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Erdei AL, David AB, Savvidou EC, Džemedžionaitė V, Chakravarthy A, Molnár BP, Dekker T. The push-pull intercrop Desmodium does not repel, but intercepts and kills pests. eLife 2024; 13:e88695. [PMID: 38477562 PMCID: PMC11021049 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Over two decades ago, an intercropping strategy was developed that received critical acclaim for synergizing food security with ecosystem resilience in smallholder farming. The push-pull strategy reportedly suppresses lepidopteran pests in maize through a combination of a repellent intercrop (push), commonly Desmodium spp., and an attractive, border crop (pull). Key in the system is the intercrop's constitutive release of volatile terpenoids that repel herbivores. However, the earlier described volatile terpenoids were not detectable in the headspace of Desmodium, and only minimally upon herbivory. This was independent of soil type, microbiome composition, and whether collections were made in the laboratory or in the field. Furthermore, in oviposition choice tests in a wind tunnel, maize with or without an odor background of Desmodium was equally attractive for the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda. In search of an alternative mechanism, we found that neonate larvae strongly preferred Desmodium over maize. However, their development stagnated and no larva survived. In addition, older larvae were frequently seen impaled and immobilized by the dense network of silica-fortified, non-glandular trichomes. Thus, our data suggest that Desmodium may act through intercepting and decimating dispersing larval offspring rather than adult deterrence. As a hallmark of sustainable pest control, maize-Desmodium push-pull intercropping has inspired countless efforts to emulate stimulo-deterrent diversion in other cropping systems. However, detailed knowledge of the actual mechanisms is required to rationally improve the strategy, and translate the concept to other cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Erdei
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- Department of Chemical Ecology, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
| | - Aneth B David
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar-es-Salaam (UDSM)SalaamUnited Republic of Tanzania
| | - Eleni C Savvidou
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of ThessalyVolosGreece
| | - Vaida Džemedžionaitė
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Advaith Chakravarthy
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Béla P Molnár
- Department of Chemical Ecology, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
| | - Teun Dekker
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
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Headrick KC, Juenger TE, Heckman RW. Plant physical defenses contribute to a latitudinal gradient in resistance to insect herbivory within a widespread perennial grass. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16260. [PMID: 38031482 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Herbivore pressure can vary across the range of a species, resulting in different defensive strategies. If herbivory is greater at lower latitudes, plants may be better defended there, potentially driving a latitudinal gradient in defense. However, relationships that manifest across the entire range of a species may be confounded by differences within genetic subpopulations, which may obscure the drivers of these latitudinal gradients. METHODS We grew plants of the widespread perennial grass Panicum virgatum in a common garden that included genotypes from three genetic subpopulations spanning an 18.5° latitudinal gradient. We then assessed defensive strategies of these plants by measuring two physical resistance traits-leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf ash, a proxy for silica-and multiple measures of herbivory by caterpillars of the generalist herbivore fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). RESULTS Across all genetic subpopulations, low-latitude plants experienced less herbivory than high-latitude plants. Within genetic subpopulations, however, this relationship was inconsistent-the most widely distributed and phenotypically variable subpopulation (Atlantic) exhibited more consistent latitudinal trends than either of the other two subpopulations. The two physical resistance traits, LMA and leaf ash, were both highly heritable and positively associated with resistance to different measures of herbivory across all subpopulations, indicating their importance in defense against herbivores. Again, however, these relationships were inconsistent within subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS Defensive gradients that occur across the entire species range may not arise within localized subpopulations. Thus, identifying the drivers of latitudinal gradients in herbivory defense may depend on adequately sampling the diversity within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Headrick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Wang J, Wei J, Yi T, Li YY, Xu T, Chen L, Xu H. A green leaf volatile, (Z)-3-hexenyl-acetate, mediates differential oviposition by Spodoptera frugiperda on maize and rice. BMC Biol 2023; 21:140. [PMID: 37337192 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects rely on chemosensory perception, mainly olfaction, for the location of mates, food sources, and oviposition sites. Plant-released volatile compounds guide herbivorous insects to search for and locate their host plants, further helping them to identify suitable positions for oviposition. