
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12
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Currò S, Fasolato L, Serva L, Boffo L, Ferlito JC, Novelli E, Balzan S. Use of a portable near-infrared tool for rapid on-site inspection of freezing and hydrogen peroxide treatment of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Mottola A, Piredda R, Catanese G, Lorusso L, Ciccarese G, Di Pinto A. Species authentication of canned mackerel: Challenges in molecular identification and potential drivers of mislabelling. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Impact of the Covering Vegetable Oil on the Sensory Profile of Canned Tuna of Katsuwonus pelamis Species and Tuna’s Taste Evaluation Using an Electronic Tongue. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the covering vegetable oil (sunflower oil, refined olive oil and extra virgin olive oil, EVOO) on the physicochemical and sensory profiles of canned tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis species) was evaluated, using analytical techniques and a sensory panel. The results showed that canned tuna covered with EVOO possesses a higher content of total phenols and an enhanced antioxidant capacity. This covering medium also increased the appreciated redness-yellowness color of the canned tuna, which showed a higher chromatic and intense color. Olfactory and kinesthetic sensations were significantly dependent on the type of oil used as covering medium. Tuna succulence and adhesiveness were promoted by the use of EVOO, which also contributed to decreasing the tuna-related aroma sensations. The tuna sensory data could be successfully used to identify the type of vegetable oil used. Moreover, a potentiometric electronic tongue allowed discriminating between the canned tuna samples according to the vegetable oil used (mean sensitivity of 96 ± 8%; repeated K-fold cross-validation) and the fruity intensity of the EVOO (mean sensitivity of 100%; repeated K-fold cross-validation). Thus, the taste sensor device could be a practical tool to verify the authenticity of the declared covering medium in canned tuna and to perceive the differences in consumers’ taste.
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15
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Melado-Herreros Á, Nieto-Ortega S, Olabarrieta I, Ramilo-Fernández G, Sotelo CG, Teixeira B, Velasco A, Mendes R. Comparison of three rapid non-destructive techniques coupled with a classifier to increase transparency in the seafood value chain: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and time domain reflectometry (TDR). J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Real-time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Using Self-quenching Fluorogenic Probes: the Application in Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Authentication. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Product Authentication Using Two Mitochondrial Markers Reveals Inconsistent Labeling and Substitution of Canned Tuna Products in the Taiwanese Market. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112655. [PMID: 34828936 PMCID: PMC8623642 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish of the tribe Thunnini represent a significant proportion of the stock caught by the fishing industry, with many of these fishes being collectively called tuna. However, only certain species can be used legally as an ingredient in canned tuna products, depending on regional food regulations. In Taiwan, only Thunnus species or Katsuwonus pelamis can be used as canned tuna. Here, we authenticated 90 canned tuna products, including 25 cat food samples, by sequencing two mitochondrial regions, 16S rRNA (16S) and the control region (CR). BLAST analysis revealed that Sarda orientalis, Euthynnus affinis, Auxis rochei, and Auxis thazard are all used as substitutes for legitimate tuna products. We found that 63.33% of investigated samples are true canned tuna, i.e., contain Thunnus species or skipjack tuna. We advocate that the Taiwanese government publishes an official standardized list of fishes, especially so that scientific, Chinese and vernacular names can be assigned unambiguously based on a “one species-one name policy”, thereby clarifying which species can be used in seafood products such as tuna. Furthermore, we feel that the large-scale and long-term monitoring of canned tuna products is warranted to fully assess the extent of tuna product adulteration in Taiwan.
