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Sengupta S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Natural products from the human microbiome: an emergent frontier in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4006-4030. [PMID: 38669195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Often referred to as the "second genome", the human microbiome is at the epicenter of complex inter-habitat biochemical networks like the "gut-brain axis", which has emerged as a significant determinant of cognition, overall health and well-being, as well as resistance to antibiotics and susceptibility to diseases. As part of a broader understanding of the nexus between the human microbiome, diseases and microbial interactions, whether encoded secondary metabolites (natural products) play crucial signalling roles has been the subject of intense scrutiny in the recent past. A major focus of these activities involves harvesting the genomic potential of the human microbiome via bioinformatics guided genome mining and culturomics. Through these efforts, an impressive number of structurally intriguing antibiotics, with enhanced chemical diversity vis-à-vis conventional antibiotics have been isolated from human commensal bacteria, thereby generating considerable interest in their total synthesis and expanding their therapeutic space for drug discovery. These developments augur well for the discovery of new drugs and antibiotics, particularly in the context of challenges posed by mycobacterial resistance and emerging new diseases. The current landscape of various synthetic campaigns and drug discovery initiatives on antibacterial natural products from the human microbiome is captured in this review with an intent to stimulate further activities in this interdisciplinary arena among the new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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2
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Synthesis of a Novel Lantibiotic Using Mutacin II Biosynthesis Apparatus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0303022. [PMID: 36645288 PMCID: PMC9927145 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03030-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to extensive metagenomic studies, we now have access to numerous sequences of novel bacteriocin-like antimicrobial peptides encoded by various cultivable and noncultivable bacteria. However, relatively rarely, we even have access to these cultivable strains to examine the potency and the targets of the predicted bacteriocins. In this study, we evaluated a heterologous biosynthetic system to produce biologically active nonnative novel lantibiotics, which are modified bacteriocins. We chose Streptococcus mutans, a dental pathogen, as the host organism because it is genetically easy to manipulate and is inherently a prolific producer of various bacteriocins. We chose the S. mutans T8 strain as the host, which produces the lantibiotic mutacin II, to express 10 selected homologs of mutacin II identified from GenBank. These lantibiotic peptides either are novel or have been studied very minimally. The core regions of the selected lantibiotic peptides were fused to the leader sequence of the mutacin II peptide and integrated into the chromosome such that the core region of the native mutacin II was replaced with the new core sequences. By this approach, using the mutacin II biosynthesis machinery, we obtained one bioactive novel lantibiotic peptide with 52% different residues compared to the mutacin II core region. This unknown lantibiotic is encoded by Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus ovuberis strains. Since this peptide displays some homology with nukacin ISK-1, we named it nukacin Spp. 2. This study demonstrated that the mutacin II biosynthesis machinery can be successfully used as an efficient system for the production of biologically active novel lantibiotics. IMPORTANCE In this study, we report for the first time that Streptococcus mutans can be used as a host to produce various nonnative lantibiotics. We showed that in the T8 strain, we could produce bioactive lacticin 481 and nukacin ISK-1, both of which are homologs of mutacin II, using T8's modification and secretion apparatus. Similarly, we also synthesized a novel bioactive lantibiotic, which we named nukacin Spp. 2.