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (S. frugiperda) was found to invade China in 2019 and has since seriously threatened multiple crops, particularly maize and rice. However, the chemical and molecular mechanisms underlying oviposition preference in this pest are not fully understood. Here, the oviposition preference of S. frugiperda on maize and rice plants was investigated. RESULTS GC-EAD and GC-MS/MS techniques were used to identify the antennally active volatiles from maize and rice plants. The attraction and oviposition stimulation of identified components to female adults were tested in both laboratory and field settings. The odorant receptors (ORs) on female antennae were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and their functions evaluated by RNAi. Ten and eleven compounds of maize and rice plants, respectively, were identified to possess electrophysiological activity from headspace volatiles. Among these compounds, (Z)-3-hexenyl-acetate specifically presented in maize volatiles was found to play a critical role in attracting females and stimulating oviposition compared to rice volatiles. Among the cloned ORs on the antennae of both sexes, SfruOR23 with highly female-biased expression mediated the responses of females to (Z)-3-hexenyl-acetate. Knockdown of SfruOR23 using RNAi markedly reduced the electrophysiological response of female antennae and oviposition preference to the compound. CONCLUSIONS (Z)-3-Hexenyl-acetate is a key volatile mediating the host and oviposition preference of S. frugiperda on maize. The olfactory receptor of (Z)-3-hexenyl-acetate was identified to be SfruOR23, which is mainly expressed in the antennae of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Ya Li
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Tian Xu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Li YP, Yao SY, Feng D, Haack RA, Yang Y, Hou JL, Ye H. Dispersal Behavior Characters of Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae. INSECTS 2023; 14:488. [PMID: 37367304 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major pest of corn worldwide. FAW larval dispersal is an important life strategy that influences FAW population distribution in corn fields and subsequent plant damage. We studied FAW larval dispersal in the laboratory with sticky plates placed around the test plant and a unidirectional airflow source. Crawling and ballooning were the main dispersal means of FAW larvae both within and between corn plants. All larval instars (1st-6th) could disperse by crawling, with crawling being the only dispersal mechanism for 4th-6th instars. By crawling, FAW larvae could reach all aboveground parts of a corn plant as well as adjacent corn plants where leaves overlapped. Ballooning was used primarily by 1st-3rd instar larvae, and the proportion of these larvae that used ballooning decreased with age. Ballooning was largely governed by the larva's interaction with airflow. Airflow influenced the direction and distance of larval ballooning. With an airflow speed of about 0.05 m/s, 1st instars could travel up to 196 cm from the test plant, indicating that long-distance FAW larval dispersal depends on ballooning. These results increase our understanding of FAW larval dispersal and provide scientific information for the development of FAW monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Li
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Su-Yi Yao
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Robert A Haack
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lansing, MI 48190, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jia-Lan Hou
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hui Ye
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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Bernal JS, Helms AM, Fontes-Puebla AA, DeWitt TJ, Kolomiets MV, Grunseich JM. Root volatile profiles and herbivore preference are mediated by maize domestication, geographic spread, and modern breeding. PLANTA 2022; 257:24. [PMID: 36562877 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Domestication affected the abundances and diversity of maize root volatiles more than northward spread and modern breeding, and herbivore preference for roots was correlated with volatile diversity and herbivore resistance. Studies show that herbivore defenses in crops are mediated by domestication, spread, and breeding, among other human-driven processes. They also show that those processes affected chemical communication between crop plants and herbivores. We hypothesized that (i) preference of the herbivore (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae for embryonic roots of maize (Zea mays mays) would increase and (ii) root volatile diversity would decrease with the crop's domestication, northward spread to present-day USA, and modern breeding. We used Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), Mexican and USA landrace maizes, and US inbred maize lines to test these hypotheses. We found that herbivore preference and volatile diversity increased with maize domestication and northward spread but decreased with modern breeding. Additionally, we found that the abundances of single volatiles did not consistently increase or decrease with maize domestication, spread, and breeding; rather, volatiles grouped per their abundances were differentially affected by those processes, and domestication had the greatest effects. Altogether, our results suggested that: the herbivore's preference for maize roots is correlated with volatile diversity and herbivore resistance; changes in abundances of individual volatiles are evident at the level of volatile groups; and maize domestication, but not spread and breeding, affected the abundances of some green leaf volatiles and sesquiterpenes/sesquiterpenoids. In part, we discussed our results in the context of herbivore defense evolution when resources for plant growth and defense vary across environments. We suggested that variability in relative abundance of volatiles may be associated with their local, functional relevance across wild and agricultural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio S Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA.
