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De la Cruz-López KG, Alvarado-Ortiz E, Valencia-González HA, Beltrán-Anaya FO, Zamora-Fuentes JM, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Espinal-Enríquez J, García-Carrancá A. Metformin induces ZFP36 by mTORC1 inhibition in cervical cancer-derived cell lines. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:853. [PMID: 39026155 PMCID: PMC11256429 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin, a widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, has shown several promising effects for cancer treatment. These effects have been shown to be mediated by dual modulation of the AMPK-mTORC1 axis, where AMPK acts upstream of mTORC1 to decrease its activity. Nevertheless, alternative pathways have been recently discovered suggesting that metformin can act through of different targets regulation. METHODS We performed a transcriptome screening analysis using HeLa xenograft tumors generated in NOD-SCID mice treated with or without metformin to examine genes regulated by metformin. Western Blot analysis, Immunohistochemical staining, and RT-qPCR were used to confirm alterations in gene expression. The TNMplot and GEPIA2 platform were used for in silico analysis of genes found up-regulated by metformin, in cervical cancer patients. We performed an AMPK knock-down using AMPK-targeted siRNAs and mTOR inhibition with rapamycin to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of metformin in cervical cancer cell lines. RESULTS We shown that metformin decreases tumor growth and increased the expression of a group of antitumoral genes involved in DNA-binding transcription activator activity, hormonal response, and Dcp1-Dcp2 mRNA-decapping complex. We demonstrated that ZFP36 could act as a new molecular target increased by metformin. mTORC1 inhibition using rapamycin induces ZFP36 expression, which could suggest that metformin increases ZFP36 expression and requires mTORC1 inhibition for such effect. Surprisingly, in HeLa cells AMPK inhibition did not affect ZFP36 expression, suggesting that additional signal transducers related to suppressing mTORC1 activity, could be involved. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of ZFP36 activation in response to metformin treatment involving mTORC1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Griselda De la Cruz-López
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología., Av. San Fernando No. 22 Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Alvarado-Ortiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Heriberto A Valencia-González
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales y Desarrollo Terapéutico Antineoplásico, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fredy Omar Beltrán-Anaya
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Gro, Mexico
| | - José María Zamora-Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Oncología Teórica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de La Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales y Desarrollo Terapéutico Antineoplásico, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Espinal-Enríquez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Teórica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de La Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología., Av. San Fernando No. 22 Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
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de Camargo Magalhães ES, Hubner SE, Brown BD, Qiu Y, Kornblau SM. Proteomics for optimizing therapy in acute myeloid leukemia: venetoclax plus hypomethylating agents versus conventional chemotherapy. Leukemia 2024; 38:1046-1056. [PMID: 38531950 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of Hypomethylating agents combined with Venetoclax (VH) for the treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) has greatly improved outcomes in recent years. However not all patients benefit from the VH regimen and a way to rationally select between VH and Conventional Chemotherapy (CC) for individual AML patients is needed. Here, we developed a proteomic-based triaging strategy using Reverse-phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to optimize therapy selection. We evaluated the expression of 411 proteins in 810 newly diagnosed adult AML patients, identifying 109 prognostic proteins, that divided into five patient expression profiles, which are useful for optimizing therapy selection. Furthermore, using machine learning algorithms, we determined a set of 14 proteins, among those 109, that were able to accurately recommend therapy, making it feasible for clinical application. Next, we identified a group of patients who did not benefit from either VH or CC and proposed target-based approaches to improve outcomes. Finally, we calculated that the clinical use of our proteomic strategy would have led to a change in therapy for 30% of patients, resulting in a 43% improvement in OS, resulting in around 2600 more cures from AML per year in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Edward Hubner
- John Sealy School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Brandon Douglas Brown
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA
| | - Yihua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA
| | - Steven Mitchell Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
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Ribosomes and Ribosomal Proteins Promote Plasticity and Stemness Induction in Glioma Cells via Reprogramming. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142142. [PMID: 35883585 PMCID: PMC9323835 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal tumor that develops in the adult brain. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies related to surgical resection and chemo-radiotherapy, the overall survival of patients with GBM remains unsatisfactory. Genetic research on mutation, amplification, and deletion in GBM cells is important for understanding the biological aggressiveness, diagnosis, and prognosis of GBM. However, the efficacy of drugs targeting the genetic abnormalities in GBM cells is limited. Investigating special microenvironments that induce chemo-radioresistance in GBM cells is critical to improving the survival and quality of life of patients with GBM. GBM cells acquire and maintain stem-cell-like characteristics via their intrinsic potential and extrinsic factors from their special microenvironments. The acquisition of stem-cell-like phenotypes and aggressiveness may be referred to as a reprogramming of GBM cells. In addition to protein synthesis, deregulation of ribosome biogenesis is linked to several diseases including cancer. Ribosomal proteins possess both tumor-promotive and -suppressive functions as extra-ribosomal functions. Incorporation of ribosomes and overexpression of ribosomal protein S6 reprogram and induce stem-cell-like phenotypes in GBM cells. Herein, we review recent literature and our published data on the acquisition of aggressiveness by GBM and discuss therapeutic options through reprogramming.