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3
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Schnizlein MK, Young VB. Capturing the environment of the Clostridioides difficile infection cycle. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:508-520. [PMID: 35468953 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) infection is a substantial health and economic burden worldwide. Great strides have been made over the past several years in characterizing the physiology of C. difficile infection, particularly regarding how gut microorganisms and their host work together to provide colonization resistance. As mammalian hosts and their indigenous gut microbiota have co-evolved, they have formed a complex yet stable relationship that prevents invading microorganisms from establishing themselves. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in our understanding of C. difficile physiology that have contributed to its success as a pathogen, including its versatile survival factors and ability to adapt to unique niches. Using discoveries regarding microorganism-host and microorganism-microorganism interactions that constitute colonization resistance, we place C. difficile within the fiercely competitive gut environment. A comprehensive understanding of these relationships is required to continue the development of precision medicine-based treatments for C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Schnizlein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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Fathizadeh H, Pakdel F, Saffari M, Esmaeili DD, Momen-Heravi M, Dao S, Ganbarov K, Kafil HS. Bacteriocins: Recent advances in application as an antimicrobial alternative. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1028-1040. [PMID: 34493194 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210907121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence and development of antibiotic resistance in the treatment of bacterial infections, efforts to discover new antimicrobial agents have increased. One of these antimicrobial agents is a compound produced by a large number of bacteria called bacteriocin. Bacteriocins are small ribosomal polypeptides that can exert their antibacterial effects against bacteria close to their producer strain or even non-closely strains. Adequate knowledge of the structure and functional mechanisms of bacteriocins and their spectrum of activity, as well as knowledge of the mechanisms of possible resistance to these compounds will lead to further development of their use as an alternative to antibiotics. Furthermore, most bacteria that live in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have the ability to produce bacteriocins, which spread throughout the GIT. Despite antimicrobial studies in vitro, our knowledge of bacteriocins in the GIT and the migration of these bacteriocins from the epithelial barrier is low. Hence, in this study, we reviewed general information about bacteriocins, such as classification, mechanism of action and resistance, emphasizing their presence, stability, and spectrum of activity in the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan. Iran
| | - Farzaneh Pakdel
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Mahmood Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan. Iran
| | - Davoud Davoud Esmaeili
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mansooreh Momen-Heravi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan. Iran
| | - Sounkalo Dao
- Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-Stomatologie (FMPOS), University of Bamako, Bamako. Mali
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, IR. Iran
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5
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van Staden ADP, van Zyl WF, Trindade M, Dicks LMT, Smith C. Therapeutic Application of Lantibiotics and Other Lanthipeptides: Old and New Findings. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0018621. [PMID: 33962984 PMCID: PMC8231447 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00186-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides, with modifications that are incorporated during biosynthesis by dedicated enzymes. Various modifications of the peptides are possible, resulting in a highly diverse group of bioactive peptides that offer a potential reservoir for use in the fight against a plethora of diseases. Their activities range from the antimicrobial properties of lantibiotics, especially against antibiotic-resistant strains, to antiviral activity, immunomodulatory properties, antiallodynic effects, and the potential to alleviate cystic fibrosis symptoms. Lanthipeptide biosynthetic genes are widespread within bacterial genomes, providing a substantial repository for novel bioactive peptides. Using genome mining tools, novel bioactive lanthipeptides can be identified, and coupled with rapid screening and heterologous expression technologies, the lanthipeptide drug discovery pipeline can be significantly sped up. Lanthipeptides represent a group of bioactive peptides that hold great potential as biotherapeutics, especially at a time when novel and more effective therapies are required. With this review, we provide insight into the latest developments made toward the therapeutic applications and production of lanthipeptides, specifically looking at heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Du Preez van Staden
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Winschau F. van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marla Trindade
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leon M. T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carine Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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6