| | - Anjel M Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - Ana A Fontes-Puebla
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Texas A&M University, 83220, Hermosillo, Son, Mexico
| | - Thomas J DeWitt
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiolgy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2132, USA
| | - John M Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
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Nagoshi RN, Meagher RL. The Spodoptera frugiperda Host Strains: What They Are and Why They Matter for Understanding and Controlling This Global Agricultural Pest. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1729-1743. [PMID: 36515110 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) is a moth native to the Western Hemisphere where it is a major pest of corn (maize) and multiple other crops. It is now a global threat with its recent discovery and dissemination in the Eastern Hemisphere. Its broad host range is in part due to two subpopulations denoted as 'host strains' that differ in host plant specificity. Therefore, identifying the strains present in a location is critical to assessing what crops are at risk of infestation. However, much remains uncertain about how the strains differ and even on the fundamental issue of how they are identified. Complicating factors include the host strains are morphologically indistinguishable, the defining behavior of the strains (host plant specificity) is variable, and the existence of significant differences between geographical populations and laboratory colonies that are independent of strain identity. These factors contribute to substantial disagreements in the literature on presumptive strain differences. This paper presents a summary of strain characteristics and suggests the criteria that should be met before concluding a trait is 'strain-specific'. The intent is to facilitate a common understanding of what the strains represent and to develop a more consistent experimental framework for studies on strain phenotypes. Evidence is summarized that supports a primary role for Z-linked genes in strain identity, which has potential implications for genetic approaches to define the strains, and we discuss the possibility that the strains arose from allopatric (rather than sympatric) speciation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney N Nagoshi
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert L Meagher
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Sotelo-Cardona P, Chuang WP, Lin MY, Chiang MY, Ramasamy S. Oviposition preference not necessarily predicts offspring performance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on vegetable crops. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15885. [PMID: 34354173 PMCID: PMC8342515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the new spread and potential damage of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Asia, it has become imperative to understand the development biology of this invasive species on selected vegetable crops in newer geographical regions. In this study, we investigated the ovipositional preference of FAW females on different host plants, under choice- and non-choice tests. In addition, using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory, we assessed the performance of immature FAW individuals fed and reared on selected vegetable crops to get information related to development time, survival, reproduction and longevity. Fall armyworm females had an oviposition preference on maize compared to other vegetable crops, including cabbage and soybean, and reluctance for tomato, which was confirmed during the choice and non-choice tests. In contrast to the oviposition preference, our results also suggest that despite low preference for cabbage, soybean, and tomato, these crops seemed to provide a high benefit for an appropriate offspring performance, exceeding in some cases the benefits from a maize-based diet. Information from this study was discussed in terms of FAW ecology and how female’s decision affects their reproductive fitness, and the survival and performance of its offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Ying Lin
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan, 74151, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Yao Chiang
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City, 413008, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Srinivasan Ramasamy
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan, 74151, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zhang M, Yan J, Ali A, Gao Y. Different Performance of Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) among Four Potato Tuber Varieties under Laboratory Condition. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070580. [PMID: 34202396 PMCID: PMC8303611 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Phthorimaea operculella is considered one of the most damaging potato pests in both field and storage. Learning the developmental performance of P. operculella on different potato varieties is necessary before developing management practices. Abstract The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller is one of the most damaging potato pests in the world and is difficult to control as the larvae feed only inside potatoes. Evaluating the effects of performance of P. operculella on different potato varieties may help to facilitate the development of effective pest management practices. In our study, P. operculella reared on potato variety Lishu6 showed strong performance and on Qingshu 9 exhibited the poorest performance, while P. operculella fed on Hezuo 88 and Yunshu 304 performed moderately. Firstly, larval performance of P. operculella fed on Lishu 6 with that on Hezuo 88, Yunshu 304, and Qingshu 9 was compared by using an age-stage two-sex life table. Compared with larvae fed on Lishu 6, those fed on Qingshu 9 exhibited significantly lower survival, with only 5.56% developing to the adult stage. Secondly, the pupal weight experiment showed that the pupae weight of P. operculella feeding on Lishu 6 tubers (0.0123 g) was significantly heavier than that those feeding on Qingshu 9 (0.0102 g) (p < 0.001). Thirdly, female oviposition and larvae feeding preference indicated that females oviposited on Lishu 6 in preference to Qingshu 9 (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). Overall, this study demonstrated that Qingshu 9 is the least suitable host, and planting this variety over a large scale can provide a basis for the next step of P. operculella control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junjie Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.)