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18
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Ma CC, Wang XC, Tao NP. Hydroxyapatite From the Skull of Tuna ( Thunnus obesus) Head Combined With Chitosan to Restore Locomotive Function After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Nutr 2021; 8:734498. [PMID: 34497824 PMCID: PMC8419224 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.734498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite is an important fish bone calcium in tuna head, which is widely used to repair of bone defect. Chitosan is a degradable basic polysaccharide with good biocompatibility and bone guiding, which can achieve targeted delivery to the injured spinal cord after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of chitosan combined hydroxyapatite (chitosan-hydroxyapatite) nanoparticles on SCI. The result revealed the chitosan-hydroxyapatite particles were successfully constructed and the stability of particles was maintained at low temperature. Moreover, we found chitosan-hydroxyapatite administration could improve SCI, while chitosan alone treatment resulted in no significant increase of the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scores compared with the control group. In addition, chitosan-hydroxyapatite particles also significantly reduced the lesion cavity volume and improved the dispersed structure, indicating it could promote the recovery of tissue function of SCI rats. This study explored the effects of chitosan-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the location and function of spinal cord injury, provided experimental evidence for further research on its application in spinal cord repair, and helped improve the efficient use of tuna heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Chang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ping Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
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19
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Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid screening of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in processed fish products. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Blanco-Fernandez C, Ardura A, Masiá P, Rodriguez N, Voces L, Fernandez-Raigoso M, Roca A, Machado-Schiaffino G, Dopico E, Garcia-Vazquez E. Fraud in highly appreciated fish detected from DNA in Europe may undermine the Development Goal of sustainable fishing in Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11423. [PMID: 34075165 PMCID: PMC8169655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite high effort for food traceability to ensure safe and sustainable consumption, mislabeling persists on seafood markets. Determining what drives deliberate fraud is necessary to improve food authenticity and sustainability. In this study, the relationship between consumer's appreciation and fraudulent mislabeling was assessed through a combination of a survey on consumer's preferences (N = 1608) and molecular tools applied to fish samples commercialized by European companies. We analyzed 401 samples of fish highly consumed in Europe and worldwide (i.e. tuna, hake, anchovy, and blue whiting) through PCR-amplification and sequencing of a suite of DNA markers. Results revealed low mislabeling rate (1.9%), with a higher mislabeling risk in non-recognizable products and significant mediation of fish price between consumer´s appreciation and mislabeling risk of a species. Furthermore, the use of endangered species (e.g. Thunnus thynnus), tuna juveniles for anchovy, and still not regulated Merluccius polli hake as substitutes, points towards illegal, unreported and/or unregulated fishing from African waters. These findings reveal a worrying intentional fraud that hampers the goal of sustainable seafood production and consumption, and suggest to prioritize control efforts on highly appreciated species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Ardura
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Masiá
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Noemi Rodriguez
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Voces
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Roca
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Dopico
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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21
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Boughattas F, Karoui R. Mid infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric tools for the identification of canned tuna species in brine. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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DNA-based techniques for seafood species authentication. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 95:207-255. [PMID: 33745513 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Global trade of seafood has increased in the last decade, leading to significant concerns associated with seafood fraud. Seafood fraud involves the intentional misrepresentation of fish or shellfish for the purpose of economic gain and includes acts such as species substitution, illegal transshipment, overtreatment/short weighting, and mislabeling country of origin or production method. These fraudulent acts have had economic, environmental, and public health consequences on a global level. DNA-based techniques for seafood authentication are utilized by regulatory agencies and can be employed as part of a food fraud risk mitigation plan. This chapter will focus specifically on the use of DNA-based methods for the detection of seafood species substitution. Various methods have been developed for DNA-based species identification of seafood, including polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), species-specific PCR, real-time PCR, Sanger sequencing, microarrays, and high-resolution melting (HRM). Emerging techniques for seafood authentication include droplet digital PCR, isothermal amplification, PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and high-throughput or next-generation sequencing. Some of these DNA-based methods target specific species, such as real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR, while other methods allow for simultaneous differentiation of a wide range of fish species, including Sanger sequencing and high-throughput sequencing. This chapter will begin with an introduction on seafood fraud and species substitution, followed by an analysis of the main DNA-based authentication methods and emerging techniques for species identification.
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23
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Pecoraro C, Crobe V, Ferrari A, Piattoni F, Sandionigi A, Andrews AJ, Cariani A, Tinti F. Canning Processes Reduce the DNA-Based Traceability of Commercial Tropical Tunas. Foods 2020; 9:E1372. [PMID: 32992465 PMCID: PMC7650566 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canned tuna is one of the most widely traded seafood products internationally and is of growing demand. There is an increasing concern over the vulnerability of canned tuna supply chains to species mislabelling and fraud. Extensive processing conditions in canning operations can lead to the degradation and fragmentation of DNA, complicating product traceability. We here employed a forensically validated DNA barcoding tool (cytochrome b partial sequences) to assess the effects of canning processes on DNA degradation and the identification of four tropical tuna species (yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack and longtail tuna) collected on a global scale, along their commercial chains. Each species was studied under five different canning processes i.e., freezing, defrosting, cooking, and canning in oil and brine, in order to investigate how these affect DNA-based species identification and traceability. The highest percentage of nucleotide substitutions were observed after brine-canning operations and were greatest for yellowfin and skipjack tuna. Overall, we found that DNA degradation significantly increased along the tuna canning process for most specimens. Consequently, most of the specimens canned in oil or brine were misidentified due to the high rate of nucleotide substitution in diagnostic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pecoraro
- Physalia-Courses, 10249 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (A.F.); (F.P.); (A.J.A.); (A.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Valentina Crobe
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (A.F.); (F.P.); (A.J.A.); (A.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Alice Ferrari
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (A.F.); (F.P.); (A.J.A.); (A.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Federica Piattoni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (A.F.); (F.P.); (A.J.A.); (A.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Anna Sandionigi
- Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Adam J. Andrews
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (A.F.); (F.P.); (A.J.A.); (A.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Alessia Cariani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (A.F.); (F.P.); (A.J.A.); (A.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Fausto Tinti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; (A.F.); (F.P.); (A.J.A.); (A.C.); (F.T.)