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Flynn J, Ryan A, Hudson SP. Pre-formulation and delivery strategies for the development of bacteriocins as next generation antibiotics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:149-163. [PMID: 34020021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocins, a class of antimicrobial peptide produced by bacteria, may offer a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics, an important step towards mitigating the ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance crisis. They are active against a range of clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriocins have been discussed in the literature for over a century. Although they are used as preservatives in food, no medicine based on their antimicrobial activity exists on the market today. In order to formulate them into clinical antibiotics, pre-formulation studies on their biophysical and physicochemical properties that will influence their activity in vivo and their stability during manufacture must be elucidated. Thermal, pH and enzymatic stability of bacteriocins are commonly studied and regularly reported in the literature. Solubility, permeability and aggregation properties on the other hand are less frequently reported for many bacteriocins, which may contribute to their poor clinical progression. Promising cytotoxicity studies report that bacteriocins exhibit few cytotoxic effects on a variety of mammalian cell lines, at active concentrations. This review highlights the lack of quantitative data and in many cases even qualitative data, on bacteriocins' solubility, stability, aggregation, permeability and cytotoxicity. The formulation strategies that have been explored to date, proposed routes of administration, trends in in vitro/in vivo behaviour and efforts in clinical development are discussed. The future promise of bacteriocins as a new generation of antibiotics may require tailored local delivery strategies to fulfil their potential as a force to combat antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Flynn
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aoibhín Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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7
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Benítez-Chao DF, León-Buitimea A, Lerma-Escalera JA, Morones-Ramírez JR. Bacteriocins: An Overview of Antimicrobial, Toxicity, and Biosafety Assessment by in vivo Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630695. [PMID: 33935991 PMCID: PMC8083986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is facing a significant increase in infections caused by drug-resistant infectious agents. In response, various strategies have been recently explored to treat them, including the development of bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are a group of antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, capable of controlling clinically relevant susceptible and drug-resistant bacteria. Bacteriocins have been studied to be able to modify and improve their physicochemical properties, pharmacological effects, and biosafety. This manuscript focuses on the research being developed on the biosafety of bacteriocins, which is a topic that has not been addressed extensively in previous reviews. This work discusses the studies that have tested the effect of bacteriocins against pathogens and assess their toxicity using in vivo models, including murine and other alternative animal models. Thus, this work concludes the urgency to increase and advance the in vivo models that both assess the efficacy of bacteriocins as antimicrobial agents and evaluate possible toxicity and side effects, which are key factors to determine their success as potential therapeutic agents in the fight against infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Benítez-Chao
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - Jordy Alexis Lerma-Escalera
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - José Rubén Morones-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
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8
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Huang F, Teng K, Liu Y, Cao Y, Wang T, Ma C, Zhang J, Zhong J. Bacteriocins: Potential for Human Health. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5518825. [PMID: 33936381 PMCID: PMC8055394 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5518825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the challenges of antibiotic resistance to global health, bacteriocins as antimicrobial compounds have received more and more attention. Bacteriocins are biosynthesized by various microbes and are predominantly used as food preservatives to control foodborne pathogens. Now, increasing researches have focused on bacteriocins as potential clinical antimicrobials or immune-modulating agents to fight against the global threat to human health. Given the broad- or narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity, bacteriocins have been reported to inhibit a wide range of clinically pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria, thus preventing the infections caused by these bacteria in the human body. Otherwise, some bacteriocins also show anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities. Because of the safety and being not easy to cause drug resistance, some bacteriocins appear to have better efficacy and application prospects than existing therapeutic agents do. In this review, we highlight the potential therapeutic activities of bacteriocins and suggest opportunities for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Kunling Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yayong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Yanhong Cao
- The Animal Husbandry Research Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
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9