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.)
- National Center of Excellence for Tuber and Root Crop Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
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Guo JF, Zhang MD, Gao ZP, Wang DJ, He KL, Wang ZY. Comparison of larval performance and oviposition preference of Spodoptera frugiperda among three host plants: Potential risks to potato and tobacco crops. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:602-610. [PMID: 32515103 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a major polyphagous pest with the potential to seriously damage various crops. A better understanding of FAW's performance on different hosts may help to predict which plants will be attacked when the preferred host is absent, and facilitate the development of effective pest management practices. We compared the larval performance of FAW fed on maize with that of FAW fed on potato and tobacco, which are important crops in China, using an age-stage two-sex life table and adult female oviposition preference experiments. In cage experiments with potato, tobacco, or maize as the host, FAW reared on maize exhibited the strongest performance with shorter developmental time in the larval stage, longer longevity, and a higher reproductive rate in adults. Females oviposited on maize in preference to potato or tobacco. Compared with larvae fed on maize, those fed on potato and tobacco exhibited significantly lower survival, with only 31.61% and 8.13% developing to the adult stage, respectively. Several life table parameters, including the mean generation time (T), net reproductive rate (R0 ), finite rate of increase (λ), and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were negatively affected in FAW fed on potato and tobacco. Our results support the preference-performance hypothesis, that is, that herbivore females maximize fitness by choosing host plants associated with strong larval performance. Although larvae and adults performed poorly on potato and tobacco, their offspring will be capable of establishing populations on them, posing a potential threat to these crops in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zu-Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemy Insects/Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Deng-Jie Wang
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kang-Lai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gyawali P, Hwang SY, Sotelo-Cardona P, Srinivasan R. Elucidating the Fitness of a Dead-End Trap Crop Strategy against the Tomato Fruitworm, Helicoverpa armigera. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060506. [PMID: 34072729 PMCID: PMC8227471 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a destructive polyphagous insect pest of tomatoes and its control largely depends on chemical pesticides. However, indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has resulted in the development of resistance and posed serious environmental problems. Alternatively, in search of environmentally friendly pest management techniques, the use of trap crops has recently gained more attention. In this study, we compared different accessions of S. viarum to investigate which of them have the highest potential as a dead-end trap crop for H. armigera. Results from the laboratory experiment showed a significant variation among the S. viarum accessions in terms of H. armigera oviposition, and exhibited a higher level of resistance against H. armigera larvae compared to the tomato plants. Under the semi-field condition, trap cropping of S. viarum significantly reduces the total egg-laying of H. armigera on tomato. This study provides important information about the abilities of S. viarum plants to influence the life parameter of H. armigera and highlighted the possibilities to use S. viarum as a dead-end trap crop for the management of H. armigera. However, the efficacy of S. viarum needs to be tested under large, open-field conditions. Abstract Solanum viarum has been proposed as a potential dead-end trap crop for the management of Helicoverpa armigera because of its unsuitability for larval growth and survival despite being overwhelmingly preferred for oviposition. This study delved into the different S. viarum accessions for ovipositional preference and non-suitability for larval growth and survival of H. armigera. Besides, foliage trichomes, acylsugars, and phenolic content of S. viarum plants were assessed and compared with tomato. Since there is no significant variation in the ovipositional preference and larval performance of H. armigera, our result revealed that all those evaluated accessions of S. viarum have the potential to be used as a dead-end trap crop for the management of H. armigera. However, significant variation among the S. viarum accessions in terms of H. armigera oviposition was also evident in a no-choice experiment. Because of high-density glandular trichomes, acylsugars, and phenolic content, S. viarum significantly impaired H. armigera larval growth and survival compared to the tomato. Hence, our study elucidated that the S. viarum plant fits with the criteria for dead-end trap crop, and has the potential as a dead-end trap crop for the H. armigera, which needs to be tested under large, open-field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam Gyawali