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24
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Hassoun A, Måge I, Schmidt WF, Temiz HT, Li L, Kim HY, Nilsen H, Biancolillo A, Aït-Kaddour A, Sikorski M, Sikorska E, Grassi S, Cozzolino D. Fraud in Animal Origin Food Products: Advances in Emerging Spectroscopic Detection Methods over the Past Five Years. Foods 2020; 9:E1069. [PMID: 32781687 PMCID: PMC7466239 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal origin food products, including fish and seafood, meat and poultry, milk and dairy foods, and other related products play significant roles in human nutrition. However, fraud in this food sector frequently occurs, leading to negative economic impacts on consumers and potential risks to public health and the environment. Therefore, the development of analytical techniques that can rapidly detect fraud and verify the authenticity of such products is of paramount importance. Traditionally, a wide variety of targeted approaches, such as chemical, chromatographic, molecular, and protein-based techniques, among others, have been frequently used to identify animal species, production methods, provenance, and processing of food products. Although these conventional methods are accurate and reliable, they are destructive, time-consuming, and can only be employed at the laboratory scale. On the contrary, alternative methods based mainly on spectroscopy have emerged in recent years as invaluable tools to overcome most of the limitations associated with traditional measurements. The number of scientific studies reporting on various authenticity issues investigated by vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fluorescence spectroscopy has increased substantially over the past few years, indicating the tremendous potential of these techniques in the fight against food fraud. It is the aim of the present manuscript to review the state-of-the-art research advances since 2015 regarding the use of analytical methods applied to detect fraud in food products of animal origin, with particular attention paid to spectroscopic measurements coupled with chemometric analysis. The opportunities and challenges surrounding the use of spectroscopic techniques and possible future directions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Hassoun
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (I.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Ingrid Måge
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (I.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Walter F. Schmidt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2325, USA;
| | - Havva Tümay Temiz
- Department of Food Engineering, Bingol University, 12000 Bingol, Turkey;
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Heidi Nilsen
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (I.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Alessandra Biancolillo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 Via Vetoio, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy;
| | | | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sikorska
- Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Silvia Grassi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
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25
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Shi R, Huang M, Wang J, He C, Ying X, Xiong X, Xiong X. Molecular identification of dried squid products sold in China using DNA barcoding and SYBR green real time PCR. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1061-1074. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1746411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Shi
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuhan He
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguo Ying
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Department of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Simple PCR-RFLP detection method for genus- and species-authentication of four types of tuna used in canned tuna industry. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Tinacci L, Guardone L, Castro-Palomino Rubio J, Riina M, Stratev D, Guidi A, Armani A. Labelling compliance and species identification of herring products sold at large scale retail level within the Italian market. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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29
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Identification and quantification of tuna species in canned tunas with sunflower medium by means of a technique based on front face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS). Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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High levels of mislabeling in shark meat – Investigating patterns of species utilization with DNA barcoding in Greek retailers. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Giusti A, Tinacci L, Sotelo CG, Acutis PL, Ielasi N, Armani A. Authentication of ready-to-eat anchovy products sold on the Italian market by BLAST analysis of a highly informative cytochrome b gene fragment. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Hobbs CAD, Potts RWA, Bjerregaard Walsh M, Usher J, Griffiths AM. Using DNA Barcoding to Investigate Patterns of Species Utilisation in UK Shark Products Reveals Threatened Species on Sale. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1028. [PMID: 30705397 PMCID: PMC6355914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many shark populations are in decline, primarily due to overexploitation. In response, conservation measures have been applied at differing scales, often severely restricting sales of declining species. Therefore, DNA barcoding was used to investigate sales of shark products in fishmongers and fish and chip takeaways in England. The majority of samples were identified as Spiny Dogfish (Squalus acanthias), which is critically endangered in the Northeast Atlantic and landings have been prohibited (although there is evidence of importation of this species). Significant differences in the species sold between retailer types were also identified, suggesting differing supply chains. The results underline issues surrounding the use of 'umbrella' sales terms where many species are labelled with the same designation. This denies consumer choice as purchasers cannot easily avoid declining species or those associated with high levels of toxicants. For the first time in Europe, minibarcodes are also used to identify species from dried shark fins. Despite a small sample size, analysis of UK wholesaler fins identified threatened sharks, including the endangered and CITES listed Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini). This highlights the global nature of the damaging trade in endangered shark species, in which Europe and the UK have a continuing role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A D Hobbs
- Department of Biosciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Robert W A Potts
- Department of Biosciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | | | - Jane Usher
- Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Andrew M Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
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