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Kirichenko K, Hillman JD, Handfield M, Park JH. Complete synthesis of the bicyclic ring of a mutacin analog with orthogonally protected lanthionine via solid-phase intracyclization. J Pept Sci 2020; 25:e3214. [PMID: 31721375 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutacin 1140 (MU1140) is a naturally occurring lantibiotic derived from posttranslational modifications of a ribosomally synthesized peptide during the fermentation of a bacterium called Streptococcus mutans, the etiological agent of dental cavities. A practical approach for chemically synthesizing lantibiotics would be a valuable tool to expand the MU1140 library with additional semisynthetic analogs. In turn, an expanded library may prove useful to explore additional therapeutic indications for this pipeline of novel compounds. In this work, orthogonally protected lanthionine analogs were synthesized via an aziridine ring opening strategy. This lanthionine was utilized to synthesize a cysteamine (Cya) instead of the (S)-aminovinyl-D-cysteine (AviCys) that is naturally found in MU1140. The Cya containing bicyclic C/D ring of MU1140 was synthesized by Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The linear peptides were synthesized using OPfp ester derivatives and using various common coupling reagents such as COMU and TCTU. The linear peptide was intracyclized with DEPBT to construct the so-called bicyclic ring C/D. This is the first report on the complete chemical synthesis of the bicyclic C/D ring of a MU1140 analog using orthogonally protected lanthionines using SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Kirichenko
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A.,SynQuest Laboratories, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey D Hillman
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Martin Handfield
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Jae H Park
- Oragenics, Department of Research and Development, Oragenics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, U.S.A
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10
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Sandiford SK. An overview of lantibiotic biosynthetic machinery promiscuity and its impact on antimicrobial discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:373-382. [PMID: 31941374 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1699530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The continued emergence of drug resistant bacteria within the nosocomial and community environment recalcitrant to conventional antimicrobial therapies has enforced the requirement for novel therapeutics. This has led to a renewed interest in peptide antimicrobials, including ribosomally synthesized peptides termed lantibiotics. Lantibiotics represent a novel class of agents that many studies have highlighted as effective against a range of pathogenic bacteria.Areas covered: In this review, the modular nature of lantibiotic synthesis is discussed and how this can be exploited not only to improve known lantibiotics but also for the creation of new to nature lantibiotics exhibiting improved pharmacological properties, antimicrobial activity and ability to bypass bacterial resistance mechanisms.Expert opinion: The use of combinatorial biosynthetic systems to combine different modules or ring structures of known lantibiotics have also been utilized to create new to nature lantibiotics. To fully exploit the available information and its application to lantibiotic engineering, additional structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis is required to fully understand the impact of certain post-translational modifications and the impact they have upon the activity, stability and pharmacological properties.
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11
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Preclinical evaluation of the maximum tolerated dose and toxicokinetics of enteric-coated lantibiotic OG253 capsules. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 374:32-40. [PMID: 31034929 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile associated disease (CDAD) is the leading infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in the United States. Both the incidence and severity of CDAD have been increased over the past two decades. We evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicokinetics of OG253, a novel lantibiotic in development for the treatment of CDAD. OG253 was orally administered to Wistar Han rats as enteric-coated capsules in a one-day dose escalation study, followed by a seven-day repeated dose toxicokinetics study. All three doses of OG253 (6.75, 27 and 108 mg/day) were generally well-tolerated with no treatment-related clinical signs, alterations in body weight or food consumption in both one-day acute tolerability and seven-days repeated dose tolerability and toxicokinetics study. OG253 capsule administration neither significantly alter the weight of organs nor affect the hematology, coagulation, clinical biochemistry parameters and urine pH compared to placebo capsule administered rats. LC-MS/MS analysis did not detect OG253 in the plasma, indicating that OG253 is not absorbed into the blood from the rat gastrointestinal tract. Glandular atrophy of the rectal mucosa was noticed in two out of six rats administered with a high dose of OG253. Surprisingly, we found that OG253 treatment significantly lowered both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both sexes of rats. Overall, there was a 29.8 and 61.38% decrease in the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, respectively as compared to placebo-treated rats. The well-tolerated high dose of OG253 (425.7 mg/kg/day) is recommended as the MTD for safety and efficacy studies. Further preclinical study is needed to evaluate the safety profile of OG253 under longer exposure.