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.G.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Shaw-Yhi Hwang
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.G.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | | | - Ramasamy Srinivasan
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan 74151, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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Chiriboga Morales X, Tamiru A, Sobhy IS, Bruce TJA, Midega CAO, Khan Z. Evaluation of African Maize Cultivars for Resistance to Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:392. [PMID: 33670637 PMCID: PMC7922265 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) has recently invaded and become an important pest of maize in Africa causing yield losses reaching up to a third of maize annual production. The present study evaluated different aspects of resistance of six maize cultivars, cropped by farmers in Kenya, to FAW larvae feeding under laboratory and field conditions. We assessed the arrestment and feeding of FAW neonate larvae in no-choice and choice experiments, development of larvae-pupae, food assimilation under laboratory conditions and plant damage in a field experiment. We did not find complete resistance to FAW feeding in the evaluated maize cultivars, but we detected differences in acceptance and preference when FAW larvae were given a choice between certain cultivars. Moreover, the smallest pupal weight and the lowest growth index were found on 'SC Duma 43' leaves, which suggests an effect of antibiosis of this maize hybrid against FAW larvae. In contrast, the highest growth index was recorded on 'Rachar' and the greatest pupal weight was found on 'Nyamula' and 'Rachar'. The density of trichomes on the leaves of these maize cultivars seems not to be directly related to the preference of neonates for feeding. Plant damage scores were not statistically different between cultivars in the field neither under natural nor artificial infestation. However, plant damage scores in 'Nyamula' and 'Jowi' tended to be lower in the two last samplings of the season compared to the two initial samplings under artificial infestation. Our study provides insight into FAW larval preferences and performance on some African maize cultivars, showing that there are differences between cultivars in these variables; but high levels of resistance to larvae feeding were not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Chiriboga Morales
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; (A.T.); (C.A.O.M.); (Z.K.)
| | - Amanuel Tamiru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; (A.T.); (C.A.O.M.); (Z.K.)
| | - Islam S. Sobhy
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (I.S.S.); (T.J.A.B.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Toby J. A. Bruce
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (I.S.S.); (T.J.A.B.)
| | - Charles A. O. Midega
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; (A.T.); (C.A.O.M.); (Z.K.)
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Zeyaur Khan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; (A.T.); (C.A.O.M.); (Z.K.)
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Gorman Z, Tolley JP, Koiwa H, Kolomiets MV. The Synthesis of Pentyl Leaf Volatiles and Their Role in Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:719587. [PMID: 34512698 PMCID: PMC8427672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.719587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles are important airborne chemical messengers that facilitate plant adaptation to a variety of environmental challenges. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) produce a bouquet of non-volatile and volatile oxylipins, including C6 green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which are involved in a litany of plant physiological processes. GLVs are emitted by a diverse array of plant species, and are the best-known group of LOX-derived volatiles. Five-carbon pentyl leaf volatiles (PLVs) represent another widely emitted group of LOX-derived volatiles that share structural similarity to GLVs, however, relatively little is known about their biosynthesis or biological activity. In this study, we utilized PLV-deficient mutants of maize and Arabidopsis and exogenous PLV applications to elucidate the biosynthetic order of individual PLVs. We further measured PLVs and GLVs after tissue disruption of leaves by two popular methods of volatile elicitation, wounding and freeze-thawing. Freeze-thawing distorted the volatile metabolism of both GLVs and PLVs relative to wounding, though this distortion differed between the two groups of volatiles. These results suggest that despite the structural similarity of these two volatile groups, they are differentially metabolized. Collectively, these results have allowed us to produce the most robust PLV pathway to date. To better elucidate the biological activity of PLVs, we show that PLVs induce maize resistance to the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum graminicola, the