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Hide T, Shibahara I, Inukai M, Shigeeda R, Shirakawa Y, Jono H, Shinojima N, Mukasa A, Kumabe T. Ribosomal proteins induce stem cell-like characteristics in glioma cells as an "extra-ribosomal function". Brain Tumor Pathol 2022; 39:51-56. [PMID: 35508789 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-022-00434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic features of plasticity and heterogeneity in glioblastoma (GB) cells cause therapeutic difficulties. GB cells are exposed to various stimuli from the tumor microenvironment and acquire the potential to resist chemoradiotherapy. To investigate how GB cells acquire stem cell-like phenotypes, we focused on ribosomal proteins, because ribosome incorporation has been reported to induce stem cell-like phenotypes in somatic cells. Furthermore, dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis has been reported in several types of cancer. We focused on ribosomal protein S6, which promotes sphere-forming ability and stem cell marker expression in GB cells. We expect that investigation of dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis and extra-ribosomal function in GB will provide new insights about the plasticity, heterogeneity, and therapeutic resistance of GB cells, which can potentially lead to revolutionary therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuichiro Hide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Ichiyo Shibahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Madoka Inukai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Ryota Shigeeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuki Shirakawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoki Shinojima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 850-8556, Japan
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 850-8556, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Yi YW, You KS, Park JS, Lee SG, Seong YS. Ribosomal Protein S6: A Potential Therapeutic Target against Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010048. [PMID: 35008473 PMCID: PMC8744729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) is a component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit and participates in the control of mRNA translation. Additionally, phospho (p)-RPS6 has been recognized as a surrogate marker for the activated PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway, which occurs in many cancer types. However, downstream mechanisms regulated by RPS6 or p-RPS remains elusive, and the therapeutic implication of RPS6 is underappreciated despite an approximately half a century history of research on this protein. In addition, substantial evidence from RPS6 knockdown experiments suggests the potential role of RPS6 in maintaining cancer cell proliferation. This motivates us to investigate the current knowledge of RPS6 functions in cancer. In this review article, we reviewed the current information about the transcriptional regulation, upstream regulators, and extra-ribosomal roles of RPS6, with a focus on its involvement in cancer. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of RPS6 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Kyu Sic You
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-G.L.); (Y.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-961-2355 (S.-G.L.); +82-41-550-3875 (Y.-S.S.); Fax: +82-2-961-9623 (S.-G.L.)
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-G.L.); (Y.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-961-2355 (S.-G.L.); +82-41-550-3875 (Y.-S.S.); Fax: +82-2-961-9623 (S.-G.L.)
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Survival Rate and Prognostic Factors Among Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Using the Joint Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.106846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most effective of all hematologic malignancies treatments, resulting in a significant improvement in survival rate. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the survival rate and factors affecting the survival in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, using the joint model. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study, used for collecting data from patients with hematopoietic malignancies who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Taleghani Hospital (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Tehran, Iran during the years 2007 and 2015 and were followed up till 2017. A Bayesian joint model of longitudinal and survival was chosen, using Win Bugs software. Results: A total of 395 patients were enrolled. The median overall survival was 6.3 years (95% CI (5.86, 6.76)). Eighty-one patients had died. The obtained results from this study manifested that age (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: (1.002, 1.04)) and pre-transplantation relapse (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: (1.09, 2.4)) have incremental impact on death after transplantation, while malignancy type (NHL (HR: 0.33, 95%CI: (0.152, 0.73)) and AML (HR: 0.62, 95% CI: (0.29, 0.7)) are also effective in reducing death after transplantation. Similarly, the correlation index between longitudinal and survival models proved to be significant (HR: 0.6, 95% CI: (0.0802, 0.37)). Conclusions: This study showed that age, per-transplantation relapse, and malignancy type are the effective factors in the survival rate. Moreover, the link parameter between longitudinal response (WBC) and the survival indicated that an increase in WBC count leads to a decrease in the death risk.