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12
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Jin X, Park OJ, Hong SH. Incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins: challenges, recent achievements, and emerging applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2947-2958. [PMID: 30790000 PMCID: PMC6449208 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The natural genetic code only allows for 20 standard amino acids in protein translation, but genetic code reprogramming enables the incorporation of non-standard amino acids (NSAAs). Proteins containing NSAAs provide enhanced or novel properties and open diverse applications. With increased attention to the recent advancements in synthetic biology, various improved and novel methods have been developed to incorporate single and multiple distinct NSAAs into proteins. However, various challenges remain in regard to NSAA incorporation, such as low yield and misincorporation. In this review, we summarize the recent efforts to improve NSAA incorporation by utilizing orthogonal translational system optimization, cell-free protein synthesis, genomically recoded organisms, artificial codon boxes, quadruplet codons, and orthogonal ribosomes, before closing with a discussion of the emerging applications of NSAA incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Oh-Jin Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Yanbian University of Science and Technology, Yanji, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Seok Hoon Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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13
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Pharmacological, Toxicological, and Dose Range Assessment of OG716, a Novel Lantibiotic for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01904-18. [PMID: 30670434 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01904-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics present an attractive scaffold for the development of novel antibiotics. We report here a novel lantibiotic for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. The lead compounds were selected from a library of over 700 single- and multiple-substitution variants of the lantibiotic mutacin 1140 (MU1140). The best performers in vitro and in vivo were further used to challenge Golden Syrian hamsters orally in a Golden Syrian hamster model of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) in a dose-response format, resulting in the selection of OG716 as the lead compound. This lantibiotic was characterized by a 50% effective dose of 23.85 mg/kg of body weight/day (10.97 μmol/kg/day) in this model. Upon oral administration of the maximum feasible dose (≥1,918 mg/kg/day), no observable toxicities or side effects were noted, and no effect on intestinal motility was observed. Compartmentalization to the gastrointestinal tract was confirmed. MU1140-derived variants offer a large pipeline for the development of novel antibiotics for the treatment of several indications and are particularly attractive considering their novel mechanism of action. Based on the currently available data, OG716 has an acceptable profile for further development for the treatment of CDAD.
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14
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Pokhrel R, Bhattarai N, Baral P, Gerstman BS, Park JH, Handfield M, Chapagain PP. Molecular mechanisms of pore formation and membrane disruption by the antimicrobial lantibiotic peptide Mutacin 1140. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12530-12539. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01558b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistance is a major concern to global human health and identification of novel antibiotics is critical to mitigate the threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Physics
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Prabin Baral
- Department of Physics
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Bernard S. Gerstman
- Department of Physics
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute
| | | | | | - Prem P. Chapagain
- Department of Physics
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute
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Sandiford SK. Current developments in lantibiotic discovery for treating Clostridium difficile infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 14:71-79. [PMID: 30479173 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1549032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridium difficile is a major cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea linked to the misuse of antimicrobials and the corresponding deleterious impact they have on the protective microbiota of the gut. Resistance to agents used to treat C. difficile including metronizadole and vancomycin has been reported highlighting the need for novel agents. Lantibiotics represent a novel class of agents that many studies have highlighted as effective against C. difficile. Areas covered: In this review lantibiotics including nisin, actagardine, mersacidin, NAI-107 and MU-1140 that exhibit good activity against C.difficile, all of which are currently in the preclinical phase of investigation are discussed. The lantibiotic NVB302, which has completed phase I clinical trials for the treatment of C. difficile, is also described. Expert opinion: Lantibiotics represent promising candidates for the treatment of C. difficile infections due to their novel mode of action, which is thought to decrease the potential of resistance developing and the fact they often possess a less deleterious effect on the protective gut microbiota when compared to traditional agents. They are also extremely amenable to bioengineering approaches and the incorporation of synthetic biology to produce more potent variants.
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Kers JA, Sharp RE, Muley S, Mayo M, Colbeck J, Zhu Y, DeFusco AW, Park JH, Handfield M. Blueprints for the rational design of therapeutic mutacin 1140 variants. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1940-1953. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan A. Kers
- Intrexon Corp.; Industrial Products Division; South San Francisco California
| | - R. Eryl Sharp
- Intrexon Corp.; Industrial Products Division; South San Francisco California
| | - Sheela Muley
- Intrexon Corp.; Industrial Products Division; South San Francisco California
| | - Melissa Mayo
- Intrexon Corp.; Industrial Products Division; South San Francisco California
| | - Jeffrey Colbeck
- Intrexon Corp.; Industrial Products Division; South San Francisco California
| | - Yihui Zhu
- Intrexon Corp.; Industrial Products Division; South San Francisco California
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