effect opposite to that conferred by GLVs. Further analysis of PLV-treated and infected maize leaves revealed that PLV-mediated resistance is associated with early increases of oxylipin α- and γ-ketols, and later increases of oxylipin ketotrienes, hydroxytrienes, and trihydroxydienes. Ultimately, this study has produced the most up-to-date pathway for PLV synthesis, and reveals that PLVs can facilitate pathogen resistance through induction of select oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jordan P Tolley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Guera OGM, Castrejón-Ayala F, Robledo N, Jiménez-Pérez A, Sánchez-Rivera G. Plant Selection for the Establishment of Push-Pull Strategies for Zea mays-Spodoptera frugiperda Pathosystem in Morelos, Mexico. INSECTS 2020; 11:E349. [PMID: 32512789 PMCID: PMC7349205 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulations imposed on the use of chemical insecticides call for the development of environmental-friendly pest management strategies. One of the most effective strategies is the push-pull system, which takes advantage of the behavioral response of the insect to the integration of repellent stimuli; it expels the pest out of the main crop (push), while attracting stimuli (attractants) pull the pest to an alternative crop or trap (pull). The objective of this study was to design a push-pull system to control Spodoptera frugiperda in maize crops (Zea mays) in Morelos, Mexico. Data on reproductive potential, larvae development, food consumption and olfactometry were used to obtain a Trap Plant Selection Index (TRAPS) based on Principal Component Analysis. This TRAPS was used to select the most suitable plants. The degree of repellency of potential plants to be used as the trap crop was studied with four-way olfactometers. S. frugiperda females oviposited more eggs on Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato II, Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania than on Z. mays, regardless of the fact that these plants delayed the development of their offspring. Dysphania ambrosioides, Tagetes erecta and Crotalaria juncea were less attractive to S. frugiperda females. Therefore, the former plants could be used as crop traps, and the latter as intercropped repellent plants in a push-pull system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouorou Ganni Mariel Guera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química de Insectos, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle CeProBi No. 8, San Isidro, 62739 Yautepec, Mexico; (N.R.); (A.J.-P.); (G.S.-R.)
| | - Federico Castrejón-Ayala
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química de Insectos, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle CeProBi No. 8, San Isidro, 62739 Yautepec, Mexico; (N.R.); (A.J.-P.); (G.S.-R.)
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Nascimento PT, Von Pinho RG, Fadini MAM, Souza CSF, Valicente FH. Does Singular and Stacked Corn Affect Choice Behavior for Oviposition and Feed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)? NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:302-310. [PMID: 31970681 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of genetically modified corn plants on the foraging of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Therefore, this study examines whether singular herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant plants and their stacked events interfere with food preference and oviposition of S. frugiperda. Two non-Bt corn hybrids and three Bt-hybrids, some of them with glyphosate tolerance (GT), were evaluated. Food preference of larvae and biological parameters were assessed. Oviposition preference bioassays involved choice and no choice condition in plants uninfested and previously infested by larvae in a greenhouse and in the field. The results indicate that there is no relationship between preference of larvae and adult moths. Adult females selected preferentially transgenic hybrids, while larvae selected non-Bt hybrid. Fall armyworm larvae avoid Bt-toxin-expressing leaf tissues, survived only on the non-Bt leaf tissues, and showed minor differences in other life-history traits reared on GT and non-transgenic corn leaf tissues. Female moths showed preference for transgenic plants to lay eggs, but with variable output between previously infested and uninfested plants with larvae. The fact that moths preferred Ag 3700RR2 and non-Bt hybrids for oviposition supports the refuge's strategy aiming at producing susceptible individuals. The use of this hybrid must be integrated with a program of control. The results showed also the importance of correct hybrid selection as part of insect resistance management to Bt-plants. The implications of these findings for understanding the impacts of plant-mediated cues on pest behavior in transgenic crop systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M A M Fadini
- Univ Federal de São João del-Rei - UFSJ, Sete Lagoas, Brasil
| | - C S F Souza
- Univ Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brasil
| | - F H Valicente
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil.
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