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Genome-Wide Analysis of Ribosomal Protein GhRPS6 and Its Role in Cotton Verticillium Wilt Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041795. [PMID: 33670294 PMCID: PMC7918698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is threatening the world’s cotton production. The pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae can survive in the soil in the form of microsclerotia for a long time, colonize through the root of cotton, and invade into vascular bundles, causing yellowing and wilting of cotton leaves, and in serious cases, leading to plant death. Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control Verticillium wilt. In previous studies, proteomic analysis was carried out on different cotton varieties inoculated with V. dahliae strain Vd080. It was found that GhRPS6 was phosphorylated after inoculation, and the phosphorylation level in resistant cultivars was 1.5 times than that in susceptible cultivars. In this study, knockdown of GhRPS6 expression results in the reduction of SA and JA content, and suppresses a series of defensive response, enhancing cotton plants susceptibility to V. dahliae. Overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants was found to be more resistant to V. dahliae. Further, serines at 237 and 240 were mutated to phenylalanine, respectively and jointly. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants demonstrated that seri-237 compromised the plant resistance to V. dahliae. Subcellular localization in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that GhRPS6 was localized in the nucleus. Additionally, the pathogen inoculation and phosphorylation site mutation did not change its localization. These results indicate that GhRPS6 is a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. This lays a foundation for breeding disease-resistant varieties.
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Grundy M, Al‐Kaisi F, Cull J, Williams C, Smith D, Seedhouse CH. A same‐day assay predicts apoptotic response to combined BCL‐2 and MCL‐1 BH3‐mimetic targeting in multiple myeloma cells. EJHAEM 2021; 2:40-47. [PMID: 35846088 PMCID: PMC9175957 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in treatment options for multiple myeloma (MM) have positive impact on patient survival. However, there is a short fall of rapid and reliable assays that can predict patient response to novel agents. The anti‐apoptotic proteins B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (BCL‐2) and myeloid cell leukaemia‐1 (MCL‐1), are necessary for MM survival, although most myelomas are more dependent on MCL‐1. BCL‐2 inhibition alone yields significant cytotoxicity in only a minority of cases, therefore targeting both proteins simultaneously, is a therapeutic option. Venetoclax and S63845 are BCL‐2 and MCL‐1 targeting BH3‐mimetics which have demonstrated apoptotic synergy in MM. We investigated whether a novel short‐term flow cytometric cytochrome c release assay could predict response to dual BH3‐mimetic targeting in MM cells. Six human myeloma cell lines (HMCL) and seven primary samples were treated with venetoclax and S63845 alone or in combination. The 4‐hour assay confirmed the drug combination was synergistic in all HMCL tested. Annexin‐V data at 48 hours corresponded with 4‐hour response verifying the assay as a predictor of drug sensitivity. All primary samples responded to the drug combination, including samples with 1q gain and t(4;14) translocation. Normal stem cells were unaffected by the drug combination. We have developed a novel assay with the potential to predict response to therapy in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grundy
- Blood Cancer and Stem Cells, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute Nottingham UK
- Clinical Haematology Nottingham University Hospitals Nottingham UK
| | - Firas Al‐Kaisi
- Clinical Haematology Nottingham University Hospitals Nottingham UK
| | - Joanna Cull
- Clinical Haematology Nottingham University Hospitals Nottingham UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Clinical Haematology Nottingham University Hospitals Nottingham UK
| | - Dean Smith
- Clinical Haematology Nottingham University Hospitals Nottingham UK
| | - Claire H. Seedhouse
- Blood Cancer and Stem Cells, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute Nottingham UK
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Grundy M, Balakrishnan S, Fox M, Seedhouse CH, Russell NH. Genetic biomarkers predict response to dual BCL-2 and MCL-1 targeting in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37777-37789. [PMID: 30701031 PMCID: PMC6340871 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells often up-regulate pro-survival members of the BCL-2 protein family, such as BCL-2 and MCL-1, to avoid apoptosis. Venetoclax (ABT-199) targets BCL-2 and has shown promising efficacy in AML but over-expression of MCL-1 can cause resistance. A co-operative approach, targeting both BCL-2 and MCL-1 may therefore prove beneficial. This study investigated the potential synergistic relationship between Venetoclax and the MCL-1 inhibitor S63845 in AML cells. We treated MV4-11 cells and primary AML samples for 4 hours with Venetoclax, S63845 or the combination. We used a short-term flow cytometric technique to assess synergy using cytochrome C release as a read out of response. The combination of Venetoclax and S63845 produced a synergistic apoptotic response in MV4-11 cells and primary samples, including the leukaemia re-populating leukaemic stem cell (LSC) population, in 92% of the samples. Known molecular biomarkers of response to BCL-2 and MCL-1 targeting agents were corroborated, and augmented, with the short-term functional assay. The assay also predicted potential biomarkers of response to the combination of BCL-2 and MCL-1 targeting agents. Primary samples with an IDH2_140 mutation were more sensitive to Venetoclax as a single agent whereas samples with a FLT3-ITD mutation were more resistant. This resistance could be reversed when combined with S63845. All FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutated samples were sensitive to the combination of drugs. We report that co-operatively targeting BCL-2 and MCL-1 may be beneficial in AML and a short-term in vitro assay can identify patients who might best respond to this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grundy
- Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sahana Balakrishnan
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Fox
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claire H Seedhouse
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel H Russell
- Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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